hackport-0.8.0.0: cabal/doc/cabal-package.rst
Package Description
===================
The Cabal package is the unit of distribution. When installed, its
purpose is to make available:
- One or more Haskell programs.
- At most one library, exposing a number of Haskell modules.
However having both a library and executables in a package does not work
very well; if the executables depend on the library, they must
explicitly list all the modules they directly or indirectly import from
that library. Fortunately, starting with Cabal 1.8.0.4, executables can
also declare the package that they are in as a dependency, and Cabal
will treat them as if they were in another package that depended on the
library.
Internally, the package may consist of much more than a bunch of Haskell
modules: it may also have C source code and header files, source code
meant for preprocessing, documentation, test cases, auxiliary tools etc.
A package is identified by a globally-unique *package name*, which
consists of one or more alphanumeric words separated by hyphens. To
avoid ambiguity, each of these words should contain at least one letter.
Chaos will result if two distinct packages with the same name are
installed on the same system. A particular version of the package is
distinguished by a *version number*, consisting of a sequence of one or
more integers separated by dots. These can be combined to form a single
text string called the *package ID*, using a hyphen to separate the name
from the version, e.g. "``HUnit-1.1``".
.. Note::
Packages are not part of the Haskell language; they simply
populate the hierarchical space of module names. In GHC 6.6 and later a
program may contain multiple modules with the same name if they come
from separate packages; in all other current Haskell systems packages
may not overlap in the modules they provide, including hidden modules.
Creating a package
------------------
Suppose you have a directory hierarchy containing the source files that
make up your package. You will need to add two more files to the root
directory of the package:
:file:`{package-name}.cabal`
a Unicode UTF-8 text file containing a package description. For
details of the syntax of this file, see the section on
`package descriptions`_.
:file:`Setup.hs`
a single-module Haskell program to perform various setup tasks (with
the interface described in the section on :ref:`setup-commands`).
This module should import only modules that will be present in all Haskell
implementations, including modules of the Cabal library. The content of
this file is determined by the :pkg-field:`build-type` setting in the
``.cabal`` file. In most cases it will be trivial, calling on the Cabal
library to do most of the work.
Once you have these, you can create a source bundle of this directory
for distribution. Building of the package is demonstrated in the section
:ref:`building-packages`.
One of the purposes of Cabal is to make it easier to build a package
with different Haskell implementations. So it provides abstractions of
features present in different Haskell implementations and wherever
possible it is best to take advantage of these to increase portability.
Where necessary however it is possible to use specific features of
specific implementations. For example one of the pieces of information a
package author can put in the package's ``.cabal`` file is what language
extensions the code uses. This is far preferable to specifying flags for
a specific compiler as it allows Cabal to pick the right flags for the
Haskell implementation that the user picks. It also allows Cabal to
figure out if the language extension is even supported by the Haskell
implementation that the user picks. Where compiler-specific options are
needed however, there is an "escape hatch" available. The developer can
specify implementation-specific options and more generally there is a
configuration mechanism to customise many aspects of how a package is
built depending on the Haskell implementation, the Operating system,
computer architecture and user-specified configuration flags.
::
name: Foo
version: 1.0
library
default-language: Haskell2010
build-depends: base >= 4 && < 5
exposed-modules: Foo
extensions: ForeignFunctionInterface
ghc-options: -Wall
if os(windows)
build-depends: Win32 >= 2.1 && < 2.6
Example: A package containing a simple library
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
The HUnit package contains a file ``HUnit.cabal`` containing:
::
cabal-version: 3.0
name: HUnit
version: 1.1.1
synopsis: A unit testing framework for Haskell
homepage: http://hunit.sourceforge.net/
category: Testing
author: Dean Herington
license: BSD-3-Clause
license-file: LICENSE
build-type: Simple
library
build-depends: base >= 2 && < 4
exposed-modules: Test.HUnit.Base, Test.HUnit.Lang,
Test.HUnit.Terminal, Test.HUnit.Text, Test.HUnit
default-extensions: CPP
default-language: Haskell2010
and the following ``Setup.hs``:
.. code-block:: haskell
import Distribution.Simple
main = defaultMain
Example: A package containing executable programs
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
::
cabal-version: 3.0
name: TestPackage
version: 0.0
synopsis: Small package with two programs
author: Angela Author
license: BSD-3-Clause
build-type: Simple
executable program1
build-depends: HUnit >= 1.1.1 && < 1.2
main-is: main.hs
hs-source-dirs: prog1
default-language: Haskell2010
executable program2
-- A different main.hs because of hs-source-dirs.
main-is: main.hs
build-depends: HUnit >= 1.1.1 && < 1.2
hs-source-dirs: prog2
other-modules: Utils
default-language: Haskell2010
with ``Setup.hs`` the same as above.
Example: A package containing a library and executable programs
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
::
cabal-version: 3.0
name: TestPackage
version: 0.0
synopsis: Package with library and two programs
license: BSD-3-Clause
author: Angela Author
build-type: Simple
library
build-depends: HUnit >= 1.1.1 && < 1.2
hs-source-dirs: lib
exposed-modules: A, B, C
default-language: Haskell2010
executable program1
main-is: main.hs
hs-source-dirs: prog1
other-modules: D, E
default-language: Haskell2010
executable program2
-- A different main.hs because of hs-source-dirs.
main-is: main.hs
-- No bound on internal libraries.
build-depends: TestPackage
hs-source-dirs: prog2
other-modules: Utils
default-language: Haskell2010
with ``Setup.hs`` the same as above. Note that any library modules
required (directly or indirectly) by an executable must be listed again.
The trivial setup script used in these examples uses the *simple build
infrastructure* provided by the Cabal library (see
`Distribution.Simple <https://hackage.haskell.org/package/Cabal/docs/Distribution-Simple.html>`__).
The simplicity lies in its interface rather that its implementation. It
automatically handles preprocessing with standard preprocessors, and
builds packages for all the Haskell implementations.
The simple build infrastructure can also handle packages where building
is governed by system-dependent parameters, if you specify a little more
(see the section on `system-dependent parameters`_).
A few packages require `more elaborate solutions <more complex packages>`_.
.. _pkg-desc:
Package descriptions
--------------------
The package description file must have a name ending in "``.cabal``". It
must be a Unicode text file encoded using valid UTF-8. There must be
exactly one such file in the directory. The first part of the name is
usually the package name, and some of the tools that operate on Cabal
packages require this; specifically, Hackage rejects packages which
don't follow this rule.
In the package description file, lines whose first non-whitespace
characters are "``--``" are treated as comments and ignored.
This file should contain a number global property descriptions and
several sections.
- The `package properties`_ describe the package
as a whole, such as name, license, author, etc.
- Optionally, a number of *configuration flags* can be declared. These
can be used to enable or disable certain features of a package. (see
the section on `configurations`_).
- The (optional) library section specifies the `library`_ properties and
relevant `build information`_.
- Following is an arbitrary number of executable sections which describe
an executable program and relevant `build information`_.
Each section consists of a number of property descriptions in the form
of field/value pairs, with a syntax roughly like mail message headers.
- Case is not significant in field names, but is significant in field
values.
- To continue a field value, indent the next line relative to the field
name.
- Field names may be indented, but all field values in the same section
must use the same indentation.
- Tabs are *not* allowed as indentation characters due to a missing
standard interpretation of tab width.
- Before Cabal 3.0, to get a blank line in a field value, use an indented "``.``"
The syntax of the value depends on the field. Field types include:
*token*, *filename*, *directory*
Either a sequence of one or more non-space non-comma characters, or
a quoted string in Haskell 98 lexical syntax. The latter can be used
for escaping whitespace, for example:
``ghc-options: -Wall "-with-rtsopts=-T -I1"``. Unless otherwise
stated, relative filenames and directories are interpreted from the
package root directory.
*freeform*, *URL*, *address*
An arbitrary, uninterpreted string.
*identifier*
A letter followed by zero or more alphanumerics or underscores.
*compiler*
A compiler flavor (one of: ``GHC``, ``UHC`` or ``LHC``)
followed by a version range. For example, ``GHC ==6.10.3``, or
``LHC >=0.6 && <0.8``.
Modules and preprocessors
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
Haskell module names listed in the :pkg-field:`library:exposed-modules` and
:pkg-field:`library:other-modules` fields may correspond to Haskell source
files, i.e. with names ending in "``.hs``" or "``.lhs``", or to inputs for
various Haskell preprocessors. The simple build infrastructure understands the
extensions:
- ``.gc`` (:hackage-pkg:`greencard`)
- ``.chs`` (:hackage-pkg:`c2hs`)
- ``.hsc`` (:hackage-pkg:`hsc2hs`)
- ``.y`` and ``.ly`` (happy_)
- ``.x`` (alex_)
- ``.cpphs`` (cpphs_)
When building, Cabal will automatically run the appropriate preprocessor
and compile the Haskell module it produces. For the ``c2hs`` and
``hsc2hs`` preprocessors, Cabal will also automatically add, compile and
link any C sources generated by the preprocessor (produced by
``hsc2hs``'s ``#def`` feature or ``c2hs``'s auto-generated wrapper
functions). Dependencies on pre-processors are specified via the
:pkg-field:`build-tools` or :pkg-field:`build-tool-depends` fields.
Some fields take lists of values, which are optionally separated by
commas, except for the :pkg-field:`build-depends` field, where the commas are
mandatory.
Some fields are marked as required. All others are optional, and unless
otherwise specified have empty default values.
Package properties
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
These fields may occur in the first top-level properties section and
describe the package as a whole:
.. pkg-field:: name: package-name (required)
The unique name of the package, without the version number.
As pointed out in the section on `package descriptions`_, some
tools require the package-name specified for this field to match
the package description's file-name :file:`{package-name}.cabal`.
Package names are case-sensitive and must match the regular expression
(i.e. alphanumeric "words" separated by dashes; each alphanumeric
word must contain at least one letter):
``[[:digit:]]*[[:alpha:]][[:alnum:]]*(-[[:digit:]]*[[:alpha:]][[:alnum:]]*)*``.
Or, expressed in ABNF_:
.. code-block:: abnf
package-name = package-name-part *("-" package-name-part)
package-name-part = *DIGIT UALPHA *UALNUM
UALNUM = UALPHA / DIGIT
UALPHA = ... ; set of alphabetic Unicode code-points
.. note::
Hackage restricts package names to the ASCII subset.
.. pkg-field:: version: numbers (required)
The package version number, usually consisting of a sequence of
natural numbers separated by dots, i.e. as the regular
expression ``[0-9]+([.][0-9]+)*`` or expressed in ABNF_:
.. code-block:: abnf
package-version = 1*DIGIT *("." 1*DIGIT)
.. pkg-field:: cabal-version: x.y[.z]
The version of the Cabal specification that this package
description uses. The Cabal specification does slowly evolve (see
also :ref:`spec-history`), introducing new features and
occasionally changing the meaning of existing features.
Specifying which version of the specification you are using
enables programs which process the package description to know
what syntax to expect and what each part means.
The version number you specify will affect both compatibility and
behaviour. Most tools (including the Cabal library and the ``cabal``
program) understand a range of versions of the Cabal specification.
Older tools will of course only work with older versions of the
Cabal specification that was known at the time. Most of the time,
tools that are too old will recognise this fact and produce a
suitable error message. Likewise, ``cabal check`` will tell you
whether the version number is sufficiently high for the features
you use in the package description.
As for behaviour, new versions of the Cabal specification can change the
meaning of existing syntax. This means if you want to take advantage
of the new meaning or behaviour then you must specify the newer
Cabal version. Tools are expected to use the meaning and behaviour
appropriate to the version given in the package description.
In particular, the syntax of package descriptions changed
significantly with Cabal version 1.2 and the :pkg-field:`cabal-version`
field is now required. Files written in the old syntax are still
recognized, so if you require compatibility with very old Cabal
versions then you may write your package description file using the
old syntax. Please consult the user's guide of an older Cabal
version for a description of that syntax.
Starting with ``cabal-version: 2.2`` this field is only valid if
fully contained in the very first line of a package description
and ought to adhere to the ABNF_ grammar
.. code-block:: abnf
newstyle-spec-version-decl = "cabal-version" *WS ":" *WS newstyle-spec-version *WS
newstyle-spec-version = NUM "." NUM [ "." NUM ]
NUM = DIGIT0 / DIGITP 1*DIGIT0
DIGIT0 = %x30-39
DIGITP = %x31-39
WS = %20
.. note::
For package descriptions using a format prior to
``cabal-version: 1.12`` the legacy syntax resembling a version
range syntax
.. code-block:: cabal
cabal-version: >= 1.10
needs to be used.
This legacy syntax is supported up until ``cabal-version: >=
2.0`` it is however strongly recommended to avoid using the
legacy syntax. See also :issue:`4899`.
.. pkg-field:: build-type: identifier
:default: ``Custom`` or ``Simple``
The type of build used by this package. Build types are the
constructors of the
`BuildType <https://hackage.haskell.org/package/Cabal/docs/Distribution-PackageDescription.html#t:BuildType>`__
type. This field is optional and when missing, its default value
is inferred according to the following rules:
- When :pkg-field:`cabal-version` is set to ``2.2`` or higher,
the default is ``Simple`` unless a :pkg-section:`custom-setup`
exists, in which case the inferred default is ``Custom``.
- For lower :pkg-field:`cabal-version` values, the default is
``Custom`` unconditionally.
If the build type is anything other than ``Custom``, then the
``Setup.hs`` file *must* be exactly the standardized content
discussed below. This is because in these cases, ``cabal`` will
ignore the ``Setup.hs`` file completely, whereas other methods of
package management, such as ``runhaskell Setup.hs [CMD]``, still
rely on the ``Setup.hs`` file.
For build type ``Simple``, the contents of ``Setup.hs`` must be:
.. code-block:: haskell
import Distribution.Simple
main = defaultMain
For build type ``Configure`` (see the section on `system-dependent
parameters`_ below), the contents of
``Setup.hs`` must be:
.. code-block:: haskell
import Distribution.Simple
main = defaultMainWithHooks autoconfUserHooks
For build type ``Make`` (see the section on `more complex packages`_ below),
the contents of ``Setup.hs`` must be:
.. code-block:: haskell
import Distribution.Make
main = defaultMain
For build type ``Custom``, the file ``Setup.hs`` can be customized,
and will be used both by ``cabal`` and other tools.
For most packages, the build type ``Simple`` is sufficient.
.. pkg-field:: license: SPDX expression
:default: ``NONE``
The type of license under which this package is distributed.
Starting with ``cabal-version: 2.2`` the ``license`` field takes a
(case-sensitive) SPDX expression such as
.. code-block:: cabal
license: Apache-2.0 AND (MIT OR GPL-2.0-or-later)
See `SPDX IDs: How to use <https://spdx.org/ids-how>`__ for more
examples of SPDX expressions.
The version of the
`list of SPDX license identifiers <https://spdx.org/licenses/>`__
is a function of the :pkg-field:`cabal-version` value as defined
in the following table:
+--------------------------+--------------------+
| Cabal specification | SPDX license list |
| version | version |
| | |
+==========================+====================+
| ``cabal-version: 2.2`` | ``3.0 2017-12-28`` |
+--------------------------+--------------------+
| ``cabal-version: 2.4`` | ``3.2 2018-07-10`` |
+--------------------------+--------------------+
**Pre-SPDX Legacy Identifiers**
The license identifier in the table below are defined for
``cabal-version: 2.0`` and previous versions of the Cabal
specification.
+--------------------------+-----------------+
| :pkg-field:`license` | Note |
| identifier | |
| | |
+==========================+=================+
| ``GPL`` | |
| ``GPL-2`` | |
| ``GPL-3`` | |
+--------------------------+-----------------+
| ``LGPL`` | |
| ``LGPL-2.1`` | |
| ``LGPL-3`` | |
+--------------------------+-----------------+
| ``AGPL`` | since 1.18 |
| ``AGPL-3`` | |
+--------------------------+-----------------+
| ``BSD2`` | since 1.20 |
+--------------------------+-----------------+
| ``BSD3`` | |
+--------------------------+-----------------+
| ``MIT`` | |
+--------------------------+-----------------+
| ``ISC`` | since 1.22 |
+--------------------------+-----------------+
| ``MPL-2.0`` | since 1.20 |
+--------------------------+-----------------+
| ``Apache`` | |
| ``Apache-2.0`` | |
+--------------------------+-----------------+
| ``PublicDomain`` | |
+--------------------------+-----------------+
| ``AllRightsReserved`` | |
+--------------------------+-----------------+
| ``OtherLicense`` | |
+--------------------------+-----------------+
.. pkg-field:: license-file: filename
See :pkg-field:`license-files`.
.. pkg-field:: license-files: filename list
:since: 1.20
The name of a file(s) containing the precise copyright license for
this package. The license file(s) will be installed with the
package.
If you have multiple license files then use the :pkg-field:`license-files`
field instead of (or in addition to) the :pkg-field:`license-file` field.
.. pkg-field:: copyright: freeform
The content of a copyright notice, typically the name of the holder
of the copyright on the package and the year(s) from which copyright
is claimed. For example::
copyright: (c) 2006-2007 Joe Bloggs
.. pkg-field:: author: freeform
The original author of the package.
Remember that ``.cabal`` files are Unicode, using the UTF-8
encoding.
.. pkg-field:: maintainer: address
The current maintainer or maintainers of the package. This is an
e-mail address to which users should send bug reports, feature
requests and patches.
.. pkg-field:: stability: freeform
The stability level of the package, e.g. ``alpha``,
``experimental``, ``provisional``, ``stable``.
.. pkg-field:: homepage: URL
The package homepage.
.. pkg-field:: bug-reports: URL
The URL where users should direct bug reports. This would normally
be either:
- A ``mailto:`` URL, e.g. for a person or a mailing list.
- An ``http:`` (or ``https:``) URL for an online bug tracking
system.
For example Cabal itself uses a web-based bug tracking system
::
bug-reports: https://github.com/haskell/cabal/issues
.. pkg-field:: package-url: URL
The location of a source bundle for the package. The distribution
should be a Cabal package.
.. pkg-field:: synopsis: freeform
A very short description of the package, for use in a table of
packages. This is your headline, so keep it short (one line) but as
informative as possible. Save space by not including the package
name or saying it's written in Haskell.
.. pkg-field:: description: freeform
Description of the package. This may be several paragraphs, and
should be aimed at a Haskell programmer who has never heard of your
package before.
For library packages, this field is used as prologue text by
:ref:`setup-haddock` and thus may contain the same markup as Haddock_
documentation comments.
.. pkg-field:: category: freeform
A classification category for future use by the package catalogue
Hackage_. These categories have not
yet been specified, but the upper levels of the module hierarchy
make a good start.
.. pkg-field:: tested-with: compiler list
A list of compilers and versions against which the package has been
tested (or at least built). The value of this field is not used by Cabal
and is rather intended as extra metadata for use by third party
tooling, such as e.g. CI tooling.
Here's a typical usage example:
::
tested-with: GHC == 9.0.1, GHC == 8.10.4, GHC == 8.8.4,
GHC == 8.6.5, GHC == 8.4.4, GHC == 8.2.2, GHC == 8.0.2,
GHC == 7.10.3, GHC == 7.8.4, GHC == 7.6.3, GHC == 7.4.2
The same can be spread over several lines, for instance:
::
tested-with: GHC == 9.0.1
, GHC == 8.10.4
, GHC == 8.8.4
, GHC == 8.6.5
, GHC == 8.4.4
, GHC == 8.2.2
, GHC == 8.0.2
, GHC == 7.10.3
, GHC == 7.8.4
, GHC == 7.6.3
, GHC == 7.4.2
The separating comma can also be dropped altogether:
::
tested-with:
GHC == 9.0.1
GHC == 8.10.4
GHC == 8.8.4
GHC == 8.6.5
GHC == 8.4.4
GHC == 8.2.2
GHC == 8.0.2
GHC == 7.10.3
GHC == 7.8.4
GHC == 7.6.3
GHC == 7.4.2
However, this alternative might
`disappear <https://github.com/haskell/cabal/issues/4894#issuecomment-909008657>`__
in the future.
Starting with :pkg-field:`cabal-version` 3.0,
there are further conveniences.
1. A preceding ``,`` is allowed, so a bullet-list style
is possible (recommended):
::
tested-with:
, GHC == 9.0.1
, GHC == 8.10.4
, GHC == 8.8.4
, GHC == 8.6.5
, GHC == 8.4.4
, GHC == 8.2.2
, GHC == 8.0.2
, GHC == 7.10.3
, GHC == 7.8.4
, GHC == 7.6.3
, GHC == 7.4.2
2. A concise set notation syntax is available:
::
tested-with: GHC == { 9.0.1, 8.10.4, 8.8.4, 8.6.5, 8.4.4, 8.2.2, 8.0.2, 7.10.3, 7.8.4, 7.6.3, 7.4.2 }
.. pkg-field:: data-files: filename list
A list of files to be installed for run-time use by the package.
This is useful for packages that use a large amount of static data,
such as tables of values or code templates. Cabal provides a way to
`find these files at run-time <#accessing-data-files-from-package-code>`_.
A limited form of ``*`` wildcards in file names, for example
``data-files: images/*.png`` matches all the ``.png`` files in the
``images`` directory. ``data-files: audio/**/*.mp3`` matches all
the ``.mp3`` files in the ``audio`` directory, including
subdirectories.
The specific limitations of this wildcard syntax are
- ``*`` wildcards are only allowed in place of the file name, not
in the directory name or file extension. It must replace the
whole file name (e.g., ``*.html`` is allowed, but
``chapter-*.html`` is not). If a wildcard is used, it must be
used with an extension, so ``data-files: data/*`` is not
allowed.
- Prior to Cabal 2.4, when matching a wildcard plus extension, a
file's full extension must match exactly, so ``*.gz`` matches
``foo.gz`` but not ``foo.tar.gz``. This restriction has been
lifted when ``cabal-version: 2.4`` or greater so that ``*.gz``
does match ``foo.tar.gz``
- ``*`` wildcards will not match if the file name is empty (e.g.,
``*.html`` will not match ``foo/.html``).
- ``**`` wildcards can only appear as the final path component
before the file name (e.g., ``data/**/images/*.jpg`` is not
allowed).
- Prior to Cabal 3.8, if a ``**`` wildcard is used, then
the file name must include a ``*`` wildcard (e.g.,
``data/**/README.rst`` was not allowed). As of ``cabal-version:
3.8`` or greater, this restriction is lifted.
- A wildcard that does not match any files is an error.
The reason for providing only a very limited form of wildcard is to
concisely express the common case of a large number of related files
of the same file type without making it too easy to accidentally
include unwanted files.
On efficiency: if you use ``**`` patterns, the directory tree will
be walked starting with the parent directory of the ``**``. If
that's the root of the project, this might include ``.git/``,
``dist-newstyle/``, or other large directories! To avoid this
behaviour, put the files that wildcards will match against in
their own folder.
``**`` wildcards are available starting in Cabal 2.4.
.. pkg-field:: data-dir: directory
The directory where Cabal looks for data files to install, relative
to the source directory. By default, Cabal will look in the source
directory itself.
.. pkg-field:: extra-source-files: filename list
A list of additional files to be included in source distributions
built with :ref:`setup-sdist`. As with :pkg-field:`data-files` it can use
a limited form of ``*`` wildcards in file names.
.. pkg-field:: extra-doc-files: filename list
:since: 1.18
A list of additional files to be included in source distributions,
and also copied to the html directory when Haddock documentation is
generated. As with :pkg-field:`data-files` it can use a limited form of
``*`` wildcards in file names.
.. pkg-field:: extra-tmp-files: filename list
A list of additional files or directories to be removed by
:ref:`setup-clean`. These would typically be additional files created by
additional hooks, such as the scheme described in the section on
`system-dependent parameters`_.
Library
^^^^^^^
.. pkg-section:: library name
:synopsis: Library build information.
Build information for libraries.
Currently, there can only be one publicly exposed library in a
package, and its name is the same as package name set by global
:pkg-field:`name` field. In this case, the ``name`` argument to
the :pkg-section:`library` section must be omitted.
Starting with Cabal 2.0, private internal sub-library components
can be defined by setting the ``name`` field to a name
different from the current package's name; see section on
:ref:`Internal Libraries <sublibs>` for more information.
The library section should contain the following fields:
.. pkg-field:: exposed-modules: identifier list
:required: if this package contains a library
A list of modules added by this package.
.. pkg-field:: virtual-modules: identifier list
:since: 2.2
A list of virtual modules provided by this package. Virtual modules
are modules without a source file. See for example the ``GHC.Prim``
module from the ``ghc-prim`` package. Modules listed here will not be
built, but still end up in the list of ``exposed-modules`` in the
installed package info when the package is registered in the package
database.
.. pkg-field:: exposed: boolean
:default: ``True``
Some Haskell compilers (notably GHC) support the notion of packages
being "exposed" or "hidden" which means the modules they provide can
be easily imported without always having to specify which package
they come from. However this only works effectively if the modules
provided by all exposed packages do not overlap (otherwise a module
import would be ambiguous).
Almost all new libraries use hierarchical module names that do not
clash, so it is very uncommon to have to use this field. However it
may be necessary to set ``exposed: False`` for some old libraries
that use a flat module namespace or where it is known that the
exposed modules would clash with other common modules.
.. pkg-field:: visibility: visibility specifiers
:since: 3.0
:default:
``private`` for internal libraries. Cannot be set for main
(unnamed) library, which is always public.
Can be ``public`` or ``private``.
Makes it possible to have multiple public libraries in a single package.
If set to ``public``, depending on this library from another package is
allowed. If set to ``private``, depending on this library is allowed only
from the same package.
See section on :ref:`Internal Libraries <sublibs>` for examples and more
information.
.. pkg-field:: reexported-modules: exportlist
:since: 1.22
Supported only in GHC 7.10 and later. A list of modules to
*reexport* from this package. The syntax of this field is
``orig-pkg:Name as NewName`` to reexport module ``Name`` from
``orig-pkg`` with the new name ``NewName``. We also support
abbreviated versions of the syntax: if you omit ``as NewName``,
we'll reexport without renaming; if you omit ``orig-pkg``, then we
will automatically figure out which package to reexport from, if
it's unambiguous.
Reexported modules are useful for compatibility shims when a package
has been split into multiple packages, and they have the useful
property that if a package provides a module, and another package
reexports it under the same name, these are not considered a
conflict (as would be the case with a stub module.) They can also be
used to resolve name conflicts.
.. pkg-field:: signatures: signature list
:since: 2.0
Supported only in GHC 8.2 and later. A list of `module signatures <https://downloads.haskell.org/~ghc/master/users-guide/separate_compilation.html#module-signatures>`__ required by this package.
Module signatures are part of the Backpack_ extension to
the Haskell module system.
Packages that do not export any modules and only export required signatures
are called "signature-only packages", and their signatures are subjected to
`signature thinning
<https://wiki.haskell.org/Module_signature#How_to_use_a_signature_package>`__.
The library section may also contain build information fields (see the
section on `build information`_).
.. _sublibs:
**Internal Libraries**
Cabal 2.0 and later support "internal libraries", which are extra named
libraries (as opposed to the usual unnamed library section). For
example, suppose that your test suite needs access to some internal
modules in your library, which you do not otherwise want to export. You
could put these modules in an internal library, which the main library
and the test suite :pkg-field:`build-depends` upon. Then your Cabal file might
look something like this:
::
cabal-version: 2.0
name: foo
version: 0.1.0.0
license: BSD3
license-file: LICENSE
build-type: Simple
library foo-internal
exposed-modules: Foo.Internal
-- NOTE: no explicit constraints on base needed
-- as they're inherited from the 'library' stanza
build-depends: base
default-language: Haskell2010
library
exposed-modules: Foo.Public
build-depends: foo-internal, base >= 4.3 && < 5
default-language: Haskell2010
test-suite test-foo
type: exitcode-stdio-1.0
main-is: test-foo.hs
-- NOTE: no constraints on 'foo-internal' as same-package
-- dependencies implicitly refer to the same package instance
build-depends: foo-internal, base
default-language: Haskell2010
Internal libraries are also useful for packages that define multiple
executables, but do not define a publicly accessible library. Internal
libraries are only visible internally in the package (so they can only
be added to the :pkg-field:`build-depends` of same-package libraries,
executables, test suites, etc.) Internal libraries locally shadow any
packages which have the same name; consequently, don't name an internal
library with the same name as an external dependency if you need to be
able to refer to the external dependency in a
:pkg-field:`build-depends` declaration.
Shadowing can be used to vendor an external dependency into a package
and thus emulate *private dependencies*. Below is an example based on
a real-world use case:
::
cabal-version: 3.0
name: haddock-library
version: 1.6.0
license: BSD-3-Clause
library
build-depends:
, base ^>= 4.11.1.0
, bytestring ^>= 0.10.2.0
, containers ^>= 0.4.2.1 || ^>= 0.5.0.0
, transformers ^>= 0.5.0.0
hs-source-dirs: src
-- internal sub-lib
build-depends: attoparsec
exposed-modules:
Documentation.Haddock
default-language: Haskell2010
library attoparsec
build-depends:
, base ^>= 4.11.1.0
, bytestring ^>= 0.10.2.0
, deepseq ^>= 1.4.0.0
hs-source-dirs: vendor/attoparsec-0.13.1.0
-- NB: haddock-library needs only small part of lib:attoparsec
-- internally, so we only bundle that subset here
exposed-modules:
Data.Attoparsec.ByteString
Data.Attoparsec.Combinator
other-modules:
Data.Attoparsec.Internal
ghc-options: -funbox-strict-fields -Wall -fwarn-tabs -O2
default-language: Haskell2010
**Multiple public libraries**
Cabal 3.0 and later support exposing multiple libraries from a single package
through the field :pkg-field:`library:visibility`.
Having multiple public libraries is useful for separating the unit of
distribution (package) from the unit of buildable code (library).
For more information about the rationale and some examples, see
`this blog post <https://fgaz.me/posts/2019-11-14-cabal-multiple-libraries/>`__.
..
TODO inline the blog post
Opening an interpreter session
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
While developing a package, it is often useful to make its code
available inside an interpreter session. This can be done with the
``repl`` command:
.. code-block:: console
$ cabal repl
The name comes from the acronym
`REPL <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Read%E2%80%93eval%E2%80%93print_loop>`__,
which stands for "read-eval-print-loop". By default ``cabal repl`` loads
the first component in a package. If the package contains several named
components, the name can be given as an argument to ``repl``. The name
can be also optionally prefixed with the component's type for
disambiguation purposes. Example:
.. code-block:: console
$ cabal repl foo
$ cabal repl exe:foo
$ cabal repl test:bar
$ cabal repl bench:baz
Freezing dependency versions
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
If a package is built in several different environments, such as a
development environment, a staging environment and a production
environment, it may be necessary or desirable to ensure that the same
dependency versions are selected in each environment. This can be done
with the ``freeze`` command:
.. code-block:: console
$ cabal freeze
The command writes the selected version for all dependencies to the
``cabal.config`` file. All environments which share this file will use
the dependency versions specified in it.
Generating dependency version bounds
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
Cabal also has the ability to suggest dependency version bounds that
conform to the `Package Versioning Policy`_, which is
a recommended versioning system for publicly released Cabal packages.
This is done by running the ``gen-bounds`` command:
.. code-block:: console
$ cabal gen-bounds
For example, given the following dependencies without bounds specified in
:pkg-field:`build-depends`:
::
build-depends:
base,
mtl,
transformers,
``gen-bounds`` might suggest changing them to the following:
::
build-depends:
base >= 4.15.0 && < 4.16,
mtl >= 2.2.2 && < 2.3,
transformers >= 0.5.6 && < 0.6,
Listing outdated dependency version bounds
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
Manually updating dependency version bounds in a ``.cabal`` file or a
freeze file can be tedious, especially when there's a lot of
dependencies. The ``cabal outdated`` command is designed to help with
that. It will print a list of packages for which there is a new
version on Hackage that is outside the version bound specified in the
``build-depends`` field. The ``outdated`` command can also be
configured to act on the freeze file (both old- and v2-style) and
ignore major (or all) version bumps on Hackage for a subset of
dependencies.
Examples:
.. code-block:: console
$ cd /some/package
$ cabal outdated
Outdated dependencies:
haskell-src-exts <1.17 (latest: 1.19.1)
language-javascript <0.6 (latest: 0.6.0.9)
unix ==2.7.2.0 (latest: 2.7.2.1)
$ cabal outdated --simple-output
haskell-src-exts
language-javascript
unix
$ cabal outdated --ignore=haskell-src-exts
Outdated dependencies:
language-javascript <0.6 (latest: 0.6.0.9)
unix ==2.7.2.0 (latest: 2.7.2.1)
$ cabal outdated --ignore=haskell-src-exts,language-javascript,unix
All dependencies are up to date.
$ cabal outdated --ignore=haskell-src-exts,language-javascript,unix -q
$ echo $?
0
$ cd /some/other/package
$ cabal outdated --freeze-file
Outdated dependencies:
HTTP ==4000.3.3 (latest: 4000.3.4)
HUnit ==1.3.1.1 (latest: 1.5.0.0)
$ cabal outdated --freeze-file --ignore=HTTP --minor=HUnit
Outdated dependencies:
HUnit ==1.3.1.1 (latest: 1.3.1.2)
See `the command documentation <cabal-commands.html#cabal-outdated>`__ for a
list of available flags.
Executables
^^^^^^^^^^^
.. pkg-section:: executable name
:synopsis: Executable build info section.
Executable sections (if present) describe executable programs contained
in the package and must have an argument after the section label, which
defines the name of the executable. This is a freeform argument but may
not contain spaces.
The executable may be described using the following fields, as well as
build information fields (see the section on `build information`_).
.. pkg-field:: main-is: filename (required)
The name of the ``.hs`` or ``.lhs`` file containing the ``Main``
module. Note that it is the ``.hs`` filename that must be listed,
even if that file is generated using a preprocessor. The source file
must be relative to one of the directories listed in
:pkg-field:`hs-source-dirs`. Further, while the name of the file may
vary, the module itself must be named ``Main``.
Starting with ``cabal-version: 1.18`` this field supports
specifying a C, C++, or objC source file as the main entry point.
.. pkg-field:: scope: token
:since: 2.0
Whether the executable is ``public`` (default) or ``private``, i.e. meant to
be run by other programs rather than the user. Private executables are
installed into `$libexecdir/$libexecsubdir`.
Running executables
"""""""""""""""""""
You can have Cabal build and run your executables by using the ``run``
command:
.. code-block:: console
$ cabal run EXECUTABLE [-- EXECUTABLE_FLAGS]
This command will configure, build and run the executable
``EXECUTABLE``. The double dash separator is required to distinguish
executable flags from ``run``'s own flags. If there is only one
executable defined in the whole package, the executable's name can be
omitted. See the output of ``cabal help run`` for a list of options you
can pass to ``cabal run``.
Test suites
^^^^^^^^^^^
.. pkg-section:: test-suite name
:synopsis: Test suite build information.
Test suite sections (if present) describe package test suites and must
have an argument after the section label, which defines the name of the
test suite. This is a freeform argument, but may not contain spaces. It
should be unique among the names of the package's other test suites, the
package's executables, and the package itself. Using test suite sections
requires at least Cabal version 1.9.2.
The test suite may be described using the following fields, as well as
build information fields (see the section on `build information`_).
.. pkg-field:: type: interface (required until ``cabal-version`` 3.8)
The interface type and version of the test suite. Cabal supports two
test suite interfaces, called ``exitcode-stdio-1.0`` (default since ``cabal-version`` 3.8) and
``detailed-0.9``. Each of these types may require or disallow other
fields as described below.
Test suites using the ``exitcode-stdio-1.0`` (default since ``cabal-version`` 3.8) interface are executables
that indicate test failure with a non-zero exit code when run; they may
provide human-readable log information through the standard output and
error channels. The ``exitcode-stdio-1.0`` type requires the ``main-is``
field.
.. pkg-field:: main-is: filename
:synopsis: Module containing tests main function.
:required: ``exitcode-stdio-1.0``
:disallowed: ``detailed-0.9``
The name of the ``.hs`` or ``.lhs`` file containing the ``Main``
module. Note that it is the ``.hs`` filename that must be listed,
even if that file is generated using a preprocessor. The source file
must be relative to one of the directories listed in
:pkg-field:`hs-source-dirs`. This field is analogous to the ``main-is`` field
of an executable section.
Test suites using the ``detailed-0.9`` interface are modules exporting
the symbol ``tests :: IO [Test]``. The ``Test`` type is exported by the
module ``Distribution.TestSuite`` provided by Cabal. For more details,
see the example below.
The ``detailed-0.9`` interface allows Cabal and other test agents to
inspect a test suite's results case by case, producing detailed human-
and machine-readable log files. The ``detailed-0.9`` interface requires
the :pkg-field:`test-module` field.
.. pkg-field:: test-module: identifier
:required: ``detailed-0.9``
:disallowed: ``exitcode-stdio-1.0``
The module exporting the ``tests`` symbol.
Example: Package using ``exitcode-stdio-1.0`` interface
"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""
The example package description and executable source file below
demonstrate the use of the ``exitcode-stdio-1.0`` interface.
.. code-block:: cabal
:caption: foo.cabal
Cabal-Version: 3.0
Name: foo
Version: 1.0
License: BSD-3-Clause
Build-Type: Simple
Test-Suite test-foo
type: exitcode-stdio-1.0
main-is: test-foo.hs
build-depends: base >= 4 && < 5
default-language: Haskell2010
.. code-block:: haskell
:caption: test-foo.hs
module Main where
import System.Exit (exitFailure)
main = do
putStrLn "This test always fails!"
exitFailure
Example: Package using ``detailed-0.9`` interface
"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""
The example package description and test module source file below
demonstrate the use of the ``detailed-0.9`` interface. The test module
also develops a simple implementation of the interface set by
``Distribution.TestSuite``, but in actual usage the implementation would
be provided by the library that provides the testing facility.
.. code-block:: cabal
:caption: bar.cabal
Cabal-Version: 3.0
Name: bar
Version: 1.0
License: BSD-3-Clause
Build-Type: Simple
Test-Suite test-bar
type: detailed-0.9
test-module: Bar
build-depends: base >= 4 && < 5, Cabal >= 1.9.2 && < 2
default-language: Haskell2010
.. code-block:: haskell
:caption: Bar.hs
module Bar ( tests ) where
import Distribution.TestSuite
tests :: IO [Test]
tests = return [ Test succeeds, Test fails ]
where
succeeds = TestInstance
{ run = return $ Finished Pass
, name = "succeeds"
, tags = []
, options = []
, setOption = \_ _ -> Right succeeds
}
fails = TestInstance
{ run = return $ Finished $ Fail "Always fails!"
, name = "fails"
, tags = []
, options = []
, setOption = \_ _ -> Right fails
}
Running test suites
"""""""""""""""""""
You can have Cabal run your test suites using its built-in test runner:
::
$ cabal configure --enable-tests
$ cabal build
$ cabal test
See the output of ``cabal help test`` for a list of options you can pass
to ``cabal test``.
Benchmarks
^^^^^^^^^^
.. pkg-section:: benchmark name
:since: 1.9.2
:synopsis: Benchmark build information.
Benchmark sections (if present) describe benchmarks contained in the
package and must have an argument after the section label, which defines
the name of the benchmark. This is a freeform argument, but may not
contain spaces. It should be unique among the names of the package's
other benchmarks, the package's test suites, the package's executables,
and the package itself. Using benchmark sections requires at least Cabal
version 1.9.2.
The benchmark may be described using the following fields, as well as
build information fields (see the section on `build information`_).
.. pkg-field:: type: interface (required until ``cabal-version`` 3.8)
The interface type and version of the benchmark. At the moment Cabal
only support one benchmark interface, called ``exitcode-stdio-1.0``.
Benchmarks using the ``exitcode-stdio-1.0`` (default since ``cabal-version`` 3.8) interface are executables
that indicate failure to run the benchmark with a non-zero exit code
when run; they may provide human-readable information through the
standard output and error channels.
.. pkg-field:: main-is: filename
The name of the ``.hs`` or ``.lhs`` file containing the ``Main``
module. Note that it is the ``.hs`` filename that must be listed,
even if that file is generated using a preprocessor. The source file
must be relative to one of the directories listed in
:pkg-field:`hs-source-dirs`. This field is analogous to the ``main-is``
field of an executable section. Further, while the name of the file may
vary, the module itself must be named ``Main``.
Example:
"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""
.. code-block:: cabal
:caption: foo.cabal
:name: foo-bench.cabal
Cabal-Version: 3.0
Name: foo
Version: 1.0
License: BSD-3-Clause
Build-Type: Simple
Benchmark bench-foo
type: exitcode-stdio-1.0
main-is: bench-foo.hs
build-depends: base >= 4 && < 5, time >= 1.1 && < 1.7
default-language: Haskell2010
.. code-block:: haskell
:caption: bench-foo.hs
{-# LANGUAGE BangPatterns #-}
module Main where
import Data.Time.Clock
fib 0 = 1
fib 1 = 1
fib n = fib (n-1) + fib (n-2)
main = do
start <- getCurrentTime
let !r = fib 20
end <- getCurrentTime
putStrLn $ "fib 20 took " ++ show (diffUTCTime end start)
Running benchmarks
""""""""""""""""""
You can have Cabal run your benchmark using its built-in benchmark
runner:
::
$ cabal configure --enable-benchmarks
$ cabal build
$ cabal bench
See the output of ``cabal help bench`` for a list of options you can
pass to ``cabal bench``.
Foreign libraries
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
Foreign libraries are system libraries intended to be linked against
programs written in C or other "foreign" languages. They
come in two primary flavours: dynamic libraries (``.so`` files on Linux,
``.dylib`` files on OSX, ``.dll`` files on Windows, etc.) are linked against
executables when the executable is run (or even lazily during
execution), while static libraries (``.a`` files on Linux/OSX, ``.lib``
files on Windows) get linked against the executable at compile time.
Foreign libraries only work with GHC 7.8 and later.
A typical stanza for a foreign library looks like
::
foreign-library myforeignlib
type: native-shared
lib-version-info: 6:3:2
if os(Windows)
options: standalone
mod-def-file: MyForeignLib.def
other-modules: MyForeignLib.SomeModule
MyForeignLib.SomeOtherModule
build-depends: base >=4.7 && <4.9
hs-source-dirs: src
c-sources: csrc/MyForeignLibWrapper.c
default-language: Haskell2010
.. pkg-section:: foreign-library name
:since: 2.0
:synopsis: Foreign library build information.
Build information for `foreign libraries`_.
.. pkg-field:: type: foreign library type
Cabal recognizes ``native-static`` and ``native-shared`` here, although
we currently only support building `native-shared` libraries.
.. pkg-field:: options: foreign library option list
Options for building the foreign library, typically specific to the
specified type of foreign library. Currently we only support
``standalone`` here. A standalone dynamic library is one that does not
have any dependencies on other (Haskell) shared libraries; without
the ``standalone`` option the generated library would have dependencies
on the Haskell runtime library (``libHSrts``), the base library
(``libHSbase``), etc. Currently, ``standalone`` *must* be used on Windows
and *must not* be used on any other platform.
.. pkg-field:: mod-def-file: filename
This option can only be used when creating dynamic Windows libraries
(that is, when using ``native-shared`` and the ``os`` is ``Windows``). If
used, it must be a path to a *module definition file*. The details of
module definition files are beyond the scope of this document; see the
`GHC <https://downloads.haskell.org/~ghc/latest/docs/html/users_guide/win32-dlls.html>`_
manual for some details and some further pointers.
.. pkg-field:: lib-version-info: current:revision:age
This field is currently only used on Linux.
This field specifies a Libtool-style version-info field that sets
an appropriate ABI version for the foreign library. Note that the
three numbers specified in this field do not directly specify the
actual ABI version: ``6:3:2`` results in library version ``4.2.3``.
With this field set, the SONAME of the library is set, and symlinks
are installed.
How you should bump this field on an ABI change depends on the
breakage you introduce:
- Programs using the previous version may use the new version as
drop-in replacement, and programs using the new version can also
work with the previous one. In other words, no recompiling nor
relinking is needed. In this case, bump ``revision`` only, don't
touch current nor age.
- Programs using the previous version may use the new version as
drop-in replacement, but programs using the new version may use
APIs not present in the previous one. In other words, a program
linking against the new version may fail with "unresolved
symbols" if linking against the old version at runtime: set
revision to 0, bump current and age.
- Programs may need to be changed, recompiled, and relinked in
order to use the new version. Bump current, set revision and age
to 0.
Also refer to the Libtool documentation on the version-info field.
.. pkg-field:: lib-version-linux: version
This field is only used on Linux.
Specifies the library ABI version directly for foreign libraries
built on Linux: so specifying ``4.2.3`` causes a library
``libfoo.so.4.2.3`` to be built with SONAME ``libfoo.so.4``, and
appropriate symlinks ``libfoo.so.4`` and ``libfoo.so`` to be
installed.
Note that typically foreign libraries should export a way to initialize
and shutdown the Haskell runtime. In the example above, this is done by
the ``csrc/MyForeignLibWrapper.c`` file, which might look something like
.. code-block:: c
#include <stdlib.h>
#include "HsFFI.h"
HsBool myForeignLibInit(void){
int argc = 2;
char *argv[] = { "+RTS", "-A32m", NULL };
char **pargv = argv;
// Initialize Haskell runtime
hs_init(&argc, &pargv);
// do any other initialization here and
// return false if there was a problem
return HS_BOOL_TRUE;
}
void myForeignLibExit(void){
hs_exit();
}
With modern ghc regular libraries are installed in directories that contain
package keys. This isn't usually a problem because the package gets registered
in ghc's package DB and so we can figure out what the location of the library
is. Foreign libraries however don't get registered, which means that we'd have
to have a way of finding out where a platform library got installed (other than by
searching the ``lib/`` directory). Instead, we install foreign libraries in
``~/.cabal/lib``, much like we install executables in ``~/.cabal/bin``.
Build information
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
.. pkg-section:: None
The following fields may be optionally present in a library, executable,
test suite or benchmark section, and give information for the building
of the corresponding library or executable. See also the sections on
`system-dependent parameters`_ and `configurations`_ for a way to supply
system-dependent values for these fields.
.. pkg-field:: build-depends: library list
Declares the *library* dependencies required to build the current
package component; see :pkg-field:`build-tool-depends` for
declaring build-time *tool* dependencies. External library
dependencies should be annotated with a version constraint.
**Library Names**
External libraries are identified by the package's name they're
provided by, optionally followed by a colon and the library name
(available from ``cabal-version: 3.0``).
If the library name is absent, the main (unnamed) library will be used.
To refer to the main (unnamed) library explicitly, use the name of the
package (``foo:foo``).
Multiple libraries from the same package can be specified with the shorthand
syntax ``pkg:{lib1,lib2}```.
See section on :ref:`Internal Libraries <sublibs>` for examples and more
information.
**Version Constraints**
Version constraints use the operators ``==, >=, >, <, <=`` and a
version number. Multiple constraints can be combined using ``&&`` or
``||``. If no version constraint is specified, any version is
assumed to be acceptable. For example:
::
library
build-depends:
base >= 2,
foo >= 1.2.3 && < 1.3,
bar
Dependencies like ``foo >= 1.2.3 && < 1.3`` turn out to be very
common because it is recommended practice for package versions to
correspond to API versions (see PVP_).
Since Cabal 1.6, there is a special wildcard syntax to help with
such ranges
::
build-depends: foo ==1.2.*
It is only syntactic sugar. It is exactly equivalent to
``foo >= 1.2 && < 1.3``.
.. Warning::
A potential pitfall of the wildcard syntax is that the
constraint ``nats == 1.0.*`` doesn't match the release
``nats-1`` because the version ``1`` is lexicographically less
than ``1.0``. This is not an issue with the caret-operator
``^>=`` described below.
Starting with Cabal 2.0, there's a new version operator to express
PVP_-style major upper bounds conveniently, and is inspired by similar
syntactic sugar found in other language ecosystems where it's often
called the "Caret" operator:
::
build-depends:
foo ^>= 1.2.3.4,
bar ^>= 1
This allows to assert the positive knowledge that this package is
*known* to be semantically compatible with the releases
``foo-1.2.3.4`` and ``bar-1`` respectively. The information
encoded via such ``^>=``-assertions is used by the cabal solver to
infer version constraints describing semantically compatible
version ranges according to the PVP_ contract (see below).
Another way to say this is that ``foo < 1.3`` expresses *negative*
information, i.e. "``foo-1.3`` or ``foo-1.4.2`` will *not* be
compatible"; whereas ``foo ^>= 1.2.3.4`` asserts the *positive*
information that "``foo-1.2.3.4`` is *known* to be compatible" and (in
the absence of additional information) according to the PVP_
contract we can (positively) infer right away that all versions
satisfying ``foo >= 1.2.3.4 && < 1.3`` will be compatible as well.
.. Note::
More generally, the PVP_ contract implies that we can safely
relax the lower bound to ``>= 1.2``, because if we know that
``foo-1.2.3.4`` is semantically compatible, then so is
``foo-1.2`` (if it typechecks). But we'd need to perform
additional static analysis (i.e. perform typechecking) in order
to know if our package in the role of an API consumer will
successfully typecheck against the dependency ``foo-1.2``. But
since we cannot do this analysis during constraint solving and
to keep things simple, we pragmatically use ``foo >= 1.2.3.4``
as the initially inferred approximation for the lower bound
resulting from the assertion ``foo ^>= 1.2.3.4``. If further
evidence becomes available that e.g. ``foo-1.2`` typechecks,
one can simply revise the dependency specification to include
the assertion ``foo ^>= 1.2``.
The subtle but important difference in signaling allows tooling to
treat explicitly expressed ``<``-style constraints and inferred
(``^>=``-style) upper bounds differently. For instance,
:cfg-field:`allow-newer`'s ``^``-modifier allows to relax only
``^>=``-style bounds while leaving explicitly stated
``<``-constraints unaffected.
Ignoring the signaling intent, the default syntactic desugaring rules are
- ``^>= x`` == ``>= x && < x.1``
- ``^>= x.y`` == ``>= x.y && < x.(y+1)``
- ``^>= x.y.z`` == ``>= x.y.z && < x.(y+1)``
- ``^>= x.y.z.u`` == ``>= x.y.z.u && < x.(y+1)``
- etc.
.. Note::
One might expect the desugaring to truncate all version
components below (and including) the patch-level, i.e.
``^>= x.y.z.u`` == ``>= x.y.z && < x.(y+1)``,
as the major and minor version components alone are supposed to
uniquely identify the API according to the PVP_. However, by
designing ``^>=`` to be closer to the ``>=`` operator, we avoid
the potentially confusing effect of ``^>=`` being more liberal
than ``>=`` in the presence of patch-level versions.
Consequently, the example declaration above is equivalent to
::
build-depends:
foo >= 1.2.3.4 && < 1.3,
bar >= 1 && < 1.1
.. Note::
Prior to Cabal 1.8, ``build-depends`` specified in each
section were global to all sections. This was unintentional, but
some packages were written to depend on it, so if you need your
:pkg-field:`build-depends` to be local to each section, you must specify
at least ``Cabal-Version: >= 1.8`` in your ``.cabal`` file.
.. Note::
Cabal 1.20 experimentally supported module thinning and
renaming in ``build-depends``; however, this support has since been
removed and should not be used.
Starting with Cabal 3.0, a set notation for the ``==`` and ``^>=`` operator
is available. For instance,
::
tested-with: GHC == 8.6.3, GHC == 8.4.4, GHC == 8.2.2, GHC == 8.0.2,
GHC == 7.10.3, GHC == 7.8.4, GHC == 7.6.3, GHC == 7.4.2
build-depends: network ^>= 2.6.3.6 || ^>= 2.7.0.2 || ^>= 2.8.0.0 || ^>= 3.0.1.0
can be then written in a more convenient and concise form
::
tested-with: GHC == { 8.6.3, 8.4.4, 8.2.2, 8.0.2, 7.10.3, 7.8.4, 7.6.3, 7.4.2 }
build-depends: network ^>= { 2.6.3.6, 2.7.0.2, 2.8.0.0, 3.0.1.0 }
.. pkg-field:: other-modules: identifier list
A list of modules used by the component but not exposed to users.
For a library component, these would be hidden modules of the
library. For an executable, these would be auxiliary modules to be
linked with the file named in the ``main-is`` field.
.. Note::
Every module in the package *must* be listed in one of
:pkg-field:`other-modules`, :pkg-field:`library:exposed-modules` or
:pkg-field:`executable:main-is` fields.
.. pkg-field:: hs-source-dir: directory list
:deprecated: 2.0
:removed: 3.0
:default: ``.``
Root directories for the module hierarchy.
Deprecated in favor of :pkg-field:`hs-source-dirs`.
.. pkg-field:: hs-source-dirs: directory list
:default: ``.``
Root directories for the module hierarchy.
.. note::
Components can share source directories but modules found there will be
recompiled even if other components already built them, i.e., if a
library and an executable share a source directory and the executable
depends on the library and imports its ``Foo`` module, ``Foo`` will be
compiled twice, once as part of the library and again for the executable.
.. pkg-field:: default-extensions: identifier list
:since: 1.12
A list of Haskell extensions used by every module. These determine
corresponding compiler options enabled for all files. Extension
names are the constructors of the
`Extension <https://hackage.haskell.org/package/Cabal/docs/Language-Haskell-Extension.html#t:Extension>`__
type. For example, ``CPP`` specifies that Haskell source files are
to be preprocessed with a C preprocessor.
.. pkg-field:: other-extensions: identifier list
:since: 1.12
A list of Haskell extensions used by some (but not necessarily all)
modules. From GHC version 6.6 onward, these may be specified by
placing a ``LANGUAGE`` pragma in the source files affected e.g.
.. code-block:: haskell
{-# LANGUAGE CPP, MultiParamTypeClasses #-}
In Cabal-1.24 the dependency solver will use this and
:pkg-field:`default-extensions` information. Cabal prior to 1.24 will abort
compilation if the current compiler doesn't provide the extensions.
If you use some extensions conditionally, using CPP or conditional
module lists, it is good to replicate the condition in
:pkg-field:`other-extensions` declarations:
::
other-extensions: CPP
if impl(ghc >= 7.5)
other-extensions: PolyKinds
You could also omit the conditionally used extensions, as they are
for information only, but it is recommended to replicate them in
:pkg-field:`other-extensions` declarations.
.. pkg-field:: default-language: identifier
:since: 1.12
TBW
.. pkg-field:: other-languages: identifier
:since: 1.12
TBW
.. pkg-field:: extensions: identifier list
:deprecated: 1.12
:removed: 3.0
Deprecated in favor of :pkg-field:`default-extensions`.
.. pkg-field:: build-tool-depends: package:executable list
:since: 2.0
A list of Haskell executables needed to build this component. Executables are provided
during the whole duration of the component, so this field can be used for executables
needed during :pkg-section:`test-suite` as well.
Each is specified by the package containing the executable and the name of the
executable itself, separated by a colon, and optionally followed by a version bound.
All executables defined in the given Cabal file are termed as *internal* dependencies
as opposed to the rest which are *external* dependencies.
Each of the two is handled differently:
1. External dependencies can (and should) contain a version bound like conventional
:pkg-field:`build-depends` dependencies.
2. Internal dependencies should not contain a version bound, as they will be always
resolved within the same configuration of the package in the build plan.
Specifically, version bounds that include the package's version will be warned for
being extraneous, and version bounds that exclude the package's version will raise
an error for being impossible to follow.
For example (1) using a test-suite to make sure README.md Haskell snippets are tested using
`markdown-unlit <http://hackage.haskell.org/package/markdown-unlit>`__:
::
build-tool-depends: markdown-unlit:markdown-unlit >= 0.5.0 && < 0.6
For example (2) using a test-suite to test executable behaviour in the same package:
::
build-tool-depends: mypackage:executable
Cabal tries to make sure that all specified programs are atomically built and prepended
on the ``PATH`` shell variable before building the component in question, but can only do
so for Nix-style builds. Specifically:
a) For Nix-style local builds, both internal and external dependencies.
b) For old-style builds, only for internal dependencies [#old-style-build-tool-depends]_.
It's up to the user to provide needed executables in this case under ``PATH``.
.. note::
:pkg-field:`build-tool-depends` was added in Cabal 2.0, and it will
be ignored (with a warning) with old versions of Cabal. See
:pkg-field:`build-tools` for more information about backwards
compatibility.
.. pkg-field:: build-tools: program list
:deprecated: 2.0
:removed: 3.0
Deprecated in favor of :pkg-field:`build-tool-depends`, but :ref:`see below for backwards compatibility information <buildtoolsbc>`.
A list of Haskell programs needed to build this component.
Each may be followed by an optional version bound.
Confusingly, each program in the list either refer to one of three things:
1. Another executables in the same package (supported since Cabal 1.12)
2. Tool name contained in Cabal's :ref:`hard-coded set of common tools <buildtoolsmap>`
3. A pre-built executable that should already be on the ``PATH``
(supported since Cabal 2.0)
These cases are listed in order of priority:
an executable in the package will override any of the hard-coded packages with the same name,
and a hard-coded package will override any executable on the ``PATH``.
In the first two cases, the list entry is desugared into a :pkg-field:`build-tool-depends` entry.
In the first case, the entry is desugared into a :pkg-field:`build-tool-depends` entry by prefixing with ``$pkg:``.
In the second case, it is desugared by looking up the package and executable name in a hard-coded table.
In either case, the optional version bound is passed through unchanged.
Refer to the documentation for :pkg-field:`build-tool-depends` to understand the desugared field's meaning, along with restrictions on version bounds.
.. _buildtoolsbc:
**Backward Compatibility**
Although this field is deprecated in favor of :pkg-field:`build-tool-depends`, there are some situations where you may prefer to use :pkg-field:`build-tools` in cases (1) and (2), as it is supported by more versions of Cabal.
In case (3), :pkg-field:`build-tool-depends` is better for backwards-compatibility, as it will be ignored by old versions of Cabal; if you add the executable to :pkg-field:`build-tools`, a setup script built against old Cabal will choke.
If an old version of Cabal is used, an end-user will have to manually arrange for the requested executable to be in your ``PATH``.
.. _buildtoolsmap:
**Set of Known Tool Names**
Identifiers specified in :pkg-field:`build-tools` are desugared into their respective equivalent :pkg-field:`build-tool-depends` form according to the table below. Consequently, a legacy specification such as::
build-tools: alex >= 3.2.1 && < 3.3, happy >= 1.19.5 && < 1.20
is simply desugared into the equivalent specification::
build-tool-depends: alex:alex >= 3.2.1 && < 3.3, happy:happy >= 1.19.5 && < 1.20
+--------------------------+-----------------------------------+-----------------+
| :pkg-field:`build-tools` | desugared | Note |
| identifier | :pkg-field:`build-tool-depends` | |
| | identifier | |
+==========================+===================================+=================+
| ``alex`` | ``alex:alex`` | |
+--------------------------+-----------------------------------+-----------------+
| ``c2hs`` | ``c2hs:c2hs`` | |
+--------------------------+-----------------------------------+-----------------+
| ``cpphs`` | ``cpphs:cpphs`` | |
+--------------------------+-----------------------------------+-----------------+
| ``greencard`` | ``greencard:greencard`` | |
+--------------------------+-----------------------------------+-----------------+
| ``haddock`` | ``haddock:haddock`` | |
+--------------------------+-----------------------------------+-----------------+
| ``happy`` | ``happy:happy`` | |
+--------------------------+-----------------------------------+-----------------+
| ``hsc2hs`` | ``hsc2hs:hsc2hs`` | |
+--------------------------+-----------------------------------+-----------------+
| ``hscolour`` | ``hscolour:hscolour`` | |
+--------------------------+-----------------------------------+-----------------+
| ``hspec-discover`` | ``hspec-discover:hspec-discover`` | since Cabal 2.0 |
+--------------------------+-----------------------------------+-----------------+
This built-in set can be programmatically extended via ``Custom`` setup scripts; this, however, is of limited use since the Cabal solver cannot access information injected by ``Custom`` setup scripts.
.. pkg-field:: buildable: boolean
:default: ``True``
Is the component buildable? Like some of the other fields below,
this field is more useful with the slightly more elaborate form of
the simple build infrastructure described in the section on
`system-dependent parameters`_.
.. pkg-field:: ghc-options: token list
Additional options for GHC. You can often achieve the same effect
using the :pkg-field:`default-extensions` field, which is preferred.
Options required only by one module may be specified by placing an
``OPTIONS_GHC`` pragma in the source file affected.
As with many other fields, whitespace can be escaped by using
Haskell string syntax. Example:
``ghc-options: -Wcompat "-with-rtsopts=-T -I1" -Wall``.
.. pkg-field:: ghc-prof-options: token list
Additional options for GHC when the package is built with profiling
enabled.
Note that as of Cabal-1.24, the default profiling detail level
defaults to ``exported-functions`` for libraries and
``toplevel-functions`` for executables. For GHC these correspond to
the flags ``-fprof-auto-exported`` and ``-fprof-auto-top``. Prior to
Cabal-1.24 the level defaulted to ``none``. These levels can be
adjusted by the person building the package with the
``--profiling-detail`` and ``--library-profiling-detail`` flags.
It is typically better for the person building the package to pick
the profiling detail level rather than for the package author. So
unless you have special needs it is probably better not to specify
any of the GHC ``-fprof-auto*`` flags here. However if you wish to
override the profiling detail level, you can do so using the
:pkg-field:`ghc-prof-options` field: use ``-fno-prof-auto`` or one of the
other ``-fprof-auto*`` flags.
.. pkg-field:: ghc-shared-options: token list
Additional options for GHC when the package is built as shared
library. The options specified via this field are combined with the
ones specified via :pkg-field:`ghc-options`, and are passed to GHC during
both the compile and link phases.
.. pkg-field:: ghcjs-options: token list
Like :pkg-field:`ghc-options` but applies to GHCJS
.. pkg-field:: ghcjs-prof-options: token list
Like :pkg-field:`ghc-prof-options` but applies to GHCJS
.. pkg-field:: ghcjs-shared-options: token list
Like :pkg-field:`ghc-shared-options` but applies to GHCJS
.. pkg-field:: includes: filename list
A list of header files to be included in any compilations via C.
This field applies to both header files that are already installed
on the system and to those coming with the package to be installed.
The former files should be found in absolute paths, while the latter
files should be found in paths relative to the top of the source
tree or relative to one of the directories listed in
:pkg-field:`include-dirs`.
These files typically contain function prototypes for foreign
imports used by the package. This is in contrast to
:pkg-field:`install-includes`, which lists header files that are intended
to be exposed to other packages that transitively depend on this
library.
.. pkg-field:: install-includes: filename list
A list of header files from this package to be installed into
``$libdir/includes`` when the package is installed. Files listed in
:pkg-field:`install-includes` should be found in relative to the top of the
source tree or relative to one of the directories listed in
:pkg-field:`include-dirs`.
:pkg-field:`install-includes` is typically used to name header files that
contain prototypes for foreign imports used in Haskell code in this
package, for which the C implementations are also provided with the
package. For example, here is a ``.cabal`` file for a hypothetical
``bindings-clib`` package that bundles the C source code for ``clib``::
include-dirs: cbits
c-sources: clib.c
install-includes: clib.h
Now any package that depends (directly or transitively) on the
``bindings-clib`` library can use ``clib.h``.
Note that in order for files listed in :pkg-field:`install-includes` to be
usable when compiling the package itself, they need to be listed in
the :pkg-field:`includes` field as well.
.. pkg-field:: include-dirs: directory list
A list of directories to search for header files, when preprocessing
with ``c2hs``, ``hsc2hs``, ``cpphs`` or the C preprocessor, and also
when compiling via C. Directories can be absolute paths (e.g., for
system directories) or paths that are relative to the top of the
source tree. Cabal looks in these directories when attempting to
locate files listed in :pkg-field:`includes` and
:pkg-field:`install-includes`.
.. pkg-field:: c-sources: filename list
A list of C source files to be compiled and linked with the Haskell
files.
.. pkg-field:: cxx-sources: filename list
:since: 2.2
A list of C++ source files to be compiled and linked with the Haskell
files. Useful for segregating C and C++ sources when supplying different
command-line arguments to the compiler via the :pkg-field:`cc-options`
and the :pkg-field:`cxx-options` fields. The files listed in the
:pkg-field:`cxx-sources` can reference files listed in the
:pkg-field:`c-sources` field and vice-versa. The object files will be linked
appropriately.
.. pkg-field:: asm-sources: filename list
:since: 3.0
A list of assembly source files to be compiled and linked with the
Haskell files.
.. pkg-field:: cmm-sources: filename list
:since: 3.0
A list of C-- source files to be compiled and linked with the Haskell
files.
.. pkg-field:: js-sources: filename list
A list of JavaScript source files to be linked with the Haskell
files (only for JavaScript targets).
.. pkg-field:: extra-libraries: token list
A list of extra libraries to link with (when not linking fully static
executables).
.. pkg-field:: extra-libraries-static: token list
A list of extra libraries to link with (when linking fully static
executables).
.. pkg-field:: extra-ghci-libraries: token list
A list of extra libraries to be used instead of 'extra-libraries'
when the package is loaded with GHCi.
.. pkg-field:: extra-bundled-libraries: token list
:since: 2.2
A list of libraries that are supposed to be copied from the build
directory alongside the produced Haskell libraries. Note that you
are under the obligation to produce those libraries in the build
directory (e.g. via a custom setup). Libraries listed here will
be included when ``copy``-ing packages and be listed in the
``hs-libraries`` of the package configuration in the package database.
Library names must either be prefixed with "HS" or "C" and corresponding
library file names must match:
- Libraries with name "HS<library-name>":
- `libHS<library-name>.a`
- `libHS<library-name>-ghc<ghc-flavour><ghc-version>.<dyn-library-extension>*`
- Libraries with name "C<library-name>":
- `libC<library-name>.a`
- `lib<library-name>.<dyn-library-extension>*`
.. pkg-field:: extra-lib-dirs: directory list
A list of directories to search for libraries (when not linking fully static
executables).
.. pkg-field:: extra-lib-dirs-static: directory list
A list of directories to search for libraries (when linking fully static
executables).
.. pkg-field:: extra-library-flavours: notsure
TBW
.. pkg-field:: extra-dynamic-library-flavours: notsure
TBW
.. pkg-field:: cc-options: token list
Command-line arguments to be passed to the C compiler. Since the
arguments are compiler-dependent, this field is more useful with the
setup described in the section on `system-dependent parameters`_.
.. pkg-field:: cpp-options: token list
Command-line arguments for pre-processing Haskell code. Applies to
Haskell source and other pre-processed Haskell source like .hsc
.chs. Does not apply to C code, that's what cc-options is for.
.. pkg-field:: cxx-options: token list
:since: 2.2
Command-line arguments to be passed to the compiler when compiling
C++ code. The C++ sources to which these command-line arguments
should be applied can be specified with the :pkg-field:`cxx-sources`
field. Command-line options for C and C++ can be passed separately to
the compiler when compiling both C and C++ sources by segregating the C
and C++ sources with the :pkg-field:`c-sources` and
:pkg-field:`cxx-sources` fields respectively, and providing different
command-line arguments with the :pkg-field:`cc-options` and the
:pkg-field:`cxx-options` fields.
.. pkg-field:: cmm-options: token list
:since: 3.0
Command-line arguments to be passed to the compiler when compiling
C-- code. See also :pkg-field:`cmm-sources`.
.. pkg-field:: asm-options: token list
:since: 3.0
Command-line arguments to be passed to the assembler when compiling
assembler code. See also :pkg-field:`asm-sources`.
.. pkg-field:: ld-options: token list
Command-line arguments to be passed to the linker. Since the
arguments are compiler-dependent, this field is more useful with the
setup described in the section on `system-dependent parameters`_.
.. pkg-field:: hsc2hs-options: token list
:since: 3.6
Command-line arguments to be passed to ``hsc2hs``.
.. pkg-field:: pkgconfig-depends: package list
A list of
`pkg-config <http://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/pkg-config/>`__
packages, needed to build this package. They can be annotated with
versions, e.g. ``gtk+-2.0 >= 2.10, cairo >= 1.0``. If no version
constraint is specified, any version is assumed to be acceptable.
Cabal uses ``pkg-config`` to find if the packages are available on
the system and to find the extra compilation and linker options
needed to use the packages.
If you need to bind to a C library that supports ``pkg-config`` then
it is much preferable to use this field rather than hard code options
into the other fields. ``pkg-config --list-all`` will show you all
supported libraries. Depending on your system you may need to adjust
``PKG_CONFIG_PATH``.
.. pkg-field:: frameworks: token list
On Darwin/MacOS X, a list of frameworks to link to. See Apple's
developer documentation for more details on frameworks. This entry
is ignored on all other platforms.
.. pkg-field:: extra-framework-dirs: directory list
:since: 1.24
On Darwin/MacOS X, a list of directories to search for frameworks.
This entry is ignored on all other platforms.
.. pkg-field:: mixins: mixin list
:since: 2.0
Supported only in GHC 8.2 and later. A list of packages mentioned in the
:pkg-field:`build-depends` field, each optionally accompanied by a list of
module and module signature renamings. A valid mixin obeys the
following syntax:
::
Mixin ::= PackageName IncludeRenaming
IncludeRenaming ::= ModuleRenaming { "requires" ModuleRenaming }
ModuleRenaming ::=
{- empty -}
| "(" Renaming "," ... "," Renaming ")"
| "hiding" "(" ModuleName "," ... "," ModuleName ")"
Renaming ::=
ModuleName
| ModuleName "as" ModuleName
The simplest mixin syntax is simply the name of a package mentioned in the
:pkg-field:`build-depends` field. For example:
::
library
build-depends:
foo ^>= 1.2.3
mixins:
foo
But this doesn't have any effect. More interesting is to use the mixin
entry to rename one or more modules from the package, like this:
::
library
mixins:
foo (Foo.Bar as AnotherFoo.Bar, Foo.Baz as AnotherFoo.Baz)
Note that renaming a module like this will hide all the modules
that are not explicitly named.
Modules can also be hidden:
::
library:
mixins:
foo hiding (Foo.Bar)
Hiding modules exposes everything that is not explicitly hidden.
.. Note::
Cabal files with :pkg-field:`cabal-version` < 3.0 suffer from an
infelicity in how the entries of :pkg-field:`mixins` are parsed: an
entry will fail to parse if the provided renaming clause has whitespace
after the opening parenthesis.
See issues :issue:`5150`, :issue:`4864`, and :issue:`5293`.
There can be multiple mixin entries for a given package, in effect creating
multiple copies of the dependency:
::
library
mixins:
foo (Foo.Bar as AnotherFoo.Bar, Foo.Baz as AnotherFoo.Baz),
foo (Foo.Bar as YetAnotherFoo.Bar)
The ``requires`` clause is used to rename the module signatures required by
a package:
::
library
mixins:
foo (Foo.Bar as AnotherFoo.Bar) requires (Foo.SomeSig as AnotherFoo.SomeSig)
Signature-only packages don't have any modules, so only the signatures can
be renamed, with the following syntax:
::
library
mixins:
sigonly requires (SigOnly.SomeSig as AnotherSigOnly.SomeSig)
See the :pkg-field:`library:signatures` field for more details.
Mixin packages are part of the Backpack_ extension to the
Haskell module system.
The matching of the module signatures required by a
:pkg-field:`build-depends` dependency with the implementation modules
present in another dependency is triggered by a coincidence of names. When
the names of the signature and of the implementation are already the same,
the matching is automatic. But when the names don't coincide, or we want to
instantiate a signature in two different ways, adding mixin entries that
perform renamings becomes necessary.
.. Warning::
Backpack_ has the limitation that implementation modules that instantiate
signatures required by a :pkg-field:`build-depends` dependency can't
reside in the same component that has the dependency. They must reside
in a different package dependency, or at least in a separate internal
library.
Configurations
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
Library and executable sections may include conditional blocks, which
test for various system parameters and configuration flags. The flags
mechanism is rather generic, but most of the time a flag represents
certain feature, that can be switched on or off by the package user.
Here is an example package description file using configurations:
Example: A package containing a library and executable programs
"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""
::
Cabal-Version: 3.0
Name: Test1
Version: 0.0.1
License: BSD-3-Clause
Author: Jane Doe
Synopsis: Test package to test configurations
Category: Example
Build-Type: Simple
Flag Debug
Description: Enable debug support
Default: False
Manual: True
Flag WebFrontend
Description: Include API for web frontend.
Default: False
Manual: True
Flag NewDirectory
description: Whether to build against @directory >= 1.2@
-- This is an automatic flag which the solver will
-- assign automatically while searching for a solution
Library
Build-Depends: base >= 4.2 && < 4.9
Exposed-Modules: Testing.Test1
Default-Extensions: CPP
Default-Language: Haskell2010
GHC-Options: -Wall
if flag(Debug)
CPP-Options: -DDEBUG
if !os(windows)
CC-Options: "-DDEBUG"
else
CC-Options: "-DNDEBUG"
if flag(WebFrontend)
Build-Depends: cgi >= 0.42 && < 0.44
Other-Modules: Testing.WebStuff
CPP-Options: -DWEBFRONTEND
if flag(NewDirectory)
build-depends: directory >= 1.2 && < 1.4
Build-Depends: time >= 1.0 && < 1.9
else
build-depends: directory == 1.1.*
Build-Depends: old-time >= 1.0 && < 1.2
Executable test1
Main-is: T1.hs
Other-Modules: Testing.Test1
Build-Depends: base >= 4.2 && < 4.9
Default-Language: Haskell2010
if flag(debug)
CC-Options: "-DDEBUG"
CPP-Options: -DDEBUG
Layout
""""""
Flags, conditionals, library and executable sections use layout to
indicate structure. This is very similar to the Haskell layout rule.
Entries in a section have to all be indented to the same level which
must be more than the section header. Tabs are not allowed to be used
for indentation.
As an alternative to using layout you can also use explicit braces
``{}``. In this case the indentation of entries in a section does not
matter, though different fields within a block must be on different
lines. Here is a bit of the above example again, using braces:
Example: Using explicit braces rather than indentation for layout
"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""
::
Cabal-Version: 3.0
Name: Test1
Version: 0.0.1
License: BSD-3-Clause
Author: Jane Doe
Synopsis: Test package to test configurations
Category: Example
Build-Type: Simple
Flag Debug {
Description: Enable debug support
Default: False
Manual: True
}
Library {
Build-Depends: base >= 4.2 && < 4.9
Exposed-Modules: Testing.Test1
Default-Extensions: CPP
Default-language: Haskell2010
if flag(debug) {
CPP-Options: -DDEBUG
if !os(windows) {
CC-Options: "-DDEBUG"
} else {
CC-Options: "-DNDEBUG"
}
}
}
Configuration Flags
"""""""""""""""""""
.. pkg-section:: flag name
:synopsis: Flag declaration.
Flag section declares a flag which can be used in `conditional blocks`_.
Flag names are case-insensitive and must match ``[[:alnum:]_][[:alnum:]_-]*``
regular expression, or expressed as ABNF_:
.. code-block:: abnf
flag-name = (UALNUM / "_") *(UALNUM / "_" / "-")
UALNUM = UALPHA / DIGIT
UALPHA = ... ; set of alphabetic Unicode code-points
.. note::
Hackage accepts ASCII-only flags, ``[a-zA-Z0-9_][a-zA-Z0-9_-]*`` regexp.
.. pkg-field:: description: freeform
The description of this flag.
.. pkg-field:: default: boolean
:default: ``True``
The default value of this flag.
.. note::
This value may be :ref:`overridden in several
ways <controlling flag assignments>`. The
rationale for having flags default to True is that users usually
want new features as soon as they are available. Flags representing
features that are not (yet) recommended for most users (such as
experimental features or debugging support) should therefore
explicitly override the default to False.
.. pkg-field:: manual: boolean
:default: ``False``
:since: 1.6
By default, Cabal will first try to satisfy dependencies with the
default flag value and then, if that is not possible, with the
negated value. However, if the flag is manual, then the default
value (which can be overridden by commandline flags) will be used.
Conditional Blocks
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
Conditional blocks may appear anywhere inside a library or executable
section. They have to follow rather strict formatting rules. Conditional
blocks must always be of the shape
::
if condition
property-descriptions-or-conditionals
or
::
if condition
property-descriptions-or-conditionals
else
property-descriptions-or-conditionals
Note that the ``if`` and the condition have to be all on the same line.
Since Cabal 2.2 conditional blocks support ``elif`` construct.
::
if condition1
property-descriptions-or-conditionals
elif condition2
property-descriptions-or-conditionals
else
property-descriptions-or-conditionals
.. _conditions:
Conditions
""""""""""
Conditions can be formed using boolean tests and the boolean operators
``||`` (disjunction / logical "or"), ``&&`` (conjunction / logical
"and"), or ``!`` (negation / logical "not"). The unary ``!`` takes
highest precedence, ``||`` takes lowest. Precedence levels may be
overridden through the use of parentheses. For example,
``os(darwin) && !arch(i386) || os(freebsd)`` is equivalent to
``(os(darwin) && !(arch(i386))) || os(freebsd)``.
The following tests are currently supported.
:samp:`os({name})`
Tests if the current operating system is *name*. The argument is
tested against ``System.Info.os`` on the target system. There is
unfortunately some disagreement between Haskell implementations
about the standard values of ``System.Info.os``. Cabal canonicalises
it so that in particular ``os(windows)`` works on all
implementations. If the canonicalised os names match, this test
evaluates to true, otherwise false. The match is case-insensitive.
:samp:`arch({name})`
Tests if the current architecture is *name*. The argument is matched
against ``System.Info.arch`` on the target system. If the arch names
match, this test evaluates to true, otherwise false. The match is
case-insensitive.
:samp:`impl({compiler})`
Tests for the configured Haskell implementation. An optional version
constraint may be specified (for example ``impl(ghc >= 6.6.1)``). If
the configured implementation is of the right type and matches the
version constraint, then this evaluates to true, otherwise false.
The match is case-insensitive.
Note that including a version constraint in an ``impl`` test causes
it to check for two properties:
- The current compiler has the specified name, and
- The compiler's version satisfied the specified version constraint
As a result, ``!impl(ghc >= x.y.z)`` is not entirely equivalent to
``impl(ghc < x.y.z)``. The test ``!impl(ghc >= x.y.z)`` checks that:
- The current compiler is not GHC, or
- The version of GHC is earlier than version x.y.z.
:samp:`flag({name})`
Evaluates to the current assignment of the flag of the given name.
Flag names are case insensitive. Testing for flags that have not
been introduced with a flag section is an error.
``true``
Constant value true.
``false``
Constant value false.
.. _resolution-of-conditions-and-flags:
Resolution of Conditions and Flags
""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""
If a package descriptions specifies configuration flags the package user
can :ref:`control these in several ways <controlling flag assignments>`. If the
user does not fix the value of a flag, Cabal will try to find a flag
assignment in the following way.
- For each flag specified, it will assign its default value, evaluate
all conditions with this flag assignment, and check if all
dependencies can be satisfied. If this check succeeded, the package
will be configured with those flag assignments.
- If dependencies were missing, the last flag (as by the order in which
the flags were introduced in the package description) is tried with
its alternative value and so on. This continues until either an
assignment is found where all dependencies can be satisfied, or all
possible flag assignments have been tried.
To put it another way, Cabal does a complete backtracking search to find
a satisfiable package configuration. It is only the dependencies
specified in the :pkg-field:`build-depends` field in conditional blocks that
determine if a particular flag assignment is satisfiable
(:pkg-field:`build-tools` are not considered). The order of the declaration and
the default value of the flags determines the search order. Flags
overridden on the command line fix the assignment of that flag, so no
backtracking will be tried for that flag.
If no suitable flag assignment could be found, the configuration phase
will fail and a list of missing dependencies will be printed. Note that
this resolution process is exponential in the worst case (i.e., in the
case where dependencies cannot be satisfied). There are some
optimizations applied internally, but the overall complexity remains
unchanged.
Meaning of field values when using conditionals
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
During the configuration phase, a flag assignment is chosen, all
conditionals are evaluated, and the package description is combined into
a flat package descriptions. If the same field is declared both inside
a conditional and outside then they are combined using the following rules.
- Boolean fields are combined using conjunction (logical "and").
- List fields are combined by appending the inner items to the outer
items, for example
::
other-extensions: CPP
if impl(ghc)
other-extensions: MultiParamTypeClasses
when compiled using GHC will be combined to
::
other-extensions: CPP, MultiParamTypeClasses
Similarly, if two conditional sections appear at the same nesting
level, properties specified in the latter will come after properties
specified in the former.
- All other fields must not be specified in ambiguous ways. For example
::
Main-is: Main.hs
if flag(useothermain)
Main-is: OtherMain.hs
will lead to an error. Instead use
::
if flag(useothermain)
Main-is: OtherMain.hs
else
Main-is: Main.hs
.. _common-stanzas:
Common stanzas
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
.. pkg-section:: common name
:since: 2.2
:synopsis: Common build info section
Starting with Cabal-2.2 it's possible to use common build info stanzas.
::
common deps
build-depends: base ^>= 4.11
ghc-options: -Wall
common test-deps
build-depends: tasty ^>= 0.12.0.1
library
import: deps
exposed-modules: Foo
default-language: Haskell2010
test-suite tests
import: deps, test-deps
type: exitcode-stdio-1.0
main-is: Tests.hs
build-depends: foo
default-language: Haskell2010
- You can use `build information`_ fields in common stanzas.
- Common stanzas must be defined before use.
- Common stanzas can import other common stanzas.
- You can import multiple stanzas at once. Stanza names must be separated by commas.
- ``import`` must be the first field in a section. Since Cabal 3.0 imports
are also allowed inside conditionals.
.. Note::
The name `import` was chosen, because there is ``includes`` field.
.. pkg-section:: None
.. pkg-field:: import: token-list
TBW
Source Repositories
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
.. pkg-section:: source-repository
:since: 1.6
It is often useful to be able to specify a source revision control
repository for a package. Cabal lets you specify this information in
a relatively structured form which enables other tools to interpret and
make effective use of the information. For example the information
should be sufficient for an automatic tool to checkout the sources.
Cabal supports specifying different information for various common
source control systems. Obviously not all automated tools will support
all source control systems.
Cabal supports specifying repositories for different use cases. By
declaring which case we mean automated tools can be more useful. There
are currently two kinds defined:
- The ``head`` kind refers to the latest development branch of the
package. This may be used for example to track activity of a project
or as an indication to outside developers what sources to get for
making new contributions.
- The ``this`` kind refers to the branch and tag of a repository that
contains the sources for this version or release of a package. For
most source control systems this involves specifying a tag, id or
hash of some form and perhaps a branch. The purpose is to be able to
reconstruct the sources corresponding to a particular package
version. This might be used to indicate what sources to get if
someone needs to fix a bug in an older branch that is no longer an
active head branch.
You can specify one kind or the other or both. As an example here are
the repositories for the Cabal library. Note that the ``this`` kind of
repository specifies a tag.
::
source-repository head
type: git
location: https://github.com/haskell/cabal
source-repository this
type: git
location: https://github.com/haskell/cabal
tag: 1.6.1
The exact fields are as follows:
.. pkg-field:: type: token
The name of the source control system used for this repository. The
currently recognised types are:
- ``darcs``
- ``git``
- ``svn``
- ``cvs``
- ``mercurial`` (or alias ``hg``)
- ``bazaar`` (or alias ``bzr``)
- ``arch``
- ``monotone``
This field is required.
.. pkg-field:: location: URL
The location of the repository. The exact form of this field depends
on the repository type. For example:
- for darcs: ``http://code.haskell.org/foo/``
- for git: ``git://github.com/foo/bar.git``
- for CVS: ``anoncvs@cvs.foo.org:/cvs``
This field is required.
.. pkg-field:: module: token
CVS requires a named module, as each CVS server can host multiple
named repositories.
This field is required for the CVS repository type and should not be
used otherwise.
.. pkg-field:: branch: token
Many source control systems support the notion of a branch, as a
distinct concept from having repositories in separate locations. For
example CVS, SVN and git use branches while darcs uses different
locations for different branches. If you need to specify a branch to
identify a your repository then specify it in this field.
This field is optional.
.. pkg-field:: tag: token
A tag identifies a particular state of a source repository. The tag
can be used with a ``this`` repository kind to identify the state of
a repository corresponding to a particular package version or
release. The exact form of the tag depends on the repository type.
This field is required for the ``this`` repository kind.
.. pkg-field:: subdir: directory
Some projects put the sources for multiple packages under a single
source repository. This field lets you specify the relative path
from the root of the repository to the top directory for the
package, i.e. the directory containing the package's ``.cabal``
file.
This field is optional. It defaults to empty which corresponds to the
root directory of the repository.
Downloading a package's source
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
The ``cabal get`` command allows to access a package's source code -
either by unpacking a tarball downloaded from Hackage (the default) or
by checking out a working copy from the package's source repository.
::
$ cabal get [FLAGS] PACKAGES
The ``get`` command supports the following options:
``-d --destdir`` *PATH*
Where to place the package source, defaults to (a subdirectory of)
the current directory.
``-s --source-repository`` *[head\|this\|...]*
Clone the package's source repository using the appropriate version
control system. The optional argument allows to choose a specific
repository kind.
``--index-state`` *[HEAD\|@<unix-timestamp>\|<iso8601-utc-timestamp>]*
Use source package index state as it existed at a previous time. Accepts
unix-timestamps (e.g. ``@1474732068``), ISO8601 UTC timestamps (e.g.
``2016-09-24T17:47:48Z``), or ``HEAD`` (default).
This determines which package versions are available as well as which
``.cabal`` file revision is selected (unless ``--pristine`` is used).
``--pristine``
Unpack the original pristine tarball, rather than updating the
``.cabal`` file with the latest revision from the package archive.
Custom setup scripts
--------------------
Since Cabal 1.24, custom ``Setup.hs`` are required to accurately track
their dependencies by declaring them in the ``.cabal`` file rather than
rely on dependencies being implicitly in scope. Please refer to
`this article <https://www.well-typed.com/blog/2015/07/cabal-setup-deps/>`__
for more details.
As of Cabal library version 3.0, ``defaultMain*`` variants implement support
for response files. Custom ``Setup.hs`` files that do not use one of these
main functions are required to implement their own support, such as by using
``GHC.ResponseFile.getArgsWithResponseFiles``.
Declaring a ``custom-setup`` stanza also enables the generation of
``MIN_VERSION_package_(A,B,C)`` CPP macros for the Setup component.
.. pkg-section:: custom-setup
:synopsis: Custom Setup.hs build information.
:since: 1.24
The optional :pkg-section:`custom-setup` stanza contains information needed
for the compilation of custom ``Setup.hs`` scripts,
::
custom-setup
setup-depends:
base >= 4.5 && < 4.11,
Cabal >= 1.14 && < 1.25
.. pkg-field:: setup-depends: package list
:since: 1.24
The dependencies needed to compile ``Setup.hs``. See the
:pkg-field:`build-depends` field for a description of the syntax expected by
this field.
If the field is not specified the implicit package set will be used.
The package set contains packages bundled with GHC (i.e. ``base``,
``bytestring``) and specifically ``Cabal``.
The specific bounds are put on ``Cabal`` dependency:
lower-bound is inferred from :pkg-field:`cabal-version`,
and the upper-bound is ``< 1.25``.
``Cabal`` version is additionally restricted by GHC,
with absolute minimum being ``1.20``, and for example ``Custom``
builds with GHC-8.10 require at least ``Cabal-3.2``.
Backward compatibility and ``custom-setup``
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
Versions prior to Cabal 1.24 don't recognise ``custom-setup`` stanzas,
and will behave agnostic to them (except for warning about an unknown
section). Consequently, versions prior to Cabal 1.24 can't ensure the
declared dependencies ``setup-depends`` are in scope, and instead
whatever is registered in the current package database environment
will become eligible (and resolved by the compiler) for the
``Setup.hs`` module.
The availability of the
``MIN_VERSION_package_(A,B,C)`` CPP macros
inside ``Setup.hs`` scripts depends on the condition that either
- a ``custom-setup`` section has been declared (or ``cabal build`` is being
used which injects an implicit hard-coded ``custom-setup`` stanza if it's missing), or
- GHC 8.0 or later is used (which natively injects package version CPP macros)
Consequently, if you need to write backward compatible ``Setup.hs``
scripts using CPP, you should declare a ``custom-setup`` stanza and
use the pattern below:
.. code-block:: haskell
{-# LANGUAGE CPP #-}
import Distribution.Simple
#if defined(MIN_VERSION_Cabal)
-- version macros are available and can be used as usual
# if MIN_VERSION_Cabal(a,b,c)
-- code specific to lib:Cabal >= a.b.c
# else
-- code specific to lib:Cabal < a.b.c
# endif
#else
# warning Enabling heuristic fall-back. Please upgrade cabal-install to 1.24 or later if Setup.hs fails to compile.
-- package version macros not available; except for exotic environments,
-- you can heuristically assume that lib:Cabal's version is correlated
-- with __GLASGOW_HASKELL__, and specifically since we can assume that
-- GHC < 8.0, we can assume that lib:Cabal is version 1.22 or older.
#endif
main = ...
The simplified (heuristic) CPP pattern shown below is useful if all you need
is to distinguish ``Cabal < 2.0`` from ``Cabal >= 2.0``.
.. code-block:: haskell
{-# LANGUAGE CPP #-}
import Distribution.Simple
#if !defined(MIN_VERSION_Cabal)
# define MIN_VERSION_Cabal(a,b,c) 0
#endif
#if MIN_VERSION_Cabal(2,0,0)
-- code for lib:Cabal >= 2.0
#else
-- code for lib:Cabal < 2.0
#endif
main = ...
Autogenerated modules and includes
----------------------------------
.. pkg-section:: None
Modules that are built automatically at setup, created with a custom
setup script, must appear on :pkg-field:`other-modules` for the library,
executable, test-suite or benchmark stanzas or also on
:pkg-field:`library:exposed-modules` for libraries to be used, but are not
really on the package when distributed. This makes commands like sdist fail
because the file is not found.
These special modules must appear again on the :pkg-field:`autogen-modules`
field of the stanza that is using them, besides :pkg-field:`other-modules` or
:pkg-field:`library:exposed-modules`. With this there is no need to create
complex build hooks for this poweruser case.
.. pkg-field:: autogen-modules: module list
:since: 2.0
.. todo:: document autogen-modules field
Right now :pkg-field:`executable:main-is` modules are not supported on
:pkg-field:`autogen-modules`.
::
Library
default-language: Haskell2010
build-depends: base
exposed-modules:
MyLibrary
MyLibHelperModule
other-modules:
MyLibModule
autogen-modules:
MyLibHelperModule
Executable Exe
default-language: Haskell2010
main-is: Dummy.hs
build-depends: base
other-modules:
MyExeModule
MyExeHelperModule
autogen-modules:
MyExeHelperModule
.. pkg-field:: autogen-includes: filename list
:since: 3.0
A list of header files from this package which are autogenerated
(e.g. by a ``configure`` script). Autogenerated header files are not
packaged by ``sdist`` command.
Virtual modules
---------------
TBW
.. pkg-field:: virtual-modules: module list
:since: 2.2
TBW
.. _accessing-data-files:
Accessing data files from package code
--------------------------------------
The placement on the target system of files listed in
the :pkg-field:`data-files` field varies between systems, and in some cases
one can even move packages around after installation
(see :ref:`prefix independence`). To
enable packages to find these files in a portable way, Cabal generates a
module called :file:`Paths_{pkgname}` (with any hyphens in *pkgname*
replaced by underscores) during building, so that it may be imported by
modules of the package. This module defines a function
.. code-block:: haskell
getDataFileName :: FilePath -> IO FilePath
If the argument is a filename listed in the :pkg-field:`data-files` field, the
result is the name of the corresponding file on the system on which the
program is running.
.. Note::
If you decide to import the :file:`Paths_{pkgname}` module then it
*must* be listed in the :pkg-field:`other-modules` field just like any other
module in your package and on :pkg-field:`autogen-modules` as the file is
autogenerated.
The :file:`Paths_{pkgname}` module is not platform independent, as any
other autogenerated module, so it does not get included in the source
tarballs generated by ``sdist``.
The :file:`Paths_{pkgname}` module also includes some other useful
functions and values, which record the version of the package and some
other directories which the package has been configured to be installed
into (e.g. data files live in ``getDataDir``):
.. code-block:: haskell
version :: Version
getBinDir :: IO FilePath
getLibDir :: IO FilePath
getDynLibDir :: IO FilePath
getDataDir :: IO FilePath
getLibexecDir :: IO FilePath
getSysconfDir :: IO FilePath
The actual location of all these directories can be individually
overridden at runtime using environment variables of the form
``pkg_name_var``, where ``pkg_name`` is the name of the package with all
hyphens converted into underscores, and ``var`` is either ``bindir``,
``libdir``, ``dynlibdir``, ``datadir``, ``libexedir`` or ``sysconfdir``. For example,
the configured data directory for ``pretty-show`` is controlled with the
``pretty_show_datadir`` environment variable.
Accessing the package version
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
The aforementioned auto generated :file:`Paths_{pkgname}` module also
exports the constant ``version ::``
`Version <http://hackage.haskell.org/package/base/docs/Data-Version.html>`__
which is defined as the version of your package as specified in the
``version`` field.
.. _system-dependent parameters:
System-dependent parameters
---------------------------
For some packages, especially those interfacing with C libraries,
implementation details and the build procedure depend on the build
environment. The ``build-type`` ``Configure`` can be used to handle many
such situations. In this case, ``Setup.hs`` should be:
.. code-block:: haskell
import Distribution.Simple
main = defaultMainWithHooks autoconfUserHooks
Most packages, however, would probably do better using the ``Simple``
build type and `configurations`_.
The :pkg-field:`build-type` ``Configure`` differs from ``Simple`` in two ways:
- The package root directory must contain a shell script called
``configure``. The configure step will run the script. This
``configure`` script may be produced by
`autoconf <http://www.gnu.org/software/autoconf/>`__ or may be
hand-written. The ``configure`` script typically discovers
information about the system and records it for later steps, e.g. by
generating system-dependent header files for inclusion in C source
files and preprocessed Haskell source files. (Clearly this won't work
for Windows without MSYS or Cygwin: other ideas are needed.)
- If the package root directory contains a file called
*package*\ ``.buildinfo`` after the configuration step, subsequent
steps will read it to obtain additional settings for `build
information`_ fields,to be merged with the ones
given in the ``.cabal`` file. In particular, this file may be
generated by the ``configure`` script mentioned above, allowing these
settings to vary depending on the build environment.
The build information file should have the following structure:
*buildinfo*
``executable:`` *name* *buildinfo*
``executable:`` *name* *buildinfo* ...
where each *buildinfo* consists of settings of fields listed in the
section on `build information`_. The first one (if
present) relates to the library, while each of the others relate to the
named executable. (The names must match the package description, but you
don't have to have entries for all of them.)
Neither of these files is required. If they are absent, this setup
script is equivalent to ``defaultMain``.
Example: Using autoconf
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
This example is for people familiar with the
`autoconf <http://www.gnu.org/software/autoconf/>`__ tools.
In the X11 package, the file ``configure.ac`` contains:
.. code-block:: shell
AC_INIT([Haskell X11 package], [1.1], [libraries@haskell.org], [X11])
# Safety check: Ensure that we are in the correct source directory.
AC_CONFIG_SRCDIR([X11.cabal])
# Header file to place defines in
AC_CONFIG_HEADERS([include/HsX11Config.h])
# Check for X11 include paths and libraries
AC_PATH_XTRA
AC_TRY_CPP([#include <X11/Xlib.h>],,[no_x=yes])
# Build the package if we found X11 stuff
if test "$no_x" = yes
then BUILD_PACKAGE_BOOL=False
else BUILD_PACKAGE_BOOL=True
fi
AC_SUBST([BUILD_PACKAGE_BOOL])
AC_CONFIG_FILES([X11.buildinfo])
AC_OUTPUT
Then the setup script will run the ``configure`` script, which checks
for the presence of the X11 libraries and substitutes for variables in
the file ``X11.buildinfo.in``:
::
buildable: @BUILD_PACKAGE_BOOL@
cc-options: @X_CFLAGS@
ld-options: @X_LIBS@
This generates a file ``X11.buildinfo`` supplying the parameters needed
by later stages:
::
buildable: True
cc-options: -I/usr/X11R6/include
ld-options: -L/usr/X11R6/lib
The ``configure`` script also generates a header file
``include/HsX11Config.h`` containing C preprocessor defines recording
the results of various tests. This file may be included by C source
files and preprocessed Haskell source files in the package.
.. Note::
Packages using these features will also need to list additional
files such as ``configure``, templates for ``.buildinfo`` files, files
named only in ``.buildinfo`` files, header files and so on in the
:pkg-field:`extra-source-files` field to ensure that they are included in
source distributions. They should also list files and directories generated
by ``configure`` in the :pkg-field:`extra-tmp-files` field to ensure that
they are removed by ``setup clean``.
Quite often the files generated by ``configure`` need to be listed
somewhere in the package description (for example, in the
:pkg-field:`install-includes` field). However, we usually don't want generated
files to be included in the source tarball. The solution is again
provided by the ``.buildinfo`` file. In the above example, the following
line should be added to ``X11.buildinfo``:
::
install-includes: HsX11Config.h
In this way, the generated ``HsX11Config.h`` file won't be included in
the source tarball in addition to ``HsX11Config.h.in``, but it will be
copied to the right location during the install process. Packages that
use custom ``Setup.hs`` scripts can update the necessary fields
programmatically instead of using the ``.buildinfo`` file.
Conditional compilation
-----------------------
Sometimes you want to write code that works with more than one version
of a dependency. You can specify a range of versions for the dependency
in the :pkg-field:`build-depends`, but how do you then write the code that can
use different versions of the API?
Haskell lets you preprocess your code using the C preprocessor (either
the real C preprocessor, or ``cpphs``). To enable this, add
``extensions: CPP`` to your package description. When using CPP, Cabal
provides some pre-defined macros to let you test the version of
dependent packages; for example, suppose your package works with either
version 3 or version 4 of the ``base`` package, you could select the
available version in your Haskell modules like this:
.. code-block:: cpp
#if MIN_VERSION_base(4,0,0)
... code that works with base-4 ...
#else
... code that works with base-3 ...
#endif
In general, Cabal supplies a macro
``MIN_VERSION_``\ *``package``*\ ``_(A,B,C)`` for each package depended
on via :pkg-field:`build-depends`. This macro is true if the actual version of
the package in use is greater than or equal to ``A.B.C`` (using the
conventional ordering on version numbers, which is lexicographic on the
sequence, but numeric on each component, so for example 1.2.0 is greater
than 1.0.3).
Since version 1.20, the ``MIN_TOOL_VERSION_``\ *``tool``*
family of macros lets you condition on the version of build tools used to
build the program (e.g. ``hsc2hs``).
Since version 1.24, the macro ``CURRENT_COMPONENT_ID``, which
expands to the string of the component identifier that uniquely
identifies this component. Furthermore, if the package is a library,
the macro ``CURRENT_PACKAGE_KEY`` records the identifier that was passed
to GHC for use in symbols and for type equality.
Since version 2.0, the macro ``CURRENT_PACKAGE_VERSION`` expands
to the string version number of the current package.
Cabal places the definitions of these macros into an
automatically-generated header file, which is included when
preprocessing Haskell source code by passing options to the C
preprocessor.
Cabal also allows to detect when the source code is being used for
generating documentation. The ``__HADDOCK_VERSION__`` macro is defined
only when compiling via Haddock_
instead of a normal Haskell compiler. The value of the
``__HADDOCK_VERSION__`` macro is defined as ``A*1000 + B*10 + C``, where
``A.B.C`` is the Haddock version. This can be useful for working around
bugs in Haddock or generating prettier documentation in some special
cases.
.. _more-complex-packages:
More complex packages
---------------------
For packages that don't fit the simple schemes described above, you have
a few options:
- By using the :pkg-field:`build-type` ``Custom``, you can supply your own
``Setup.hs`` file, and customize the simple build infrastructure
using *hooks*. These allow you to perform additional actions before
and after each command is run, and also to specify additional
preprocessors. A typical ``Setup.hs`` may look like this:
.. code-block:: haskell
import Distribution.Simple
main = defaultMainWithHooks simpleUserHooks { postHaddock = posthaddock }
posthaddock args flags desc info = ....
See ``UserHooks`` in
`Distribution.Simple <https://hackage.haskell.org/package/Cabal/docs/Distribution-Simple.html>`__
for the details, but note that this interface is experimental, and
likely to change in future releases.
If you use a custom ``Setup.hs`` file you should strongly consider
adding a :pkg-section:`custom-setup` stanza with a
:pkg-field:`custom-setup:setup-depends` field to ensure that your setup
script does not break with future dependency versions.
- You could delegate all the work to ``make``, though this is unlikely
to be very portable. Cabal supports this with the :pkg-field:`build-type`
``Make`` and a trivial setup library
`Distribution.Make <https://hackage.haskell.org/package/Cabal/docs/Distribution-Make.html>`__,
which simply parses the command line arguments and invokes ``make``.
Here ``Setup.hs`` should look like this:
.. code-block:: haskell
import Distribution.Make
main = defaultMain
The root directory of the package should contain a ``configure``
script, and, after that has run, a ``Makefile`` with a default target
that builds the package, plus targets ``install``, ``register``,
``unregister``, ``clean``, ``dist`` and ``docs``. Some options to
commands are passed through as follows:
- The ``--with-hc-pkg``, ``--prefix``, ``--bindir``, ``--libdir``,
``--dynlibdir``, ``--datadir``, ``--libexecdir`` and ``--sysconfdir`` options to
the ``configure`` command are passed on to the ``configure``
script. In addition the value of the ``--with-compiler`` option is
passed in a ``--with-hc`` option and all options specified with
``--configure-option=`` are passed on.
- The ``--destdir`` option to the ``copy`` command becomes a setting
of a ``destdir`` variable on the invocation of ``make copy``. The
supplied ``Makefile`` should provide a ``copy`` target, which will
probably look like this:
.. code-block:: make
copy :
$(MAKE) install prefix=$(destdir)/$(prefix) \
bindir=$(destdir)/$(bindir) \
libdir=$(destdir)/$(libdir) \
dynlibdir=$(destdir)/$(dynlibdir) \
datadir=$(destdir)/$(datadir) \
libexecdir=$(destdir)/$(libexecdir) \
sysconfdir=$(destdir)/$(sysconfdir) \
- Finally, with the :pkg-field:`build-type` ``Custom``, you can also write your
own setup script from scratch, and you may use the Cabal
library for all or part of the work. One option is to copy the source
of ``Distribution.Simple``, and alter it for your needs. Good luck.
.. _Backpack:
Backpack
--------
Cabal and GHC jointly support Backpack, an extension to Haskell's module
system which makes it possible to parametrize a package over some
modules, which can be instantiated later arbitrarily by a user. This
means you can write a library to be agnostic over some data
representation, and then instantiate it several times with different
data representations. Like C++ templates, instantiated packages are
recompiled for each instantiation, which means you do not pay any
runtime cost for parametrizing packages in this way. Backpack modules
are somewhat experimental; while fully supported by cabal-install, they are currently
`not supported by Stack <https://github.com/commercialhaskell/stack/issues/2540>`__.
A Backpack package is defined by use of the
:pkg-field:`library:signatures` field, or by (transitive) dependency on
a package that defines some requirements. To define a parametrized
package, define a signature file (file extension ``hsig``) that
specifies the signature of the module you want to parametrize over, and
add it to your Cabal file in the :pkg-field:`library:signatures` field.
.. code-block:: haskell
:caption: .hsig
signature Str where
data Str
concat :: [Str] -> Str
.. code-block:: cabal
:caption: parametrized.cabal
cabal-version: 2.2
name: parametrized
library
build-depends: base
signatures: Str
exposed-modules: MyModule
You can define any number of regular modules (e.g., ``MyModule``) that
import signatures and use them as regular modules.
If you are familiar with ML modules, you might now expect there to be
some way to apply the parametrized package with an implementation of
the ``Str`` module to get a concrete instantiation of the package.
Backpack operates slightly differently with a concept of *mix-in
linking*, where you provide an implementation of ``Str`` simply by
bringing another module into scope with the same name as the
requirement. For example, if you had a package ``str-impl`` that provided a
module named ``Str``, instantiating ``parametrized`` is as simple as
just depending on both ``str-impl`` and ``parametrized``:
.. code-block:: cabal
:caption: combined.cabal
cabal-version: 2.2
name: combined
library
build-depends: base, str-impl, parametrized
Note that due to technical limitations, you cannot directly define
``Str`` in the ``combined`` library; it must be placed in its own
library (you can use :ref:`Internal Libraries <sublibs>` to conveniently
define a sub-library).
However, a more common situation is that your names don't match up
exactly. The :pkg-field:`library:mixins` field can be used to rename
signatures and modules to line up names as necessary. If you have
a requirement ``Str`` and an implementation ``Data.Text``, you can
line up the names in one of two ways:
* Rename the requirement to match the implementation:
``mixins: parametrized requires (Str as Data.Text)``
* Rename the implementation to match the requirement:
``mixins: text (Data.Text as Str)``
The :pkg-field:`library:mixins` field can also be used to disambiguate
between multiple instantiations of the same package; for each
instantiation of the package, give it a separate entry in mixins with
the requirements and provided modules renamed to be distinct.
.. code-block:: cabal
:caption: .cabal
cabal-version: 2.2
name: double-combined
library
build-depends: base, text, bytestring, parametrized
mixins:
parametrized (MyModule as MyModule.Text) requires (Str as Data.Text),
parametrized (MyModule as MyModule.BS) requires (Str as Data.ByteString)
Intensive use of Backpack sometimes involves creating lots of small
parametrized libraries; :ref:`Internal Libraries <sublibs>` can be used
to define all of these libraries in a single package without having to
create many separate Cabal packages. You may also find it useful to use
:pkg-field:`library:reexported-modules` to reexport instantiated
libraries to Backpack-unware users (e.g., Backpack can be used entirely
as an implementation detail.)
Backpack imposes a limitation on Template Haskell that goes beyond the usual TH
stage restriction: it's not possible to splice TH code imported from a
compilation unit that is still "indefinite", that is, a unit for which some
module signatures still haven't been matched with implementations. The reason
is that indefinite units are typechecked, but not compiled, so there's no
actual TH code to run while splicing. Splicing TH code from a definite
compilation unit into an indefinite one works normally.
For more information about Backpack, check out the
`GHC wiki page <https://gitlab.haskell.org/ghc/ghc/-/wikis/backpack>`__.
.. include:: references.inc
.. rubric:: Footnotes
.. [#old-style-build-tool-depends]
Some packages (ab)use :pkg-field:`build-depends` on old-style builds, but this has a few major drawbacks:
- using Nix-style builds it's considered an error if you depend on a exe-only package via build-depends: the solver will refuse it.
- it may or may not place the executable on ``PATH``.
- it does not ensure the correct version of the package is installed, so you might end up overwriting versions with each other.