------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- |
-- Module : Codec.Gray
-- Copyright : (c) Amy de Buitléir 2011-2012
-- License : BSD-style
-- Maintainer : amy@nualeargais.ie
-- Stability : experimental
-- Portability : portable
--
-- Gray encoding schemes. A Gray code is a list of values such that two
-- successive values differ in only one digit. Usually the term /Gray
-- code/ refers to the Binary Reflected Gray code (BRGC), but non-binary
-- Gray codes have also been discovered. Some Gray codes are also
-- /cyclic/: the last and first values differ in only one digit.
--
------------------------------------------------------------------------
module Codec.Gray
(
grayCodes,
integralToGray,
grayToIntegral,
naryGrayCodes
) where
import Data.List (foldl')
import Data.Bits (Bits, shiftR, xor)
-- | @'grayCodes' k@ generates the list of Binary Reflected Gray Code
-- (BRGC) numbers of length k. This code is cyclic.
grayCodes :: Int -> [[Bool]]
grayCodes 0 = [[]]
grayCodes k =
let xs = grayCodes (k-1) in map (False:) xs ++ map (True:) (reverse xs)
-- | @'integralToGray' n@ encodes @n@ using a BRGC, and returns the
-- resulting bits as an integer. For example, encoding @17@ in BRGC
-- results in @11001@, or 25. So @integralToGray 17@ returns @25@.
integralToGray :: Bits a => a -> a
integralToGray n = (n `shiftR` 1) `xor` n
-- | @'grayToIntegral' n@ decodes @n@ using a BRGC, and returns the
-- resulting integer. For example, 25 is @11001@, which is the code
-- for 17. So @grayToIntegral 25@ returns @17@.
-- (see @'integralToGray'@ for
grayToIntegral :: (Num a, Bits a) => a -> a
grayToIntegral n = f n (n `shiftR` 1)
where f k m | m /= 0 = f (k `xor` m) (m `shiftR` 1)
| otherwise = k
-- | @'naryGrayCodes' xs k@ generates a non-Boolean (or n-ary) Gray code
-- of length @k@ using the elements of @x@ as "digits". This code is
-- cyclic.
--
-- Ex: @'naryGrayCodes' \"012\" 4@ generates a ternary Gray code that
-- is four digits long.
naryGrayCodes :: [a] -> Int -> [[a]]
naryGrayCodes xs 1 = map (\x -> [x]) xs
naryGrayCodes xs k = snd $ foldl' prefixAndShift (ys,[]) xs'
where ys = naryGrayCodes xs 1
xs' = naryGrayCodes xs (k-1)
-- | Shift elements right.
shift :: [a] -> [a]
shift as = last as : init as
prefixAndShift :: ([[a]],[[a]]) -> [a] -> ([[a]],[[a]])
prefixAndShift (ys,zs) xs = (shift ys, zs ++ (map (xs++) ys))