22078126.nbib

PMID- 22078126
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20120427
LR  - 20240610
IS  - 0168-9525 (Print)
IS  - 0168-9525 (Electronic)
IS  - 0168-9525 (Linking)
VI  - 28
IP  - 2
DP  - 2012 Feb
TI  - The end of gonad-centric sex determination in mammals.
PG  - 55-61
LID - 10.1016/j.tig.2011.10.004 [doi]
AB  - The 20th-century theory of mammalian sex determination states that the embryo is 
      sexually indifferent until the differentiation of gonads, after which sex 
      differences in phenotype are caused by the differential effects of gonadal 
      hormones. However, this theory is inadequate because some sex differences precede 
      differentiation of the gonads and/or are determined by non-gonadal effects of the 
      sexual inequality in the number and type of sex chromosomes. In this article, I 
      propose a general theory of sex determination, which recognizes multiple parallel 
      primary sex-determining pathways initiated by genes or factors encoded by the sex 
      chromosomes. The separate sex-specific pathways interact to synergize with or 
      antagonize each other, enhancing or reducing sex differences in phenotype.
CI  - Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
FAU - Arnold, Arthur P
AU  - Arnold AP
AD  - Department of Integrative Biology & Physiology, Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology 
      of the Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 
      90095-7239, USA. arnold@ucla.edu
LA  - eng
GR  - R01 NS043196/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/United States
GR  - MH059268/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/United States
GR  - DC000217/DC/NIDCD NIH HHS/United States
GR  - R01 DC000217/DC/NIDCD NIH HHS/United States
GR  - R01 DK083561-03/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States
GR  - R01 MH059268-03/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/United States
GR  - R01 GM059268/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States
GR  - DK08356/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States
GR  - NS043196/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/United States
GR  - R01 DK083561/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States
GR  - R01 NS043196-08/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/United States
GR  - R01 DC000217-24/DC/NIDCD NIH HHS/United States
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
DEP - 20111109
PL  - England
TA  - Trends Genet
JT  - Trends in genetics : TIG
JID - 8507085
SB  - IM
MH  - Animals
MH  - Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental
MH  - Genome
MH  - Gonads/embryology/*growth & development/metabolism
MH  - Humans
MH  - Mammals/embryology/*genetics/growth & development
MH  - *Sex Determination Processes
MH  - Sex Differentiation
PMC - PMC3268825
MID - NIHMS333647
EDAT- 2011/11/15 06:00
MHDA- 2012/04/28 06:00
PMCR- 2013/02/01
CRDT- 2011/11/15 06:00
PHST- 2011/08/31 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2011/10/16 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2011/10/17 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2011/11/15 06:00 [entrez]
PHST- 2011/11/15 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2012/04/28 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2013/02/01 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - S0168-9525(11)00170-3 [pii]
AID - 10.1016/j.tig.2011.10.004 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Trends Genet. 2012 Feb;28(2):55-61. doi: 10.1016/j.tig.2011.10.004. Epub 2011 Nov 
      9.