statistics-0.16.2.0: Statistics/Distribution.hs
{-# LANGUAGE MultiParamTypeClasses #-}
{-# LANGUAGE BangPatterns, ScopedTypeVariables #-}
-- |
-- Module : Statistics.Distribution
-- Copyright : (c) 2009 Bryan O'Sullivan
-- License : BSD3
--
-- Maintainer : bos@serpentine.com
-- Stability : experimental
-- Portability : portable
--
-- Type classes for probability distributions
module Statistics.Distribution
(
-- * Type classes
Distribution(..)
, DiscreteDistr(..)
, ContDistr(..)
-- ** Distribution statistics
, MaybeMean(..)
, Mean(..)
, MaybeVariance(..)
, Variance(..)
, MaybeEntropy(..)
, Entropy(..)
, FromSample(..)
-- ** Random number generation
, ContGen(..)
, DiscreteGen(..)
, genContinuous
-- * Helper functions
, findRoot
, sumProbabilities
) where
import Prelude hiding (sum)
import Statistics.Function (square)
import Statistics.Sample.Internal (sum)
import System.Random.Stateful (StatefulGen, uniformDouble01M)
import qualified Data.Vector.Unboxed as U
import qualified Data.Vector.Generic as G
-- | Type class common to all distributions. Only c.d.f. could be
-- defined for both discrete and continuous distributions.
class Distribution d where
-- | Cumulative distribution function. The probability that a
-- random variable /X/ is less or equal than /x/,
-- i.e. P(/X/≤/x/). Cumulative should be defined for
-- infinities as well:
--
-- > cumulative d +∞ = 1
-- > cumulative d -∞ = 0
cumulative :: d -> Double -> Double
cumulative d x = 1 - complCumulative d x
-- | One's complement of cumulative distribution:
--
-- > complCumulative d x = 1 - cumulative d x
--
-- It's useful when one is interested in P(/X/>/x/) and
-- expression on the right side begin to lose precision. This
-- function have default implementation but implementors are
-- encouraged to provide more precise implementation.
complCumulative :: d -> Double -> Double
complCumulative d x = 1 - cumulative d x
{-# MINIMAL (cumulative | complCumulative) #-}
-- | Discrete probability distribution.
class Distribution d => DiscreteDistr d where
-- | Probability of n-th outcome.
probability :: d -> Int -> Double
probability d = exp . logProbability d
-- | Logarithm of probability of n-th outcome
logProbability :: d -> Int -> Double
logProbability d = log . probability d
{-# MINIMAL (probability | logProbability) #-}
-- | Continuous probability distribution.
--
-- Minimal complete definition is 'quantile' and either 'density' or
-- 'logDensity'.
class Distribution d => ContDistr d where
-- | Probability density function. Probability that random
-- variable /X/ lies in the infinitesimal interval
-- [/x/,/x+/δ/x/) equal to /density(x)/⋅δ/x/
density :: d -> Double -> Double
density d = exp . logDensity d
-- | Natural logarithm of density.
logDensity :: d -> Double -> Double
logDensity d = log . density d
-- | Inverse of the cumulative distribution function. The value
-- /x/ for which P(/X/≤/x/) = /p/. If probability is outside
-- of [0,1] range function should call 'error'
quantile :: d -> Double -> Double
quantile d x = complQuantile d (1 - x)
-- | 1-complement of @quantile@:
--
-- > complQuantile x ≡ quantile (1 - x)
complQuantile :: d -> Double -> Double
complQuantile d x = quantile d (1 - x)
{-# MINIMAL (density | logDensity), (quantile | complQuantile) #-}
-- | Type class for distributions with mean. 'maybeMean' should return
-- 'Nothing' if it's undefined for current value of data
class Distribution d => MaybeMean d where
maybeMean :: d -> Maybe Double
-- | Type class for distributions with mean. If a distribution has
-- finite mean for all valid values of parameters it should be
-- instance of this type class.
class MaybeMean d => Mean d where
mean :: d -> Double
-- | Type class for distributions with variance. If variance is
-- undefined for some parameter values both 'maybeVariance' and
-- 'maybeStdDev' should return Nothing.
--
-- Minimal complete definition is 'maybeVariance' or 'maybeStdDev'
class MaybeMean d => MaybeVariance d where
maybeVariance :: d -> Maybe Double
maybeVariance = fmap square . maybeStdDev
maybeStdDev :: d -> Maybe Double
maybeStdDev = fmap sqrt . maybeVariance
{-# MINIMAL (maybeVariance | maybeStdDev) #-}
-- | Type class for distributions with variance. If distribution have
-- finite variance for all valid parameter values it should be
-- instance of this type class.
--
-- Minimal complete definition is 'variance' or 'stdDev'
class (Mean d, MaybeVariance d) => Variance d where
variance :: d -> Double
variance d = square (stdDev d)
stdDev :: d -> Double
stdDev = sqrt . variance
{-# MINIMAL (variance | stdDev) #-}
-- | Type class for distributions with entropy, meaning Shannon entropy
-- in the case of a discrete distribution, or differential entropy in the
-- case of a continuous one. 'maybeEntropy' should return 'Nothing' if
-- entropy is undefined for the chosen parameter values.
class (Distribution d) => MaybeEntropy d where
-- | Returns the entropy of a distribution, in nats, if such is defined.
maybeEntropy :: d -> Maybe Double
-- | Type class for distributions with entropy, meaning Shannon
-- entropy in the case of a discrete distribution, or differential
-- entropy in the case of a continuous one. If the distribution has
-- well-defined entropy for all valid parameter values then it
-- should be an instance of this type class.
class (MaybeEntropy d) => Entropy d where
-- | Returns the entropy of a distribution, in nats.
entropy :: d -> Double
-- | Generate discrete random variates which have given
-- distribution.
class Distribution d => ContGen d where
genContVar :: (StatefulGen g m) => d -> g -> m Double
-- | Generate discrete random variates which have given
-- distribution. 'ContGen' is superclass because it's always possible
-- to generate real-valued variates from integer values
class (DiscreteDistr d, ContGen d) => DiscreteGen d where
genDiscreteVar :: (StatefulGen g m) => d -> g -> m Int
-- | Estimate distribution from sample. First parameter in sample is
-- distribution type and second is element type.
class FromSample d a where
-- | Estimate distribution from sample. Returns 'Nothing' if there is
-- not enough data, or if no usable fit results from the method
-- used, e.g., the estimated distribution parameters would be
-- invalid or inaccurate.
fromSample :: G.Vector v a => v a -> Maybe d
-- | Generate variates from continuous distribution using inverse
-- transform rule.
genContinuous :: (ContDistr d, StatefulGen g m) => d -> g -> m Double
genContinuous d gen = do
x <- uniformDouble01M gen
return $! quantile d x
data P = P {-# UNPACK #-} !Double {-# UNPACK #-} !Double
-- | Approximate the value of /X/ for which P(/x/>/X/)=/p/.
--
-- This method uses a combination of Newton-Raphson iteration and
-- bisection with the given guess as a starting point. The upper and
-- lower bounds specify the interval in which the probability
-- distribution reaches the value /p/.
findRoot :: ContDistr d =>
d -- ^ Distribution
-> Double -- ^ Probability /p/
-> Double -- ^ Initial guess
-> Double -- ^ Lower bound on interval
-> Double -- ^ Upper bound on interval
-> Double
findRoot d prob = loop 0 1
where
loop !(i::Int) !dx !x !lo !hi
| abs dx <= accuracy || i >= maxIters = x
| otherwise = loop (i+1) dx'' x'' lo' hi'
where
err = cumulative d x - prob
P lo' hi' | err < 0 = P x hi
| otherwise = P lo x
pdf = density d x
P dx' x' | pdf /= 0 = P (err / pdf) (x - dx)
| otherwise = P dx x
P dx'' x''
| x' < lo' || x' > hi' || pdf == 0 = let y = (lo' + hi') / 2
in P (y-x) y
| otherwise = P dx' x'
accuracy = 1e-15
maxIters = 150
-- | Sum probabilities in inclusive interval.
sumProbabilities :: DiscreteDistr d => d -> Int -> Int -> Double
sumProbabilities d low hi =
-- Return value is forced to be less than 1 to guard against roundoff errors.
-- ATTENTION! this check should be removed for testing or it could mask bugs.
min 1 . sum . U.map (probability d) $ U.enumFromTo low hi