packages feed

persistent-2.11.0.2: Database/Persist/Quasi.hs

{-# LANGUAGE BangPatterns, CPP #-}
{-# LANGUAGE RankNTypes #-}
{-# LANGUAGE PatternGuards #-}
{-# LANGUAGE StandaloneDeriving, UndecidableInstances #-}
{-# LANGUAGE ViewPatterns #-}

{-|
This module defines the Persistent entity syntax used in the quasiquoter to generate persistent entities.

The basic structure of the syntax looks like this:

> TableName
>     fieldName      FieldType
>     otherField     String
>     nullableField  Int       Maybe

You start an entity definition with the table name, in this case, @TableName@. It's followed by a list of fields on the entity, which have the basic form @fieldName FieldType@. You can indicate that a field is nullable with 'Maybe' at the end of the type.

@persistent@ automatically generates an ID column for you, if you don't specify one, so the above table definition corresponds to the following SQL:

> CREATE TABLE table_name (
>     id                SERIAL PRIMARY KEY,
>     field_name        field_type NOT NULL,
>     other_field       varchar    NOT NULL,
>     nullable_field    int NULL
> );

Note that the exact SQL that is generated can be customized using the 'PersistSettings' that are passed to the 'parse' function.

It generates a Haskell datatype with the following form:

@
data TableName = TableName
    { tableNameFieldName :: FieldType
    , tableNameOtherField :: String
    , tableNameNullableField :: Maybe Int
    }
@

As with the SQL generated, the specifics of this are customizable.
See the @persistent-template@ package for details.

= Deriving

You can add a deriving clause to a table, and the generated Haskell type will have a deriving clause with that.
Unlike normal Haskell syntax, you don't need parentheses or commas to separate the classes, and you can even have multiple deriving clauses.

> User
>     name String
>     age  Int
>     deriving Eq Show
>     deriving Ord

= Unique Keys

You can define a uniqueness key on a table with the following format:

> User
>    name String
>    age  Int
>
>    UniqueUserName name

This will put a unique index on the @user@ table and the @name@ field.

= Setting defaults

You can use a @default=${sql expression}@ clause to set a default for a field.
The thing following the `=` is interpreted as SQL that will be put directly into the table definition.

@
User
    name    Text
    admin   Bool default=false
@

This creates a SQL definition like this:

> CREATE TABLE user (
>   id      SERIAL PRIMARY KEY,
>   name    VARCHAR NOT NULL,
>   admin   BOOL DEFAULT=false
> );

A restriction here is that you still need to provide a value when performing an `insert`, because the generated Haskell type has the form:

@
data User = User
    { userName :: Text
    , userAdmin :: Bool
    }
@

You can work around this by using a 'Maybe Bool' and supplying 'Nothing' by default.

= Custom ID column

If you don't want to use the default ID column type of 'Int64', you can set a custom type with an @Id@ field.
This @User@ has a @Text@ ID.

> User
>     Id   Text
>     name Text
>     age  Int

If you do this, it's a good idea to set a default for the ID.
Otherwise, you will need to use 'insertKey' instead of 'insert' when performing inserts.

@
'insertKey' (UserKey "Hello world!") (User "Bob" 32)
@

If you attempt to do @'insert' (User "Bob" 32)@, then you will receive a runtime error because the SQL database doesn't know how to make an ID for you anymore.
So instead just use a default expression, like this:

@
User
    Id      Text default=generate_user_id()
    name    Text
    age     Int
@

= Custom Primary Keys

Sometimes you don't want to have an ID column, and you want a different sort of primary key.
This is a table that stores unique email addresses, and the email is the primary key.
We store the first and second part (eg @first\@second@) separately.

@
Email
    firstPart   Text
    secondPart  Text

    Primary firstPart secondPart
@

This creates a table with the following form:

@
CREATE TABLE email (
    first_part  varchar,
    second_part varchar,

    PRIMARY KEY (first_part, second_part)
@

Since the primary key for this table is part of the record, it's called a "natural key" in the SQL lingo.
As a key with multiple fields, it is also a "composite key."

You can specify a @Primary@ key with a single field, too.

= Overriding SQL

You can use a @sql=custom@ annotation to provide some customization on the entity and field.
For example, you might prefer to name a table differently than what @persistent@ will do by default.
You may also prefer to name a field differently.

@
User sql=big_user_table
    fullName    String sql=name
    age         Int
@

This will alter the generated SQL to be:

@
CREATE TABEL big_user_table (
    id      SERIAL PRIMARY KEY,
    name    VARCHAR,
    age     INT
);
@

= Attributes

The QuasiQuoter allows you to provide arbitrary attributes to an entity or field.
This can be used to extend the code in ways that the library hasn't anticipated.
If you use this feature, we'd definitely appreciate hearing about it and potentially supporting your use case directly!

@
User !funny
    field   String  !sad
    good    Dog     !sogood
@

We can see the attributes using the 'entityAttrs' field and the 'fieldAttrs' field.

@
userAttrs = do
    let userDefinition = 'entityDef' ('Proxy' :: 'Proxy' User)
    let userAttributes = 'entityAttrs' userDefinition
    let fieldAttributes = 'map' 'fieldAttrs' ('entityFields' userDefinition)
    print userAttributes
-- ["funny"]
    print fieldAttributes
-- [["sad"],["sogood"]]
@

= Foreign Keys

If you define an entity and want to refer to it in another table, you can use the entity's Id type in a column directly.

@
Person
    name    Text

Dog
    name    Text
    owner   PersonId
@

This automatically creates a foreign key reference from @Dog@ to @Person@.
The foreign key constraint means that, if you have a @PersonId@ on the @Dog@, the database guarantees that the corresponding @Person@ exists in the database.
If you try to delete a @Person@ out of the database that has a @Dog@, you'll receive an exception that a foreign key violation has occurred.

== OnUpdate and OnDelete

These options affects how a referring record behaves when the target record is changed.
There are several options:

* 'Restrict' - This is the default. It prevents the action from occurring.
* 'Cascade' - this copies the change to the child record. If a parent record is deleted, then the child record will be deleted too.
* 'SetNull' - If the parent record is modified, then this sets the reference to @NULL@. This only works on @Maybe@ foreign keys.
* 'SetDefault' - This will set the column's value to the @default@ for the column, if specified.

To specify the behavior for a reference, write @OnUpdate@ or @OnDelete@ followed by the action.

@
Record
    -- If the referred Foo is deleted or updated, then this record will
    -- also be deleted or updated.
    fooId   FooId   OnDeleteCascade OnUpdateCascade

    -- If the referred Bar is deleted, then we'll set the reference to
    -- 'Nothing'. If the referred Bar is updated, then we'll cascade the
    -- update.
    barId   BarId Maybe     OnDeleteSetNull OnUpdateCascade

    -- If the referred Baz is deleted, then we set to the default ID.
    bazId   BazId   OnDeleteSetDefault  default=1
@

Let's demonstrate this with a shopping cart example.

@
User
    name    Text

Cart
    user    UserId Maybe

CartItem
    cartId  CartId
    itemId  ItemId

Item
    name    Text
    price   Int
@

Let's consider how we want to handle deletions and updates.
If a @User@ is deleted or update, then we want to cascade the action to the associated @Cart@.

@
Cart
    user    UserId Maybe OnDeleteCascade OnUpdateCascade
@

If an @Item@ is deleted, then we want to set the @CartItem@ to refer to a special "deleted item" in the database.
If a @Cart@ is deleted, though, then we just want to delete the @CartItem@.

@
CartItem
    cartId CartId   OnDeleteCascade
    itemId ItemId   OnDeleteSetDefault default=1
@

== @Foreign@ keyword

The above example is a "simple" foreign key. It refers directly to the Id column, and it only works with a non-composite primary key. We can define more complicated foreign keys using the @Foreign@ keyword.

A pseudo formal syntax for @Foreign@ is:

@
Foreign $(TargetEntity) [$(cascade-actions)] $(constraint-name) $(columns) [ $(references) ]

columns := column0 [column1 column2 .. columnX]
references := References $(target-columns)
target-columns := target-column0 [target-column1 target-columns2 .. target-columnX]
@

Columns are the columns as defined on this entity.
@target-columns@ are the columns as defined on the target entity.

Let's look at some examples.

=== Composite Primary Key References

The most common use for this is to refer to a composite primary key.
Since composite primary keys take up more than one column, we can't refer to them with a single @persistent@ column.

@
Email
    firstPart   Text
    secondPart  Text
    Primary firstPart secondPart

User
    name            Text
    emailFirstPart  Text
    emailSecondPart Text

    Foreign Email fk_user_email emailFirstPart emailSecondPart
@

If you omit the @References@ keyword, then it assumes that the foreign key reference is for the target table's primary key.
If we wanted to be fully redundant, we could specify the @References@ keyword.

@
    Foreign Email fk_user_email emailFirstPart emailSecondPart References firstPart secondPart
@

We can specify delete/cascade behavior directly after the target table.

@
    Foreign Email OnDeleteCascade OnUpdateCascade fk_user_email emailFirstPart emailSecondPart
@

Now, if the email is deleted or updated, the user will be deleted or updated to match.

=== Non-Primary Key References

SQL database backends allow you to create a foreign key to any column(s) with a Unique constraint.
Persistent does not check this, because you might be defining your uniqueness constraints outside of Persistent.
To do this, we must use the @References@ keyword.

@
User
    name    Text
    email   Text

    UniqueEmail email

Notification
    content Text
    sentTo  Text

    Foreign User fk_noti_user sentTo References email
@

If the target uniqueness constraint has multiple columns, then you must specify them independently.

@
User
    name            Text
    emailFirst      Text
    emailSecond     Text

    UniqueEmail emailFirst emailSecond

Notification
    content         Text
    sentToFirst     Text
    sentToSecond    Text

    Foreign User fk_noti_user sentToFirst sentToSecond References emailFirst emailSecond
@

= Documentation Comments

The quasiquoter supports ordinary comments with @--@ and @#@.
Since @persistent-2.10.5.1@, it also supports documentation comments.
The grammar for documentation comments is similar to Haskell's Haddock syntax, with a few restrictions:

1. Only the @-- | @ form is allowed.
2. You must put a space before and after the @|@ pipe character.
3. The comment must be indented at the same level as the entity or field it documents.

An example of the field documentation is:

@
-- | I am a doc comment for a User. Users are important
-- | to the application, and should be treasured.
User
    -- | Users have names. Call them by names.
    name String
    -- | A user can be old, or young, and we care about
    -- | this for some reason.
    age Int
@

The documentation is present on the `entityComments` field on the `EntityDef` for the entity:

@
>>> let userDefinition = entityDef (Proxy :: Proxy User)
>>> entityComments userDefinition
"I am a doc comment for a User. Users are important\nto the application, and should be treasured.\n"
@

Likewise, the field documentation is present in the `fieldComments` field on the `FieldDef` present in the `EntityDef`:

@
>>> let userFields = entityFields userDefinition
>>> let comments = map fieldComments userFields
>>> mapM_ putStrLn comments
"Users have names. Call them by names."
"A user can be old, or young, and we care about\nthis for some reason."
@

Unfortunately, we can't use this to create Haddocks for you, because <https://gitlab.haskell.org/ghc/ghc/issues/5467 Template Haskell does not support Haddock yet>.
`persistent` backends *can* use this to generate SQL @COMMENT@s, which are useful for a database perspective, and you can use the <https://hackage.haskell.org/package/persistent-documentation @persistent-documentation@> library to render a Markdown document of the entity definitions.

-}
module Database.Persist.Quasi
    ( parse
    , PersistSettings (..)
    , upperCaseSettings
    , lowerCaseSettings
    , nullable
#if TEST
    , Token (..)
    , Line' (..)
    , preparse
    , tokenize
    , parseFieldType
    , empty
    , removeSpaces
    , associateLines
    , skipEmpty
    , LinesWithComments(..)
    , splitExtras
    , takeColsEx
#endif
    ) where

import Prelude hiding (lines)

import Control.Applicative hiding (empty)
import Control.Arrow ((&&&))
import Control.Monad (msum, mplus)
import Data.Char
import Data.List (find, foldl')
import qualified Data.List.NonEmpty as NEL
import Data.List.NonEmpty (NonEmpty(..))
import qualified Data.Map as M
import Data.Maybe (mapMaybe, fromMaybe, maybeToList, listToMaybe)
import Data.Monoid (mappend)
import Data.Text (Text)
import qualified Data.Text as T
import Database.Persist.Types
import Text.Read (readEither)

data ParseState a = PSDone | PSFail String | PSSuccess a Text deriving Show

parseFieldType :: Text -> Either String FieldType
parseFieldType t0 =
    case parseApplyFT t0 of
        PSSuccess ft t'
            | T.all isSpace t' -> Right ft
        PSFail err -> Left $ "PSFail " ++ err
        other -> Left $ show other
  where
    parseApplyFT t =
        case goMany id t of
            PSSuccess (ft:fts) t' -> PSSuccess (foldl' FTApp ft fts) t'
            PSSuccess [] _ -> PSFail "empty"
            PSFail err -> PSFail err
            PSDone -> PSDone

    parseEnclosed :: Char -> (FieldType -> FieldType) -> Text -> ParseState FieldType
    parseEnclosed end ftMod t =
      let (a, b) = T.break (== end) t
      in case parseApplyFT a of
          PSSuccess ft t' -> case (T.dropWhile isSpace t', T.uncons b) of
              ("", Just (c, t'')) | c == end -> PSSuccess (ftMod ft) (t'' `Data.Monoid.mappend` t')
              (x, y) -> PSFail $ show (b, x, y)
          x -> PSFail $ show x

    parse1 t =
        case T.uncons t of
            Nothing -> PSDone
            Just (c, t')
                | isSpace c -> parse1 $ T.dropWhile isSpace t'
                | c == '(' -> parseEnclosed ')' id t'
                | c == '[' -> parseEnclosed ']' FTList t'
                | isUpper c ->
                    let (a, b) = T.break (\x -> isSpace x || x `elem` ("()[]"::String)) t
                     in PSSuccess (getCon a) b
                | otherwise -> PSFail $ show (c, t')
    getCon t =
        case T.breakOnEnd "." t of
            (_, "") -> FTTypeCon Nothing t
            ("", _) -> FTTypeCon Nothing t
            (a, b) -> FTTypeCon (Just $ T.init a) b
    goMany front t =
        case parse1 t of
            PSSuccess x t' -> goMany (front . (x:)) t'
            PSFail err -> PSFail err
            PSDone -> PSSuccess (front []) t
            -- _ ->

data PersistSettings = PersistSettings
    { psToDBName :: !(Text -> Text)
    , psStrictFields :: !Bool
    -- ^ Whether fields are by default strict. Default value: @True@.
    --
    -- @since 1.2
    , psIdName :: !Text
    -- ^ The name of the id column. Default value: @id@
    -- The name of the id column can also be changed on a per-model basis
    -- <https://github.com/yesodweb/persistent/wiki/Persistent-entity-syntax>
    --
    -- @since 2.0
    }

defaultPersistSettings, upperCaseSettings, lowerCaseSettings :: PersistSettings
defaultPersistSettings = PersistSettings
    { psToDBName = id
    , psStrictFields = True
    , psIdName       = "id"
    }

upperCaseSettings = defaultPersistSettings

lowerCaseSettings = defaultPersistSettings
    { psToDBName =
        let go c
                | isUpper c = T.pack ['_', toLower c]
                | otherwise = T.singleton c
         in T.dropWhile (== '_') . T.concatMap go
    }

-- | Parses a quasi-quoted syntax into a list of entity definitions.
parse :: PersistSettings -> Text -> [EntityDef]
parse ps = parseLines ps . preparse

preparse :: Text -> [Line]
preparse =
    removeSpaces
        . filter (not . empty)
        . map tokenize
        . T.lines

-- | A token used by the parser.
data Token = Spaces !Int   -- ^ @Spaces n@ are @n@ consecutive spaces.
           | Token Text    -- ^ @Token tok@ is token @tok@ already unquoted.
           | DocComment Text -- ^ @DocComment@ is a documentation comment, unmodified.
  deriving (Show, Eq)

-- | Tokenize a string.
tokenize :: Text -> [Token]
tokenize t
    | T.null t = []
    | "-- | " `T.isPrefixOf` t = [DocComment t]
    | "--" `T.isPrefixOf` t = [] -- Comment until the end of the line.
    | "#" `T.isPrefixOf` t = [] -- Also comment to the end of the line, needed for a CPP bug (#110)
    | T.head t == '"' = quotes (T.tail t) id
    | T.head t == '(' = parens 1 (T.tail t) id
    | isSpace (T.head t) =
        let (spaces, rest) = T.span isSpace t
         in Spaces (T.length spaces) : tokenize rest

    -- support mid-token quotes and parens
    | Just (beforeEquals, afterEquals) <- findMidToken t
    , not (T.any isSpace beforeEquals)
    , Token next : rest <- tokenize afterEquals =
        Token (T.concat [beforeEquals, "=", next]) : rest

    | otherwise =
        let (token, rest) = T.break isSpace t
         in Token token : tokenize rest
  where
    findMidToken t' =
        case T.break (== '=') t' of
            (x, T.drop 1 -> y)
                | "\"" `T.isPrefixOf` y || "(" `T.isPrefixOf` y -> Just (x, y)
            _ -> Nothing

    quotes t' front
        | T.null t' = error $ T.unpack $ T.concat $
            "Unterminated quoted string starting with " : front []
        | T.head t' == '"' = Token (T.concat $ front []) : tokenize (T.tail t')
        | T.head t' == '\\' && T.length t' > 1 =
            quotes (T.drop 2 t') (front . (T.take 1 (T.drop 1 t'):))
        | otherwise =
            let (x, y) = T.break (`elem` ['\\','\"']) t'
             in quotes y (front . (x:))
    parens count t' front
        | T.null t' = error $ T.unpack $ T.concat $
            "Unterminated parens string starting with " : front []
        | T.head t' == ')' =
            if count == (1 :: Int)
                then Token (T.concat $ front []) : tokenize (T.tail t')
                else parens (count - 1) (T.tail t') (front . (")":))
        | T.head t' == '(' =
            parens (count + 1) (T.tail t') (front . ("(":))
        | T.head t' == '\\' && T.length t' > 1 =
            parens count (T.drop 2 t') (front . (T.take 1 (T.drop 1 t'):))
        | otherwise =
            let (x, y) = T.break (`elem` ['\\','(',')']) t'
             in parens count y (front . (x:))

-- | A string of tokens is empty when it has only spaces.  There
-- can't be two consecutive 'Spaces', so this takes /O(1)/ time.
empty :: [Token] -> Bool
empty []         = True
empty [Spaces _] = True
empty _          = False

-- | A line.  We don't care about spaces in the middle of the
-- line.  Also, we don't care about the ammount of indentation.
data Line' f
    = Line
    { lineIndent   :: Int
    , tokens       :: f Text
    }

deriving instance Show (f Text) => Show (Line' f)
deriving instance Eq (f Text) => Eq (Line' f)

mapLine :: (forall x. f x -> g x) -> Line' f -> Line' g
mapLine k (Line i t) = Line i (k t)

traverseLine :: Functor t => (forall x. f x -> t (g x)) -> Line' f -> t (Line' g)
traverseLine k (Line i xs) = Line i <$> k xs

type Line = Line' []

-- | Remove leading spaces and remove spaces in the middle of the
-- tokens.
removeSpaces :: [[Token]] -> [Line]
removeSpaces =
    map toLine
  where
    toLine (Spaces i:rest) = toLine' i rest
    toLine xs              = toLine' 0 xs

    toLine' i = Line i . mapMaybe fromToken

    fromToken (Token t) = Just t
    fromToken (DocComment t) = Just t
    fromToken Spaces{}  = Nothing

-- | Divide lines into blocks and make entity definitions.
parseLines :: PersistSettings -> [Line] -> [EntityDef]
parseLines ps lines =
    fixForeignKeysAll $ toEnts lines
  where
    toEnts :: [Line] -> [UnboundEntityDef]
    toEnts =
        map mk
        . associateLines
        . skipEmpty
    mk :: LinesWithComments -> UnboundEntityDef
    mk lwc =
        let Line _ (name :| entAttribs) :| rest = lwcLines lwc
         in setComments (lwcComments lwc) $ mkEntityDef ps name entAttribs (map (mapLine NEL.toList) rest)

isComment :: Text -> Maybe Text
isComment xs =
    T.stripPrefix "-- | " xs

data LinesWithComments = LinesWithComments
    { lwcLines :: NonEmpty (Line' NonEmpty)
    , lwcComments :: [Text]
    } deriving (Eq, Show)

-- TODO: drop this and use <> when 8.2 isn't supported anymore so the
-- monoid/semigroup nonsense isn't annoying
appendLwc :: LinesWithComments -> LinesWithComments -> LinesWithComments
appendLwc a b =
    LinesWithComments (foldr NEL.cons (lwcLines b) (lwcLines a)) (lwcComments a `mappend` lwcComments b)

newLine :: Line' NonEmpty -> LinesWithComments
newLine l = LinesWithComments (pure l) []

firstLine :: LinesWithComments -> Line' NonEmpty
firstLine = NEL.head . lwcLines

consLine :: Line' NonEmpty -> LinesWithComments -> LinesWithComments
consLine l lwc = lwc { lwcLines = NEL.cons l (lwcLines lwc) }

consComment :: Text -> LinesWithComments -> LinesWithComments
consComment l lwc = lwc { lwcComments = l : lwcComments lwc }

associateLines :: [Line' NonEmpty] -> [LinesWithComments]
associateLines lines =
    foldr combine [] $
    foldr toLinesWithComments [] lines
  where
    toLinesWithComments line linesWithComments =
        case linesWithComments of
            [] ->
                [newLine line]
            (lwc : lwcs) ->
                case isComment (NEL.head (tokens line)) of
                    Just comment
                        | lineIndent line == lowestIndent ->
                        consComment comment lwc : lwcs
                    _ ->
                        if lineIndent line <= lineIndent (firstLine lwc)
                            && lineIndent (firstLine lwc) /= lowestIndent
                        then
                            consLine line lwc : lwcs
                        else
                            newLine line : lwc : lwcs

    lowestIndent = minimum . fmap lineIndent $ lines
    combine :: LinesWithComments -> [LinesWithComments] -> [LinesWithComments]
    combine lwc [] =
        [lwc]
    combine lwc (lwc' : lwcs) =
        let minIndent = minimumIndentOf lwc
            otherIndent = minimumIndentOf lwc'
         in
            if minIndent < otherIndent then
                appendLwc lwc lwc' : lwcs
            else
                lwc : lwc' : lwcs


    minimumIndentOf = minimum . fmap lineIndent . lwcLines

skipEmpty :: [Line' []] -> [Line' NonEmpty]
skipEmpty = mapMaybe (traverseLine NEL.nonEmpty)

setComments :: [Text] -> UnboundEntityDef -> UnboundEntityDef
setComments [] = id
setComments comments =
    overUnboundEntityDef (\ed -> ed { entityComments = Just (T.unlines comments) })

fixForeignKeysAll :: [UnboundEntityDef] -> [EntityDef]
fixForeignKeysAll unEnts = map fixForeignKeys unEnts
  where
    ents = map unboundEntityDef unEnts
    entLookup = M.fromList $ map (\e -> (entityHaskell e, e)) ents

    fixForeignKeys :: UnboundEntityDef -> EntityDef
    fixForeignKeys (UnboundEntityDef foreigns ent) =
      ent { entityForeigns = map (fixForeignKey ent) foreigns }

    -- check the count and the sqltypes match and update the foreignFields with the names of the referenced columns
    fixForeignKey :: EntityDef -> UnboundForeignDef -> ForeignDef
    fixForeignKey ent (UnboundForeignDef foreignFieldTexts parentFieldTexts fdef) =
        case mfdefs of
             Just fdefs ->
                 if length foreignFieldTexts /= length fdefs
                 then
                     lengthError fdefs
                 else
                     let
                         fds_ffs =
                             zipWith toForeignFields
                                 foreignFieldTexts
                                 fdefs
                         dbname =
                             unDBName (entityDB pent)
                         oldDbName =
                             unDBName (foreignRefTableDBName fdef)
                      in fdef
                         { foreignFields = map snd fds_ffs
                         , foreignNullable = setNull $ map fst fds_ffs
                         , foreignRefTableDBName =
                             DBName dbname
                         , foreignConstraintNameDBName =
                             DBName
                             . T.replace oldDbName dbname . unDBName
                             $ foreignConstraintNameDBName fdef
                         }
             Nothing ->
                 error $ "no primary key found fdef="++show fdef++ " ent="++show ent
      where
        pentError =
            error $ "could not find table " ++ show (foreignRefTableHaskell fdef)
            ++ " fdef=" ++ show fdef ++ " allnames="
            ++ show (map (unHaskellName . entityHaskell . unboundEntityDef) unEnts)
            ++ "\n\nents=" ++ show ents
        pent =
            fromMaybe pentError $ M.lookup (foreignRefTableHaskell fdef) entLookup
        mfdefs = case parentFieldTexts of
            [] -> entitiesPrimary pent
            _  -> Just $ map (getFd pent . HaskellName) parentFieldTexts

        setNull :: [FieldDef] -> Bool
        setNull [] = error "setNull: impossible!"
        setNull (fd:fds) = let nullSetting = isNull fd in
          if all ((nullSetting ==) . isNull) fds then nullSetting
            else error $ "foreign key columns must all be nullable or non-nullable"
                   ++ show (map (unHaskellName . fieldHaskell) (fd:fds))
        isNull = (NotNullable /=) . nullable . fieldAttrs

        toForeignFields :: Text -> FieldDef
            -> (FieldDef, (ForeignFieldDef, ForeignFieldDef))
        toForeignFields fieldText pfd =
           case chktypes fd haskellField pfd of
               Just err -> error err
               Nothing -> (fd, ((haskellField, fieldDB fd), (pfh, pfdb)))
          where
            fd = getFd ent haskellField

            haskellField = HaskellName fieldText
            (pfh, pfdb) = (fieldHaskell pfd, fieldDB pfd)

            chktypes ffld _fkey pfld =
                if fieldType ffld == fieldType pfld then Nothing
                  else Just $ "fieldType mismatch: " ++ show (fieldType ffld) ++ ", " ++ show (fieldType pfld)

        getFd :: EntityDef -> HaskellName -> FieldDef
        getFd entity t = go (keyAndEntityFields entity)
          where
            go [] = error $ "foreign key constraint for: " ++ show (unHaskellName $ entityHaskell entity)
                       ++ " unknown column: " ++ show t
            go (f:fs)
                | fieldHaskell f == t = f
                | otherwise = go fs

        lengthError pdef = error $ "found " ++ show (length foreignFieldTexts) ++ " fkeys and " ++ show (length pdef) ++ " pkeys: fdef=" ++ show fdef ++ " pdef=" ++ show pdef


data UnboundEntityDef = UnboundEntityDef
                        { _unboundForeignDefs :: [UnboundForeignDef]
                        , unboundEntityDef :: EntityDef
                        }

overUnboundEntityDef
    :: (EntityDef -> EntityDef) -> UnboundEntityDef -> UnboundEntityDef
overUnboundEntityDef f ubed =
    ubed { unboundEntityDef = f (unboundEntityDef ubed) }

lookupKeyVal :: Text -> [Text] -> Maybe Text
lookupKeyVal key = lookupPrefix $ key `mappend` "="

lookupPrefix :: Text -> [Text] -> Maybe Text
lookupPrefix prefix = msum . map (T.stripPrefix prefix)

-- | Construct an entity definition.
mkEntityDef :: PersistSettings
            -> Text -- ^ name
            -> [Attr] -- ^ entity attributes
            -> [Line] -- ^ indented lines
            -> UnboundEntityDef
mkEntityDef ps name entattribs lines =
  UnboundEntityDef foreigns $
    EntityDef
        { entityHaskell = HaskellName name'
        , entityDB = DBName $ getDbName ps name' entattribs
        -- idField is the user-specified Id
        -- otherwise useAutoIdField
        -- but, adjust it if the user specified a Primary
        , entityId = setComposite primaryComposite $ fromMaybe autoIdField idField
        , entityAttrs = entattribs
        , entityFields = cols
        , entityUniques = uniqs
        , entityForeigns = []
        , entityDerives = concat $ mapMaybe takeDerives attribs
        , entityExtra = extras
        , entitySum = isSum
        , entityComments = Nothing
        }
  where
    entName = HaskellName name'
    (isSum, name') =
        case T.uncons name of
            Just ('+', x) -> (True, x)
            _ -> (False, name)
    (attribs, extras) = splitExtras lines

    attribPrefix = flip lookupKeyVal entattribs
    idName | Just _ <- attribPrefix "id" = error "id= is deprecated, ad a field named 'Id' and use sql="
           | otherwise = Nothing

    (idField, primaryComposite, uniqs, foreigns) = foldl' (\(mid, mp, us, fs) attr ->
        let (i, p, u, f) = takeConstraint ps name' cols attr
            squish xs m = xs `mappend` maybeToList m
        in (just1 mid i, just1 mp p, squish us u, squish fs f)) (Nothing, Nothing, [],[]) attribs

    cols :: [FieldDef]
    cols = reverse . fst . foldr k ([], []) $ reverse attribs
    k x (!acc, !comments) =
        case isComment =<< listToMaybe x of
            Just comment ->
                (acc, comment : comments)
            Nothing ->
                ( maybe id (:) (setFieldComments comments <$> takeColsEx ps x) acc
                , []
                )
    setFieldComments [] x = x
    setFieldComments xs fld =
        fld { fieldComments = Just (T.unlines xs) }

    autoIdField = mkAutoIdField ps entName (DBName `fmap` idName) idSqlType
    idSqlType = maybe SqlInt64 (const $ SqlOther "Primary Key") primaryComposite

    setComposite Nothing fd = fd
    setComposite (Just c) fd = fd
        { fieldReference = CompositeRef c
        }


just1 :: (Show x) => Maybe x -> Maybe x -> Maybe x
just1 (Just x) (Just y) = error $ "expected only one of: "
  `mappend` show x `mappend` " " `mappend` show y
just1 x y = x `mplus` y

mkAutoIdField :: PersistSettings -> HaskellName -> Maybe DBName -> SqlType -> FieldDef
mkAutoIdField ps entName idName idSqlType =
    FieldDef
        { fieldHaskell = HaskellName "Id"
        -- this should be modeled as a Maybe
        -- but that sucks for non-ID field
        -- TODO: use a sumtype FieldDef | IdFieldDef
        , fieldDB = fromMaybe (DBName $ psIdName ps) idName
        , fieldType = FTTypeCon Nothing $ keyConName $ unHaskellName entName
        , fieldSqlType = idSqlType
        -- the primary field is actually a reference to the entity
        , fieldReference = ForeignRef entName defaultReferenceTypeCon
        , fieldAttrs = []
        , fieldStrict = True
        , fieldComments = Nothing
        , fieldCascade = noCascade
        , fieldGenerated = Nothing
        }

defaultReferenceTypeCon :: FieldType
defaultReferenceTypeCon = FTTypeCon (Just "Data.Int") "Int64"

keyConName :: Text -> Text
keyConName entName = entName `mappend` "Id"

splitExtras
    :: [Line]
    -> ( [[Text]]
       , M.Map Text [[Text]]
       )
splitExtras [] = ([], M.empty)
splitExtras (Line indent [name]:rest)
    | not (T.null name) && isUpper (T.head name) =
        let (children, rest') = span ((> indent) . lineIndent) rest
            (x, y) = splitExtras rest'
         in (x, M.insert name (map tokens children) y)
splitExtras (Line _ ts:rest) =
    let (x, y) = splitExtras rest
     in (ts:x, y)

takeColsEx :: PersistSettings -> [Text] -> Maybe FieldDef
takeColsEx =
    takeCols
        (\ft perr -> error $ "Invalid field type " ++ show ft ++ " " ++ perr)

takeCols
    :: (Text -> String -> Maybe FieldDef)
    -> PersistSettings
    -> [Text]
    -> Maybe FieldDef
takeCols _ _ ("deriving":_) = Nothing
takeCols onErr ps (n':typ:rest')
    | not (T.null n) && isLower (T.head n) =
        case parseFieldType typ of
            Left err -> onErr typ err
            Right ft -> Just FieldDef
                { fieldHaskell = HaskellName n
                , fieldDB = DBName $ getDbName ps n attrs_
                , fieldType = ft
                , fieldSqlType = SqlOther $ "SqlType unset for " `mappend` n
                , fieldAttrs = fieldAttrs_
                , fieldStrict = fromMaybe (psStrictFields ps) mstrict
                , fieldReference = NoReference
                , fieldComments = Nothing
                , fieldCascade = cascade_
                , fieldGenerated = generated_
                }
  where
    fieldAttrs_ = parseFieldAttrs attrs_
    generated_ = parseGenerated attrs_
    (cascade_, attrs_) = parseCascade rest'
    (mstrict, n)
        | Just x <- T.stripPrefix "!" n' = (Just True, x)
        | Just x <- T.stripPrefix "~" n' = (Just False, x)
        | otherwise = (Nothing, n')

takeCols _ _ _ = Nothing

parseGenerated :: [Text] -> Maybe Text
parseGenerated = foldl' (\acc x -> acc <|> T.stripPrefix "generated=" x) Nothing

getDbName :: PersistSettings -> Text -> [Text] -> Text
getDbName ps n [] = psToDBName ps n
getDbName ps n (a:as) = fromMaybe (getDbName ps n as) $ T.stripPrefix "sql=" a

takeConstraint :: PersistSettings
          -> Text
          -> [FieldDef]
          -> [Text]
          -> (Maybe FieldDef, Maybe CompositeDef, Maybe UniqueDef, Maybe UnboundForeignDef)
takeConstraint ps tableName defs (n:rest) | not (T.null n) && isUpper (T.head n) = takeConstraint'
    where
      takeConstraint'
            | n == "Unique"  = (Nothing, Nothing, Just $ takeUniq ps tableName defs rest, Nothing)
            | n == "Foreign" = (Nothing, Nothing, Nothing, Just $ takeForeign ps tableName defs rest)
            | n == "Primary" = (Nothing, Just $ takeComposite defs rest, Nothing, Nothing)
            | n == "Id"      = (Just $ takeId ps tableName (n:rest), Nothing, Nothing, Nothing)
            | otherwise      = (Nothing, Nothing, Just $ takeUniq ps "" defs (n:rest), Nothing) -- retain compatibility with original unique constraint
takeConstraint _ _ _ _ = (Nothing, Nothing, Nothing, Nothing)

-- TODO: this is hacky (the double takeCols, the setFieldDef stuff, and setIdName.
-- need to re-work takeCols function
takeId :: PersistSettings -> Text -> [Text] -> FieldDef
takeId ps tableName (n:rest) =
    setFieldDef
    $ fromMaybe (error "takeId: impossible!")
    $ takeCols (\_ _ -> addDefaultIdType) ps (field:rest) -- `mappend` setIdName)
  where
    field = case T.uncons n of
        Nothing -> error "takeId: empty field"
        Just (f, ield) -> toLower f `T.cons` ield
    addDefaultIdType = takeColsEx ps (field : keyCon : rest ) -- `mappend` setIdName)
    setFieldDef fd = fd
        { fieldReference =
            ForeignRef (HaskellName tableName) $
                if fieldType fd == FTTypeCon Nothing keyCon
                then defaultReferenceTypeCon
                else fieldType fd
        }
    keyCon = keyConName tableName
    -- this will be ignored if there is already an existing sql=
    -- TODO: I think there is a ! ignore syntax that would screw this up
    -- setIdName = ["sql=" `mappend` psIdName ps]
takeId _ tableName _ = error $ "empty Id field for " `mappend` show tableName


takeComposite
    :: [FieldDef]
    -> [Text]
    -> CompositeDef
takeComposite fields pkcols =
    CompositeDef (map (getDef fields) pkcols) attrs
  where
    (_, attrs) = break ("!" `T.isPrefixOf`) pkcols
    getDef [] t = error $ "Unknown column in primary key constraint: " ++ show t
    getDef (d:ds) t
        | fieldHaskell d == HaskellName t =
            if nullable (fieldAttrs d) /= NotNullable
                then error $ "primary key column cannot be nullable: " ++ show t ++ show fields
                else d
        | otherwise = getDef ds t

-- Unique UppercaseConstraintName list of lowercasefields terminated
-- by ! or sql= such that a unique constraint can look like:
-- `UniqueTestNull fieldA fieldB sql=ConstraintNameInDatabase !force`
-- Here using sql= sets the name of the constraint.
takeUniq :: PersistSettings
         -> Text
         -> [FieldDef]
         -> [Text]
         -> UniqueDef
takeUniq ps tableName defs (n:rest)
    | not (T.null n) && isUpper (T.head n)
        = UniqueDef
            (HaskellName n)
            dbName
            (map (HaskellName &&& getDBName defs) fields)
            attrs
  where
    isAttr a =
      "!" `T.isPrefixOf` a
    isSqlName a =
      "sql=" `T.isPrefixOf` a
    isNonField a =
       isAttr a
      || isSqlName a
    (fields, nonFields) =
      break isNonField rest
    attrs = filter isAttr nonFields
    usualDbName =
      DBName $ psToDBName ps (tableName `T.append` n)
    sqlName :: Maybe DBName
    sqlName =
      case find isSqlName nonFields of
        Nothing ->
          Nothing
        (Just t) ->
          case drop 1 $ T.splitOn "=" t of
            (x : _) -> Just (DBName x)
            _ -> Nothing
    dbName = fromMaybe usualDbName sqlName
    getDBName [] t =
      error $ "Unknown column in unique constraint: " ++ show t
              ++ " " ++ show defs ++ show n ++ " " ++ show attrs
    getDBName (d:ds) t
        | fieldHaskell d == HaskellName t = fieldDB d
        | otherwise = getDBName ds t
takeUniq _ tableName _ xs =
  error $ "invalid unique constraint on table["
          ++ show tableName
          ++ "] expecting an uppercase constraint name xs="
          ++ show xs

data UnboundForeignDef = UnboundForeignDef
                         { _unboundForeignFields :: [Text] -- ^ fields in the parent entity
                         , _unboundParentFields :: [Text] -- ^ fields in parent entity
                         , _unboundForeignDef :: ForeignDef
                         }

takeForeign
    :: PersistSettings
    -> Text
    -> [FieldDef]
    -> [Text]
    -> UnboundForeignDef
takeForeign ps tableName _defs = takeRefTable
  where
    errorPrefix :: String
    errorPrefix = "invalid foreign key constraint on table[" ++ show tableName ++ "] "

    takeRefTable :: [Text] -> UnboundForeignDef
    takeRefTable [] = error $ errorPrefix ++ " expecting foreign table name"
    takeRefTable (refTableName:restLine) = go restLine Nothing Nothing
      where
        go :: [Text] -> Maybe CascadeAction -> Maybe CascadeAction -> UnboundForeignDef
        go (n:rest) onDelete onUpdate | not (T.null n) && isLower (T.head n)
            = UnboundForeignDef fFields pFields $ ForeignDef
                { foreignRefTableHaskell =
                    HaskellName refTableName
                , foreignRefTableDBName =
                    DBName $ psToDBName ps refTableName
                , foreignConstraintNameHaskell =
                    HaskellName n
                , foreignConstraintNameDBName =
                    DBName $ psToDBName ps (tableName `T.append` n)
                , foreignFieldCascade = FieldCascade
                    { fcOnDelete = onDelete
                    , fcOnUpdate = onUpdate
                    }
                , foreignFields =
                    []
                , foreignAttrs =
                    attrs
                , foreignNullable =
                    False
                , foreignToPrimary =
                    null pFields
                }
          where
            (fields,attrs) = break ("!" `T.isPrefixOf`) rest
            (fFields, pFields) = case break (== "References") fields of
                (ffs, []) -> (ffs, [])
                (ffs, _ : pfs) -> case (length ffs, length pfs) of
                    (flen, plen) | flen == plen -> (ffs, pfs)
                    (flen, plen) -> error $ errorPrefix ++ concat
                        [ "Found ", show flen, " foreign fields but "
                        , show plen, " parent fields" ]

        go ((parseCascadeAction CascadeDelete -> Just cascadingAction) : rest) onDelete' onUpdate =
            case onDelete' of
                Nothing ->
                    go rest (Just cascadingAction) onUpdate
                Just _ ->
                    error $ errorPrefix ++ "found more than one OnDelete actions"

        go ((parseCascadeAction CascadeUpdate -> Just cascadingAction) : rest) onDelete onUpdate' =
            case onUpdate' of
                Nothing ->
                    go rest onDelete (Just cascadingAction)
                Just _ ->
                    error $ errorPrefix ++ "found more than one OnUpdate actions"

        go xs _ _ = error $ errorPrefix ++ "expecting a lower case constraint name or a cascading action xs=" ++ show xs

data CascadePrefix = CascadeUpdate | CascadeDelete

parseCascade :: [Text] -> (FieldCascade, [Text])
parseCascade allTokens =
    go [] Nothing Nothing allTokens
  where
    go acc mupd mdel tokens_ =
        case tokens_ of
            [] ->
                ( FieldCascade
                    { fcOnDelete = mdel
                    , fcOnUpdate = mupd
                    }
                , acc
                )
            this : rest ->
                case parseCascadeAction CascadeUpdate this of
                    Just cascUpd ->
                        case mupd of
                            Nothing ->
                                go acc (Just cascUpd) mdel rest
                            Just _ ->
                                nope "found more than one OnUpdate action"
                    Nothing ->
                        case parseCascadeAction CascadeDelete this of
                            Just cascDel ->
                                case mdel of
                                    Nothing ->
                                        go acc mupd (Just cascDel) rest
                                    Just _ ->
                                        nope "found more than one OnDelete action: "
                            Nothing ->
                                go (this : acc) mupd mdel rest
    nope msg =
        error $ msg <> ", tokens: " <> show allTokens

parseCascadeAction
    :: CascadePrefix
    -> Text
    -> Maybe CascadeAction
parseCascadeAction prfx text = do
    cascadeStr <- T.stripPrefix ("On" <> toPrefix prfx) text
    case readEither (T.unpack cascadeStr) of
        Right a ->
            Just a
        Left _ ->
            Nothing
  where
    toPrefix cp =
        case cp of
            CascadeUpdate -> "Update"
            CascadeDelete -> "Delete"

takeDerives :: [Text] -> Maybe [Text]
takeDerives ("deriving":rest) = Just rest
takeDerives _ = Nothing

nullable :: [FieldAttr] -> IsNullable
nullable s
    | FieldAttrMaybe    `elem` s = Nullable ByMaybeAttr
    | FieldAttrNullable `elem` s = Nullable ByNullableAttr
    | otherwise = NotNullable