sbv-0.9: Data/SBV/BitVectors/Polynomial.hs
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- |
-- Module : Data.SBV.BitVectors.Polynomials
-- Copyright : (c) Levent Erkok
-- License : BSD3
-- Maintainer : erkokl@gmail.com
-- Stability : experimental
-- Portability : portable
--
-- Implementation of polynomial arithmetic
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
{-# LANGUAGE TypeSynonymInstances #-}
{-# LANGUAGE FlexibleContexts #-}
{-# LANGUAGE PatternGuards #-}
module Data.SBV.BitVectors.Polynomial (Polynomial(..)) where
import Data.Bits
import Data.List(genericTake)
import Data.Maybe(fromJust)
import Data.Word
import Data.SBV.BitVectors.Data
import Data.SBV.BitVectors.Model
import Data.SBV.BitVectors.Splittable
import Data.SBV.Utils.Boolean
-- | Implements polynomial addition, multiplication, division, and modulus operations
-- over GF(2^n). NB. Similar to 'bvQuotRem', division by @0@ is interpreted as follows:
--
-- @x `pDivMod` 0 = (0, x)@
--
-- for all @x@ (including @0@)
--
-- Minimal complete definiton: 'pMult', 'pDivMod', 'showPoly'
class Bits a => Polynomial a where
-- | Given bit-positions to be set, create a polynomial
-- For instance
--
-- @polynomial [0, 1, 3] :: SWord8@
--
-- will evaluate to @11@, since it sets the bits @0@, @1@, and @3@. Mathematicans would write this polynomial
-- as @x^3 + x + 1@. And in fact, 'showPoly' will show it like that.
polynomial :: [Int] -> a
-- | Add two polynomials in GF(2^n)
pAdd :: a -> a -> a
-- | Multiply two polynomials in GF(2^n), and reduce it by the irreducible specified by
-- the polynomial as specified by coefficients of the third argument. Note that the third
-- argument is specifically left in this form as it is usally in GF(2^(n+1)), which is not available in our
-- formalism. (That is, we would need SWord9 for SWord8 multiplication, etc.) Also note that we do not
-- support symbolic irreducibles, which is a minor shortcoming. (Most GF's will come with fixed irreducibles,
-- so this should not be a problem in practice.)
--
-- Passing [] for the third argument will multiply the polynomials and then ignore the higher bits that won't
-- fit into the resulting size.
pMult :: (a, a, [Int]) -> a
-- | Divide two polynomials in GF(2^n), see above note for division by 0
pDiv :: a -> a -> a
-- | Compute modulus of two polynomials in GF(2^n), see above note for modulus by 0
pMod :: a -> a -> a
-- | Division and modulus packed together
pDivMod :: a -> a -> (a, a)
-- | Display a polynomial like a mathematician would (over the monomial @x@)
showPoly :: a -> String
-- defaults.. Minumum complete definition: pMult, pDivMod, showPoly
polynomial = foldr (flip setBit) 0
pAdd = xor
pDiv x y = fst (pDivMod x y)
pMod x y = snd (pDivMod x y)
instance Polynomial Word8 where {showPoly = sp; pMult = lift polyMult; pDivMod = liftC polyDivMod}
instance Polynomial Word16 where {showPoly = sp; pMult = lift polyMult; pDivMod = liftC polyDivMod}
instance Polynomial Word32 where {showPoly = sp; pMult = lift polyMult; pDivMod = liftC polyDivMod}
instance Polynomial Word64 where {showPoly = sp; pMult = lift polyMult; pDivMod = liftC polyDivMod}
instance Polynomial SWord8 where {showPoly = liftS sp; pMult = polyMult; pDivMod = polyDivMod}
instance Polynomial SWord16 where {showPoly = liftS sp; pMult = polyMult; pDivMod = polyDivMod}
instance Polynomial SWord32 where {showPoly = liftS sp; pMult = polyMult; pDivMod = polyDivMod}
instance Polynomial SWord64 where {showPoly = liftS sp; pMult = polyMult; pDivMod = polyDivMod}
lift :: SymWord a => ((SBV a, SBV a, [Int]) -> SBV a) -> (a, a, [Int]) -> a
lift f (x, y, z) = fromJust $ unliteral $ f (literal x, literal y, z)
liftC :: SymWord a => (SBV a -> SBV a -> (SBV a, SBV a)) -> a -> a -> (a, a)
liftC f x y = let (a, b) = f (literal x) (literal y) in (fromJust (unliteral a), fromJust (unliteral b))
liftS :: SymWord a => (a -> String) -> SBV a -> String
liftS f s
| Just x <- unliteral s = f x
| True = show s
-- | Pretty print as a polynomial
sp :: Bits a => a -> String
sp a
| null cs = "0" ++ t
| True = foldr (\x y -> sh x ++ " + " ++ y) (sh (last cs)) (init cs) ++ t
where t = " :: GF(2^" ++ show n ++ ")"
n = bitSize a
is = [n-1, n-2 .. 0]
cs = map fst $ filter snd $ zip is (map (testBit a) is)
sh 0 = "1"
sh 1 = "x"
sh i = "x^" ++ show i
-- | Add two polynomials
addPoly :: [SBool] -> [SBool] -> [SBool]
addPoly xs [] = xs
addPoly [] ys = ys
addPoly (x:xs) (y:ys) = x <+> y : addPoly xs ys
ites :: SBool -> [SBool] -> [SBool] -> [SBool]
ites s xs ys
| Just t <- unliteral s
= if t then xs else ys
| True
= go xs ys
where go [] [] = []
go [] (b:bs) = ite s false b : go [] bs
go (a:as) [] = ite s a false : go as []
go (a:as) (b:bs) = ite s a b : go as bs
-- | Multiply two polynomials and reduce by the third (concrete) irreducible, given by its coefficients.
-- See the remarks for the 'pMult' function for this design choice
polyMult :: (Bits a, SymWord a, FromBits (SBV a)) => (SBV a, SBV a, [Int]) -> SBV a
polyMult (x, y, red) = fromBitsLE $ genericTake sz $ r ++ repeat false
where (_, r) = mdp ms rs
ms = genericTake (2*sz) $ mul (blastLE x) (blastLE y) [] ++ repeat false
rs = genericTake (2*sz) $ [if i `elem` red then true else false | i <- [0 .. foldr max 0 red] ] ++ repeat false
sz = sizeOf x
mul _ [] ps = ps
mul as (b:bs) ps = mul (false:as) bs (ites b (as `addPoly` ps) ps)
polyDivMod :: (Bits a, SymWord a, FromBits (SBV a)) => SBV a -> SBV a -> (SBV a, SBV a)
polyDivMod x y = ite (y .== 0) (0, x) (adjust d, adjust r)
where adjust xs = fromBitsLE $ genericTake sz $ xs ++ repeat false
sz = sizeOf x
(d, r) = mdp (blastLE x) (blastLE y)
-- conservative over-approximation of the degree
degree :: [SBool] -> Int
degree xs = walk (length xs - 1) $ reverse xs
where walk n [] = n
walk n (b:bs)
| Just t <- unliteral b
= if t then n else walk (n-1) bs
| True
= n -- over-estimate
mdp :: [SBool] -> [SBool] -> ([SBool], [SBool])
mdp xs ys = go (length ys - 1) (reverse ys)
where degTop = degree xs
go _ [] = error "SBV.Polynomial.mdp: Impossible happened; exhausted ys before hitting 0"
go n (b:bs)
| n == 0 = (reverse qs, rs)
| True = let (rqs, rrs) = go (n-1) bs
in (ites b (reverse qs) rqs, ites b rs rrs)
where degQuot = degTop - n
ys' = replicate degQuot false ++ ys
(qs, rs) = divx (degQuot+1) degTop xs ys'
-- return the element at index i; if not enough elements, return false
-- N.B. equivalent to '(xs ++ repeat false) !! i', but more efficient
idx :: [SBool] -> Int -> SBool
idx [] _ = false
idx (x:_) 0 = x
idx (_:xs) i = idx xs (i-1)
divx :: Int -> Int -> [SBool] -> [SBool] -> ([SBool], [SBool])
divx n _ xs _ | n <= 0 = ([], xs)
divx n i xs ys' = (q:qs, rs)
where q = xs `idx` i
xs' = ites q (xs `addPoly` ys') xs
(qs, rs) = divx (n-1) (i-1) xs' (tail ys')