stack-2.5.1: doc/pantry.md

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# Pantry in Stack

Beginning with Stack 1.11, Stack uses the Pantry library for its
specification of snapshots and package locations. Under the surface,
Pantry is geared towards reproducible build plans with
cryptographically secure specification of packages and snapshots.

There are three user-visible components to Pantry's configuration which affect usage of Stack:

* Snapshot location specification (in the `resolver` field)
* Package location specification (in the `extra-deps` field and inside snapshots)
* Snapshot specification, for creating custom snapshots

## Snapshot location

There are essentially four different ways of specifying a snapshot
location:

* Via a compiler version, which is a "compiler only" snapshot. This
  could be, e.g., `resolver: ghc-8.6.5`.
* Via a URL pointing to a snapshot configuration file, e.g. `resolver: https://raw.githubusercontent.com/commercialhaskell/stackage-snapshots/master/nightly/2018/8/21.yaml`
* Via a local file path pointing to a snapshot configuration file, e.g. `resolver: my-local-snapshot.yaml`
* Via a _convenience synonym_, which provides a short form for some
  common URLs. These are:
    * Github: `github:user/repo:path` is treated as `https://raw.githubusercontent.com/user/repo/master/path`
    * LTS Haskell: `lts-X.Y` is treated by default as `github:commercialhaskell/stackage-snapshots:lts/X/Y.yaml`
    * Stackage Nightly: `nightly-YYYY-MM-DD` is treated by default as `github:commercialhaskell/stackage-snapshots:nightly/YYYY/M/D.yaml`

By default, LTS Haskell/Stackage Nightly snapshot configurations are retrieved from `commercialhaskell`'s GitHub repository. You can set a custom location in the [snapshot-location-base](yaml_configuration.md#snapshot-location-base) yaml configuration field.

For safer, more reproducible builds, you can optionally specify a URL
together with a cryptographic hash of its content, e.g.:

```yaml
resolver:
  size: 499143
  url: https://raw.githubusercontent.com/commercialhaskell/stackage-snapshots/master/lts/12/0.yaml
  sha256: 781ea577595dff08b9c8794761ba1321020e3e1ec3297fb833fe951cce1bee11
```

Where the `size` is the number of bytes in the file, and `sha256` is its SHA256
hash. If not provided, the information will automatically be generated and
stored in a lock file.

## Package location

Pantry supports three types of package locations:

* Hackage packages
* Repositories
* Archives

All three of these formats support optional tree metadata to be added,
which can be used for reproducibility and faster downloads. This
information can automatically be generated in a lock file.

### Hackage

Packages can be stated by a name/version combination. The basic syntax
for this is:

```yaml
extra-deps:
- acme-missiles-0.3
```

Using this syntax, the most recent Cabal file revision available will
be used. For more reproducibility of builds, it is recommended to
state the SHA256 hash of the cabal file contents as well, like this:

```yaml
extra-deps:
- acme-missiles-0.3@sha256:2ba66a092a32593880a87fb00f3213762d7bca65a687d45965778deb8694c5d1
```

Or, better yet, including the cabal file size too:

```yaml
extra-deps:
- acme-missiles-0.3@sha256:2ba66a092a32593880a87fb00f3213762d7bca65a687d45965778deb8694c5d1,631
```

Or a specific revision number, with `0` being the original file:

```yaml
extra-deps:
- acme-missiles-0.3@rev:0
```

Note that specifying via SHA256 is slightly more resilient in that it
does not rely on correct ordering in the package index, while revision
number is likely simpler to use. In practice, both should guarantee
equally reproducible build plans.

Finally, you can include the Pantry tree information. The following
would be generated and stored in the lock file:

```yaml
- hackage: acme-missiles-0.3@sha256:2ba66a092a32593880a87fb00f3213762d7bca65a687d45965778deb8694c5d1,613
  pantry-tree:
    size: 226
    sha256: 614bc0cca76937507ea0a5ccc17a504c997ce458d7f2f9e43b15a10c8eaeb033
```

### Git and Mercurial repos

You can give a Git or Mercurial repo at a specific commit, and Stack
will clone that repo.

```yaml
extra-deps:
- git: git@github.com:commercialhaskell/stack.git
  commit: 6a86ee32e5b869a877151f74064572225e1a0398
- git: git@github.com:snoyberg/http-client.git
  commit: "a5f4f3"
- hg: https://example.com/hg/repo
  commit: da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd80709
```

__NOTE__ It is highly recommended that you only use SHA1 values for a
Git or Mercurial commit. Other values may work, but they are not
officially supported, and may result in unexpected behavior (namely,
Stack will not automatically pull to update to new versions).
Another problem with this is that your build will not be deterministic,
because when someone else tries to build the project they can get a
different checkout of the package.

A common practice in the Haskell world is to use "megarepos", or
repositories with multiple packages in various subdirectories. Some
common examples include [wai](https://github.com/yesodweb/wai/) and
[digestive-functors](https://github.com/jaspervdj/digestive-functors). To
support this, you may also specify `subdirs` for repositories, e.g.:

```yaml
extra-deps:
- git: git@github.com:yesodweb/wai
  commit: 2f8a8e1b771829f4a8a77c0111352ce45a14c30f
  subdirs:
  - auto-update
  - wai
```

Since v1.7.1, you can specify packages from GitHub repository name using `github`:

```yaml
extra-deps:
- github: snoyberg/http-client
  commit: a5f4f30f01366738f913968163d856366d7e0342
```

If unspecified, `subdirs` defaults to `['.']` meaning looking for a
package in the root of the repo.  Note that if you specify a value of
`subdirs`, then `'.'` is _not_ included by default and needs to be
explicitly specified if a required package is found in the top-level
directory of the repository.

#### Limited [git-annex](https://git-annex.branchable.com) support

Pantry does not support [git-annex](https://git-annex.branchable.com). This is
because `git archive` does not handle symbolic links outside the work tree. It
is still possible to use repositories which use git-annex but do not require the
annex files for the package to be built.

To do so, ensure that any files or directories stored by git-annex are marked
[export-ignore](https://git-scm.com/docs/git-archive#Documentation/git-archive.txt-export-ignore)
in the `.gitattributes` file in the repository. See
[#4579](https://github.com/commercialhaskell/stack/issues/4579) for more
information.

For example, if the directory `fonts/` is controlled by git-annex, use the
following line.

```gitattributes
fonts export-ignore
```

### Archives (HTTP(S) or local filepath)

You can use HTTP and HTTPS URLs and local filepaths referring to
either tarballs or ZIP files.

__NOTE__ Stack assumes that these files never change after downloading
to avoid needing to make an HTTP request on each build. Use hashes to
provide more security.

```yaml
extra-deps:
- https://example.com/foo/bar/baz-0.0.2.tar.gz
- archive: http://github.com/yesodweb/wai/archive/2f8a8e1b771829f4a8a77c0111352ce45a14c30f.zip
  subdirs:
  - wai
  - warp
- archive: ../acme-missiles-0.3.tar.gz
  sha256: e563d8b524017a06b32768c4db8eff1f822f3fb22a90320b7e414402647b735b
```

## Snapshots

_NOTE_ Stack has supported custom snapshots properly since version
1.6. In version 1.11, the support for snapshots was moved to Pantry,
and Stackage snapshots have moved over to using the same
format. Therefore, there is no longer such a thing as "custom
snapshots," there are simply "snapshots." Pantry snapshots follow the
same format as Stack 1.6 "custom snapshots."

Snapshots provide a list of packages to use, along with flags,
ghc-options, and a few other settings. Snapshots may extend any other
snapshot that can be specified in a `resolver` field. The packages
specified follow the same syntax mentioned above for
dependencies. Unlike `extra-deps`, however, no support for local
directories is available in snapshots to ensure reproducibility.

```yaml
resolver: lts-8.21 # Inherits GHC version and package set
compiler: ghc-8.0.1 # Overwrites GHC version in the resolver, optional

# Additional packages, follows extra-deps syntax
packages:
- unordered-containers-0.2.7.1
- hashable-1.2.4.0
- text-1.2.2.1

# Override flags, can also override flags in the parent snapshot
flags:
  unordered-containers:
    debug: true

# Packages from the parent snapshot to ignore
drop-packages:
- wai-extra

# Packages which should be hidden (affects script command's import
# parser
hidden:
  wai: true
  warp: false

# Set GHC options for specific packages
ghc-options:
  warp:
  - -O2
```

If you put this in a `snapshot.yaml` file in the same directory as your project,
you can now use the custom snapshot like this:

```yaml
resolver: snapshot.yaml
```

This is an example of a custom snapshot stored in the filesystem. They are
assumed to be mutable, so you are free to modify it. We detect that the snapshot
has changed by hashing the contents of the involved files, and using it to
identify the snapshot internally. It is often reasonably efficient to modify a
custom snapshot, due to stack sharing snapshot packages whenever possible.

### Overriding the compiler

The following snapshot specification will be identical to `lts-7.1`, but instead
use `ghc-7.10.3` instead of `ghc-8.0.1`:

```yaml
resolver: lts-7.1
compiler: ghc-7.10.3
```

### Dropping packages

The following snapshot specification will be identical to `lts-7.1`, but without
the `text` package in our snapshot. Removing this package will cause all the
packages that depend on `text` to be unbuildable, but they will still be present
in the snapshot.

```yaml
resolver: lts-7.1
drop-packages:
  - text
```

### Specifying ghc-options

In order to specify ghc-options for a package, you use the same syntax as the
[ghc-options](yaml_configuration.md#ghc-options) field for build configuration.
The following snapshot specification will be identical to `lts-7.1`, but
provides `-O1` as a ghc-option for `text`:

```yaml
resolver: lts-7.1
packages:
  - text-1.2.2.1
ghc-options:
  text: -O1
```

This works somewhat differently than the stack.yaml `ghc-options` field, in that
options can only be specified for packages that are mentioned in the custom
snapshot's `packages` list. It sets the ghc-options, rather than extending those
specified in the snapshot being extended.

Another difference is that the `*` entry for `ghc-options` applies to all
packages in the `packages` list, rather than all packages in the snapshot.

### Specifying flags

In order to specify flags for a package, you use the same syntax as the
[flags](yaml_configuration.md#flags) field for build configuration. The
following snapshot specification will be identical to `lts-7.1`, but
it enables the `developer` cabal flag:

```yaml
resolver: lts-7.1
packages:
  - text-1.2.2.1
flags:
  text:
    developer: true
```