{-# LANGUAGE DeriveDataTypeable, FlexibleContexts, FlexibleInstances,
FunctionalDependencies, KindSignatures,
MultiParamTypeClasses, NoImplicitPrelude,
TypeOperators, UndecidableInstances #-}
{-# OPTIONS -Wall #-}
-- | A tensor algebra library. Main ingredients are :
--
-- 'Vec' and ':~' are data constructors for rank-1 tensor.
-- This is essentially a touple of objects of the same type.
--
-- 'Vector' is a class for rank-1 tensor.
--
-- 'Axis' is an object for accessing the tensor components.
module Data.Tensor.TypeLevel
(
(:~)(..), Vec(..), Axis(..), (!),
Vector(..), VectorRing(..),
contract,
Vec0, Vec1, Vec2, Vec3, Vec4
) where
import qualified Algebra.Additive as Additive
import qualified Algebra.Ring as Ring
import Control.Monad.Failure
import System.IO.Unsafe
import Control.Applicative (Applicative(..), (<$>))
import Control.Monad hiding
(mapM_, sequence_, forM_, msum, mapM, sequence, forM)
import Data.Foldable
import Data.Traversable
import NumericPrelude hiding
(Monad, Functor, (*>),
(>>=), (>>), return, fail, fmap, mapM, mapM_, sequence, sequence_,
(=<<), foldl, foldl1, foldr, foldr1, and, or, any, all, sum, product,
concat, concatMap, maximum, minimum, elem, notElem)
import qualified NumericPrelude as Prelude
infixl 9 !
-- | a component operator.
(!) :: Vector v => v a -> Axis v -> a
v ! i = component i v
-- | data constructor for 0-dimensional tensor.
data Vec a
= Vec
deriving (Eq, Ord, Show, Read)
-- | data constructor for constructing n+1-dimensional tensor
-- from n-dimensional tensor.
data (n :: * -> * ) :~ a
= (n a) :~ a
deriving (Eq, Show, Read)
infixl 3 :~
-- | the last component contributes the most to the ordering
instance (Ord (n a), Ord a) => Ord (n :~ a) where
compare (xs :~ x) (ys :~ y) = compare (x, xs) (y, ys)
instance Foldable Vec where
foldMap = foldMapDefault
instance Functor Vec where
fmap = fmapDefault
instance Traversable Vec where
traverse _ Vec = pure Vec
instance Applicative Vec where
pure _ = Vec
_ <*> _ = Vec
instance (Traversable n) => Foldable ((:~) n) where
foldMap = foldMapDefault
instance (Traversable n) => Functor ((:~) n) where
fmap = fmapDefault
instance (Traversable n) => Traversable ((:~) n) where
traverse f (x :~ y) = (:~) <$> traverse f x <*> f y
instance (Applicative n, Traversable n) => Applicative ((:~) n) where
pure x = pure x :~ x
(vf :~ f) <*> (vx :~ x) = (vf <*> vx) :~ (f x)
-- | An coordinate 'Axis' , labeled by an integer.
-- Axis also carries v, the container type for its corresponding
-- vector. Therefore, An axis of one type can access only vectors
-- of a fixed dimension, but of arbitrary type.
newtype (Vector v) => Axis v = Axis {axisIndex::Int} deriving (Eq,Ord,Show,Read)
-- | An object that allows component-wise access.
class (Traversable v) => Vector v where
-- | Get a component within f, a context which allows 'Failure'.
componentF :: (Failure StringException f) =>
Axis v -- ^the axis of the component you want
-> v a -- ^the target vector
-> f a -- ^the component, obtained within a 'Failure' monad
-- | Get a component. This computation may result in a runtime error,
-- though, as long as the 'Axis' is generated from library functions
-- such as 'compose', there will be no error.
component :: Axis v -> v a -> a
component axis vec = unsafePerformFailure $ componentF axis vec
-- | The dimension of the vector.
dimension :: v a -> Int
-- | Create a 'Vector' from a function that maps
-- axis to components.
compose :: (Axis v -> a) -> v a
instance Vector Vec where
componentF axis Vec
= failureString $ "axis out of bound: " ++ show axis
dimension _ = 0
compose _ = Vec
instance (Vector v) => Vector ((:~) v) where
componentF (Axis i) vx@(v :~ x)
| i==dimension vx - 1 = return x
| True = componentF (Axis i) v
dimension (v :~ _) = 1 + dimension v
compose f = let
xs = compose (\(Axis i)->f (Axis i)) in xs :~ f (Axis (dimension xs))
-- | Vector whose components are additive is also additive.
instance (Additive.C a) => Additive.C (Vec a) where
zero = compose $ const Additive.zero
x+y = compose (\i -> x!i + y!i)
x-y = compose (\i -> x!i - y!i)
negate x = compose (\i -> negate $ x!i)
instance (Vector v, Additive.C a) => Additive.C ((:~) v a) where
zero = compose $ const Additive.zero
x+y = compose (\i -> x!i + y!i)
x-y = compose (\i -> x!i - y!i)
negate x = compose (\i -> negate $ x!i)
-- | Tensor contraction. Create a 'Vector' from a function that maps
-- axis to component, then sums over the axis and returns @a@.
contract :: (Vector v, Additive.C a) => (Axis v -> a) -> a
contract f = foldl (+) Additive.zero (compose f)
-- | 'VectorRing' is a 'Vector' whose components belongs to 'Ring.C',
-- thus providing unit vectors.
class (Vector v, Ring.C a) => VectorRing v a where
-- | A vector where 'Axis'th component is unity but others are zero.
unitVectorF :: (Failure StringException f) => Axis v -> f (v a)
-- | pure but unsafe version means of obtaining a 'unitVector'
unitVector :: Axis v -> v a
unitVector = unsafePerformFailure . unitVectorF
instance (Ring.C a) => VectorRing Vec a where
unitVectorF axis
= failureString $ "axis out of bound: " ++ show axis
instance (Ring.C a, VectorRing v a, Additive.C (v a))
=> VectorRing ((:~) v) a where
unitVectorF axis@(Axis i) = ret
where
z = Additive.zero
d = dimension z
ret
| i < 0 || i >= d = failureString $ "axis out of bound: " ++ show axis
| i == d-1 = return $ Additive.zero :~ Ring.one
| 0 <= i && i < d-1 = liftM (:~ Additive.zero) $ unitVectorF (Axis i)
| True = return z
-- this last guard never matches, but needed to infer the type of z.
-- | Type synonyms
type Vec0 = Vec
type Vec1 = (:~) Vec0
type Vec2 = (:~) Vec1
type Vec3 = (:~) Vec2
type Vec4 = (:~) Vec3
-- | convert Failure to runtime error
unsafePerformFailure :: IO a -> a
unsafePerformFailure = unsafePerformIO