gf-3.2: examples/SUMO/Geography.gf

abstract Geography = MidLevelOntology ** {

  fun AcidRainIssue : Ind EnvironmentalIssue ;

  --  AcidRainfall is the subclass of 
  -- Raining in which the precipitate contains harmful amounts of 
  -- sulfur dioxide or nitrogen oxide. The standard for acid rain 
  -- is below 5.6 pH.
  fun AcidRainfall : Class ;
  fun AcidRainfall_Class : SubClass AcidRainfall WeatherProcess ;

  -- Acidification is the process of 
  -- lowering soil and water pH due to acid rain or other types of 
  -- acid deposition. Potential harmful effects include killing 
  -- freshwater fish and plants.
  fun Acidification : Class ;
  fun Acidification_Class : SubClass Acidification Combining ;

  fun AcidificationIssue : Ind EnvironmentalIssue ;

  -- AerosolParticulate is a 
  -- Substance that includes aerosol_dispersed particles 
  -- that are mixed with air, gas, or smoke. A form of Pollution.
  fun AerosolParticulate : Class ;
  fun AerosolParticulate_Class : SubClass AerosolParticulate Substance ;

  fun AerosolParticulateIssue : Ind EnvironmentalIssue ;

  -- Afforestation is the process of 
  -- planting trees and plants on spaces that are either empty or in 
  -- agricultural use.
  fun Afforestation : Class ;
  fun Afforestation_Class : SubClass Afforestation Planting ;

  fun Africa : Ind Continent ;

  -- Aftershock is the subclass of EarthTremors 
  -- that occur after the main tremor(s) of an Earthquake.
  fun Aftershock : Class ;
  fun Aftershock_Class : SubClass Aftershock EarthTremor ;

  -- Agreement is the class of 
  -- Propositions that express the contents of agreements 
  -- entered into by CognitiveAgents. Agreement includes 
  -- treaties, contracts, purchase orders, pledges, marriage 
  -- vows, etc. An Agreement may be written down in a document 
  -- or other ContentBearingObject.
  fun Agreement : Class ;
  fun Agreement_Class : SubClass Agreement Proposition ;

  -- (AgreementOrganizationFn ?AGR) 
  -- denotes the official Organization established by the Agreement ?AGR 
  -- to administer or enforce the terms of that agreement.
  fun AgreementOrganizationFn : El Agreement -> Ind Organization ;

  fun AgriculturalChemicalsIssue : Ind EnvironmentalIssue ;

  fun AgriculturalExpansionIssue : Ind EnvironmentalIssue ;

  -- Agriculture is a class of Processes 
  -- in which land, plants, or animals are cultivated in order to produce 
  -- food or other organic products.
  fun Agriculture : Class ;
  fun Agriculture_Class : SubClass Agriculture Maintaining ;

  -- AirPollution is the subclass of 
  -- Pollution processes in which air is contaminated.
  fun AirPollution : Class ;
  fun AirPollution_Class : SubClass AirPollution Pollution ;

  fun AirPollutionConvention : Ind Agreement ;

  fun AirPollutionIssue : Ind PollutionIssue ;

  fun AirPollution_NitrogenOxidesProtocol : Ind Agreement ;

  fun AirPollution_PeristentOrganicPollutantsProtocol : Ind Agreement ;

  fun AirPollution_Sulphur85Protocol : Ind Agreement ;

  fun AirPollution_Sulphur94Protocol : Ind Agreement ;

  fun AirPollution_VolatileOrganicCompoundsProtocol : Ind Agreement ;

  -- AirStream is the class of FlowRegions that consist of air.
  fun AirStream : Class ;
  fun AirStream_Class : SubClass AirStream (both Air FlowRegion) ;

  -- The area below the AntarcticCircle, which is
  -- 66 degrees 33 minutes and 38 seconds south latitude. It is dark
  -- for at least 24 hours at some point during the year, with an
  -- increasing period of yearly continuous darkness as one gets closer
  -- to the South Pole.
  fun AntarcticArea : Class ;
  fun AntarcticArea_Class : SubClass AntarcticArea LandArea ;

  fun AntarcticCircumpolarCurrent : Ind WaterMotion ;

  fun AntarcticSealsConvention : Ind Agreement ;

  fun AntarcticTreaty : Ind Agreement ;

  fun Antarctic_EnvironmentalProtocol : Ind Agreement ;

  fun Antarctic_MarineLivingResourcesConvention : Ind Agreement ;

  fun ArabianSea : Ind Sea ;

  -- ArableLand is the subclass of 
  -- LandArea that represents land in cultivation with crops that 
  -- are replanted after each harvest, e.g., wheat and rice.
  fun ArableLand : Class ;
  fun ArableLand_Class : SubClass ArableLand LandArea ;

  fun AralSea : Ind SaltLake ;

  -- ArcMinute represents a UnitOfMeasure 
  -- equivalent to 1/60th of an AngularDegree.
  fun ArcMinute : Ind UnitOfAngularMeasure ;

  -- ArcSecond represents a UnitOfMeasure 
  -- equivalent to 1/60th of an ArcMinute.
  fun ArcSecond : Ind UnitOfAngularMeasure ;

  -- An ArchipelagicArea is a GeographicArea 
  -- including an Archipelago and the surrounding WaterArea.
  fun ArchipelagicArea : Class ;
  fun ArchipelagicArea_Class : SubClass ArchipelagicArea GeographicArea ;

  -- An Archipelago is a group of islands.
  fun Archipelago : Class ;
  fun Archipelago_Class : SubClass Archipelago (both Collection LandForm) ;

  -- ArcticOcean represents the Arctic Ocean.
  fun ArcticOcean : Ind Ocean ;

  -- The area above the Artic Circle, which is
  -- 66 degrees 33 minutes and 38 seconds north latitude. It is dark
  -- for at least 24 hours at some point during the year, with an
  -- increasing period of yearly continuous darkness as one gets closer
  -- to the North Pole.
  fun ArcticRegion : Class ;

  -- AreaOfConcern is a subclass of 
  -- Attributes that represent and classify the kinds of interests that 
  -- agents have.
  fun AreaOfConcern : Class ;
  fun AreaOfConcern_Class : SubClass AreaOfConcern RelationalAttribute ;

  -- AridClimateZone is the 
  -- class of regions in which the climate is characterized by 
  -- a distinct dry season. Annual rate of moisture evaporation 
  -- exceeds annual rate of precipitation. This is Class B in the 
  -- Koeppen climate system.
  fun AridClimateZone : Class ;
  fun AridClimateZone_Class : SubClass AridClimateZone ClimateZone ;

  -- Asbestos is a Mineral.
  fun Asbestos : Class ;
  fun Asbestos_Class : SubClass Asbestos Mineral ;

  fun AsbestosDisposalIssue : Ind EnvironmentalIssue ;

  fun Asia : Ind Continent ;

  -- AtlanticOcean represents the Atlantic Ocean.
  fun AtlanticOcean : Ind Ocean ;

  -- Atmosphere is a mixture of gases 
  -- surrounding any celestial object that has a gravitational field 
  -- strong enough to prevent the gases from escaping.
  fun Atmosphere : Class ;
  fun Atmosphere_Class : SubClass Atmosphere Region ;

  fun AtmosphericHazing : Class ;
  fun AtmosphericHazing_Class : SubClass AtmosphericHazing WeatherProcess ;

  -- Atoll is the class of CoralReefs which surround a lagoon.
  fun Atoll : Class ;
  fun Atoll_Class : SubClass Atoll CoralReef ;

  -- AvalancheProcess is a subclass of 
  -- Motion that represents events in which a loosened mass of snow, ice, 
  -- rock, or earth rapidly descends a steep slope, with a destructive force.
  fun AvalancheProcess : Class ;
  fun AvalancheProcess_Class : SubClass AvalancheProcess Impelling ;

  fun BalticSea : Ind Sea ;

  -- Barite is Barium Sulfate occurring as a mineral.
  fun Barite : Class ;
  fun Barite_Class : SubClass Barite (both CompoundSubstance Mineral) ;

  -- A Basin is an area of land enclosed or partially 
  -- enclosed by higher land.
  fun Basin : Class ;
  fun Basin_Class : SubClass Basin LandForm ;

  -- Bay is the class of extensions of a body of water 
  -- (salt or fresh) that reach into the land, usually smaller than a 
  -- Gulf.
  fun Bay : Class ;
  fun Bay_Class : SubClass Bay Inlet ;

  -- BeaufortNumber is the
  -- Attribute for indicating wind force, according to
  -- classifications based on observable weather conditions and later
  -- related to wind speed ranges.
  fun BeaufortNumber : Class ;
  fun BeaufortNumber_Class : SubClass BeaufortNumber RelationalAttribute ;

  fun BeaufortNumberEight : Ind BeaufortNumber ;

  fun BeaufortNumberEleven : Ind BeaufortNumber ;

  fun BeaufortNumberFive : Ind BeaufortNumber ;

  fun BeaufortNumberFour : Ind BeaufortNumber ;

  fun BeaufortNumberNine : Ind BeaufortNumber ;

  fun BeaufortNumberOne : Ind BeaufortNumber ;

  fun BeaufortNumberSeven : Ind BeaufortNumber ;

  fun BeaufortNumberSix : Ind BeaufortNumber ;

  fun BeaufortNumberTen : Ind BeaufortNumber ;

  fun BeaufortNumberThree : Ind BeaufortNumber ;

  fun BeaufortNumberTwelve : Ind BeaufortNumber ;

  fun BeaufortNumberTwo : Ind BeaufortNumber ;

  fun BeringSea : Ind Sea ;

  -- BiodiversityAttribute is the 
  -- class of Attributes that describe the level of biodiversity present 
  -- in a GeographicArea or Ecosystem.
  fun BiodiversityAttribute : Class ;
  fun BiodiversityAttribute_Class : SubClass BiodiversityAttribute InternalAttribute ;

  fun BiodiversityConvention : Ind Agreement ;

  fun BiodiversityIssue : Class ;
  fun BiodiversityIssue_Class : SubClass BiodiversityIssue EnvironmentalIssue ;

  -- Biome is the class of GeographicAreas 
  -- representing major kinds of ecological communities, that is, areas in 
  -- which certain kinds of plants, animals, weather, and terrain interact 
  -- to produce and support a distinctive ecosystem.
  fun Biome : Class ;
  fun Biome_Class : SubClass Biome Ecosystem ;

  fun BlackSea : Ind Sea ;

  fun Blizzard : Class ;
  fun Blizzard_Class : SubClass Blizzard WeatherProcess ;

  -- (BorderFn ?AREA1 ?AREA2) denotes the 
  -- border area where the GeographicAreas ?AREA1 and ?AREA2 meet.
  fun BorderFn : El GeographicArea -> El GeographicArea -> Ind GeographicArea ;

  fun BorealForest : Class ;
  fun BorealForest_Class : SubClass BorealForest (both Biome Forest) ;

  -- BrownCoal is a soft Coal harder than 
  -- peat and softer than bituminous coal. Also called lignite, it is 
  -- brownish in color.
  fun BrownCoal : Class ;
  fun BrownCoal_Class : SubClass BrownCoal Coal ;

  -- A Butte is an Upland raised sharply from the 
  -- surrounding region. Smaller in area than a Mesa.
  fun Butte : Class ;
  fun Butte_Class : SubClass Butte (both LandForm UplandArea) ;

  -- A CanalStructure is the constructed 
  -- framework, including Locks, that contains the waters of a Canal.
  fun CanalStructure : Class ;
  fun CanalStructure_Class : SubClass CanalStructure StationaryArtifact ;

  -- CanopiedVegetation describes the 
  -- density of vegetation in a RainForest or Jungle.
  fun CanopiedVegetation : Ind Attribute ;

  -- A Canyon is a narrow valley with steep sides, usually 
  -- created by erosion.
  fun Canyon : Class ;
  fun Canyon_Class : SubClass Canyon LandForm ;

  -- A Cape is a piece of land projecting into a body of water.
  fun Cape : Class ;
  fun Cape_Class : SubClass Cape LandForm ;

  -- CarbonCycle is the class of 
  -- GeologicalProcesses in which carbon in various forms is passed 
  -- between air, water, earth, and the biosphere.
  fun CarbonCycle : Class ;
  fun CarbonCycle_Class : SubClass CarbonCycle GeologicalProcess ;

  fun CarbonDioxideEmission : Class ;
  fun CarbonDioxideEmission_Class : SubClass CarbonDioxideEmission Separating ;

  fun CaribbeanRegion : Ind GeographicArea ;

  fun CaribbeanSea : Ind Sea ;

  fun CaspianSea : Ind SaltLake ;

  -- A CaveMatrix is the framework of earth or 
  -- rock in which a Cave is embedded.
  fun CaveMatrix : Class ;
  fun CaveMatrix_Class : SubClass CaveMatrix LandForm ;

  fun CentralAfrica : Ind GeographicArea ;

  fun CentralAsia : Ind GeographicArea ;

  fun CentralEurope : Ind GeographicArea ;

  fun CentralSouthAmerica : Ind GeographicArea ;

  fun ChinookWind : Class ;
  fun ChinookWind_Class : SubClass ChinookWind WindProcess ;

  -- A mineral that consists of an oxide of
  -- iron and chromium.
  fun Chromite : Class ;
  fun Chromite_Class : SubClass Chromite (both CompoundSubstance Mineral) ;

  -- Fine_grained soil consisting of mineral particles, not 
  -- necessarily clay minerals, that are less than 0.002 mm in their maximum dimension.
  fun Clay : Class ;
  fun Clay_Class : SubClass Clay Soil ;

  -- ClearWeather represents a condition 
  -- in which less than 30% of the sky is covered with clouds.
  fun ClearWeather : Class ;
  fun ClearWeather_Class : SubClass ClearWeather WeatherProcess ;

  -- A Cliff is any high, very_steep_to_perpendicular 
  -- or overhanging face of rock or earth, a precipice.
  fun Cliff : Class ;
  fun Cliff_Class : SubClass Cliff SlopedArea ;

  fun ClimateChangeConvention : Ind Agreement ;

  fun ClimateChangeIssue : Ind EnvironmentalIssue ;

  fun ClimateChange_KyotoProtocol : Ind Agreement ;

  -- &ClimateZone is a subclass of GeographicArea in which regions 
  -- are classified according to their long_term weather conditions. 
  -- The subclasses of ClimateZone are based on the Koeppen Climate 
  -- Classification system. In the Koeppen system, climate zones are 
  -- distinguished based on temperatures and rainfall.
  fun ClimateZone : Class ;
  fun ClimateZone_Class : SubClass ClimateZone GeographicArea ;

  -- Coal is a black or brownish black solid combustible 
  -- substance formed by the partial decomposition of vegetable matter without 
  -- free access of air and under the influence of moisture and often increased 
  -- pressure and temperature. Coal is a sedimentary rock containing a high 
  -- proportion of carbon.
  fun Coal : Class ;
  fun Coal_Class : SubClass Coal (both FossilFuel (both Mineral Rock)) ;

  fun CoastalDegradation : Ind EnvironmentalIssue ;

  fun CoastalFlooding : Class ;
  fun CoastalFlooding_Class : SubClass CoastalFlooding Flooding ;

  fun CoastalMarinePollutionIssue : Ind EnvironmentalIssue ;

  -- CoastalPlain is the class of broad plains 
  -- areas adjacent to a Sea or Ocean. A coastal plain includes a narrower 
  -- ShoreArea adjacent to a body of water.
  fun CoastalPlain : Class ;
  fun CoastalPlain_Class : SubClass CoastalPlain Plain ;

  -- ColdClimateZone is the subclass 
  -- of ClimateZone that is characterized by a warmest month with average 
  -- temperature less than 10 degrees Celsius and a coldest month with 
  -- average temperature less than _3 degrees Celsius. This is 
  -- Koeppen climate system Type D.
  fun ColdClimateZone : Class ;
  fun ColdClimateZone_Class : SubClass ColdClimateZone ClimateZone ;

  -- ColdDampClimateZone is the 
  -- subclass of ColdClimateZone that is characterized by having more 
  -- than 30 mm of precipitation in the driest month. This is subtype 
  -- 'Df' in the Koeppen climate system.
  fun ColdDampClimateZone : Class ;
  fun ColdDampClimateZone_Class : SubClass ColdDampClimateZone ColdClimateZone ;

  -- ColdFront is the class of transitional 
  -- weather processes occurring between a cold air mass that is advancing 
  -- upon a warm air mass.
  fun ColdFront : Class ;
  fun ColdFront_Class : SubClass ColdFront WeatherFront ;

  -- ContinentalClimateZone is a subclass of TemperateClimateZone that is 
  -- characterized by cold winters and hot summers.
  fun ContinentalClimateZone : Class ;
  fun ContinentalClimateZone_Class : SubClass ContinentalClimateZone TemperateClimateZone ;

  -- ContinentalMargin is class of 
  -- SubmergedLandAreas that are the extension of land underwater at 
  -- the edge of a continent, before a drop to the sea floor. A 
  -- ContinentalMargin includes the ContinentalShelf and the 
  -- continental break, slope, or rise at the outer edge.
  fun ContinentalMargin : Class ;
  fun ContinentalMargin_Class : SubClass ContinentalMargin SubmergedLandArea ;

  -- A ContinentalShelf is a natural 
  -- undersea extension of land around a Continent. The shelf is a 
  -- gently sloped (average less than one percent) plain that is an extension 
  -- of the CoastalPlain found off the coast of most continents.
  fun ContinentalShelf : Class ;
  fun ContinentalShelf_Class : SubClass ContinentalShelf SubmergedLandArea ;

  -- Corals are gastrovascular marine cnidarians (phylum 
  -- Cnidaria, class Anthozoa) existing as small anemone_like polyps, typically 
  -- forming colonies of many individuals. The group includes the important 
  -- reef builders known as hermatypic corals, found in tropical oceans, and 
  -- belonging to the subclass Zoantharia of order Scleractinia (formerly 
  -- Madreporaria). The hermatypic corals obtain much of their nutrient 
  -- requirement from symbiotic unicellular algae called zooxanthellae, and so 
  -- are dependent upon growing in sunlight. As a result, these corals are 
  -- usually found not far beneath the surface, although in clear waters corals 
  -- can grow at depths of 60 m (200 ft). Corals breed by spawning, with all 
  -- corals of the same species in a region releasing gametes simultaneously 
  -- over a period of one to several nights around a full moon. (from Wikipedia)
  fun Coral : Class ;
  fun Coral_Class : SubClass Coral Invertebrate ;

  -- CoralReef is the subclass of Reefs that are 
  -- formed from living organisms that produce the limestone formations of the 
  -- reef. Coral reefs include fringing reefs, barrier reefs, and Atolls.
  fun CoralReef : Class ;
  fun CoralReef_Class : SubClass CoralReef Reef ;

  fun CoralReefDecayIssue : Ind EnvironmentalIssue ;

  -- A Cove is a small part of a body of water that 
  -- reaches into a coast.
  fun Cove : Class ;
  fun Cove_Class : SubClass Cove Inlet ;

  -- Crosswind is the relative attribute of a 
  -- Wind to an object when the force of the wind is applied to a lateral 
  -- side of the object.
  fun Crosswind : Ind Attribute ;

  -- CyclonicStorm is the class of 
  -- LowPressureWeatherSystems that involve a low pressure area 
  -- surrounded by rapidly rotating winds, with the whole system 
  -- typically moving forward at 20_30 mph.
  fun CyclonicStorm : Class ;
  fun CyclonicStorm_Class : SubClass CyclonicStorm (both LowPressureWeatherSystem Windstorm) ;

  -- DDT (dichoro_diphenyl_trichloro_ethane) 
  -- is a highly toxic insecticide also harmful to most other animal 
  -- species. DDT was banned in the UnitedStates in 1972.
  fun DDT : Class ;
  fun DDT_Class : SubClass DDT CompoundSubstance ;

  -- (DatumFn ?place) denotes the point of MLLW (Mean Lower Low 
  -- Water) used as the initial data point for a coastal or WaterArea given on a nautical 
  -- chart. High and low tides are calculated with reference to this point.
  fun DatumFn : El GeographicArea -> Ind LengthMeasure ;

  fun DeadSea : Ind SaltLake ;

  -- Defoliant is the class of substances 
  -- that are used to make plants lose their leaves, typically used 
  -- in agriculture or warfare. Defoliants may have detrimental 
  -- environmental side effects.
  fun Defoliant : Class ;
  fun Defoliant_Class : SubClass Defoliant PureSubstance ;

  fun Deforestation : Class ;
  fun Deforestation_Class : SubClass Deforestation (both ForestDamage Removing) ;

  fun DeforestationIssue : Ind EnvironmentalIssue ;

  -- A Delta is a LandForm composed of silt or other 
  -- alluvium, deposited at or near the mouth of a river or stream as it enters 
  -- a body of relatively static water. Typically a delta is flat and fan_shaped.
  fun Delta : Class ;
  fun Delta_Class : SubClass Delta LandForm ;

  -- DenseVegetation describes the 
  -- density of vegetation in a Forest.
  fun DenseVegetation : Ind Attribute ;

  -- Desert is a subclass of LandAreas that are 
  -- arid regions having sparse or no vegetation.
  fun Desert : Class ;
  fun Desert_Class : SubClass Desert LandArea ;

  -- DesertClimateZone 
  -- is the class of AridClimateZones characterized by 
  -- sparse, desert vegetation. Koeppen system 'BW'.
  fun DesertClimateZone : Class ;
  fun DesertClimateZone_Class : SubClass DesertClimateZone AridClimateZone ;

  -- Desertification represents the 
  -- Process by which desert conditions are spread over an area.
  fun Desertification : Class ;
  fun Desertification_Class : SubClass Desertification WeatherProcess ;

  fun DesertificationConvention : Ind Agreement ;

  fun DesertificationIssue : Ind EnvironmentalIssue ;

  fun DipSlipFault : Class ;
  fun DipSlipFault_Class : SubClass DipSlipFault GeologicalFault ;

  -- (DirectionalSubregionFn ?DIRECTION ?AREA) denotes the part 
  -- of GeographicArea ?AREA that lies in ?DIRECTION from the 
  -- geographic center of ?AREA. For example, 
  -- (DirectionalSubregionFn Iraq North) denotes the Northern 
  -- part of Iraq. Such subregions are defined purely by geographical 
  -- points of reference, not by sociological ones. For example, 
  -- (DirectionalSubregionFn UnitedStatesOfAmerica South) denotes 
  -- the Southern half of the United States, it does not denote the 
  -- American South as distinguished for historical, literary, or 
  -- cultural purposes.
  fun DirectionalSubregionFn : El DirectionalAttribute -> El GeographicArea -> Ind GeographicArea ;

  fun DiseaseConditionsIssue : Class ;
  fun DiseaseConditionsIssue_Class : SubClass DiseaseConditionsIssue EnvironmentalIssue ;

  -- (DocumentFn ?PROP) denotes a class 
  -- of Text objects that contain the information ?PROP.
  fun DocumentFn: El Proposition -> Desc Text ;

  -- Downhill is a PositionalAttribute that 
  -- describes the relation between two things, one of which is located 
  -- down a slope from the other.
  fun Downhill : Ind PositionalAttribute ;

  fun Downstream : Ind PositionalAttribute ;

  -- Downwind is a PositionalAttribute that indicates relative position 
  -- downwind (leeward) with respect to the direction that the Wind is 
  -- blowing.
  fun Downwind : Ind PositionalAttribute ;

  fun Dredging : Class ;
  fun Dredging_Class : SubClass Dredging Removing ;

  fun DriftNetFishingIssue : Ind EnvironmentalIssue ;

  fun DriftnetFishing : Class ;
  fun DriftnetFishing_Class : SubClass DriftnetFishing Fishing ;

  -- Drought is the subclass of WeatherProcess 
  -- that represents long periods without precipitation, which is damaging 
  -- to crops, livestock, and human life.
  fun Drought : Class ;
  fun Drought_Class : SubClass Drought WeatherProcess ;

  fun DroughtIssue : Ind EnvironmentalIssue ;

  -- DryWinterColdClimateZone 
  -- is a subclass of ColdClimateZone that is characterized by having 
  -- at least ten times as much precipitation in the wettest summer month 
  -- as in the driest winter month. This is Koeppen climate system subtype 
  -- 'Dw'.
  fun DryWinterColdClimateZone : Class ;
  fun DryWinterColdClimateZone_Class : SubClass DryWinterColdClimateZone ColdClimateZone ;

  fun DustStorm : Class ;
  fun DustStorm_Class : SubClass DustStorm WeatherProcess ;

  -- An EarthTremor is an individual seismic 
  -- event in which the earth shakes due to release of seismic pressures.
  fun EarthTremor : Class ;
  fun EarthTremor_Class : SubClass EarthTremor (both GeologicalProcess Tremor) ;

  -- Earthquake is the class of events in 
  -- which the earth shakes while its layers readjust due to tensional 
  -- stresses in the surface of the earth. A single earthquake may consist 
  -- of one or more EarthTremors.
  fun Earthquake : Class ;
  fun Earthquake_Class : SubClass Earthquake GeologicalProcess ;

  -- EarthsAtmosphere is the layer of gases, a mixture of mainly oxygen and nitrogen,
  -- surrounding PlanetEarth. See also Air.
  fun EarthsAtmosphere : Ind Atmosphere ;

  -- EarthsMoon is the Moon of PlanetEarth.
  fun EarthsMoon : Ind Moon ;

  fun EasternAfrica : Ind GeographicArea ;

  fun EasternAsia : Ind GeographicArea ;

  fun EasternEurope : Ind GeographicArea ;

  -- The half of the Earth that includes Europe, 
  -- Asia, Africa, and Australia.
  fun EasternHemisphere : Ind Hemisphere ;

  fun EasternSouthAmerica : Ind GeographicArea ;

  -- Ecosystem is a subclass of GeographicAreas considered together with
  -- their organisms and environment as a functioning whole.
  fun Ecosystem : Class ;
  fun Ecosystem_Class : SubClass Ecosystem GeographicArea ;

  -- Effluent is a Substance 
  -- that generically covers any waste matter that is released into 
  -- the environment, including sewage and industrial pollutants.
  fun Effluent : Class ;
  fun Effluent_Class : SubClass Effluent Substance ;

  fun ElNino : Class ;
  fun ElNino_Class : SubClass ElNino WeatherSeason ;

  -- (ElevationHighPointFn ?AREA) 
  -- denotes the area within the GeographicArea ?AREA that has the 
  -- highest elevation.
  fun ElevationHighPointFn : El GeographicArea -> Ind GeographicArea ;

  -- (ElevationLowPointFn ?AREA) 
  -- denotes the area within the GeographicArea ?AREA that has the 
  -- lowest elevation.
  fun ElevationLowPointFn : El GeographicArea -> Ind GeographicArea ;


  fun EndangeredMarineWildlifeIssue : Ind BiodiversityIssue ;

  -- EndangeredSpecies is the 
  -- subclass of Organism that includes plants and animals that 
  -- are in danger of extinction from destruction of individuals 
  -- or of habitat.
  fun EndangeredSpecies : Class ;
  fun EndangeredSpecies_Class : SubClass EndangeredSpecies Organism ;

  fun EndangeredSpeciesConvention : Ind Agreement ;

  fun EndangeredSpeciesIssue : Ind BiodiversityIssue ;

  fun EnvironmentalIssue : Class ;
  fun EnvironmentalIssue_Class : SubClass EnvironmentalIssue AreaOfConcern ;

  fun EnvironmentalModificationConvention : Ind Agreement ;

  fun EnvironmentalWaterIssue : Class ;
  fun EnvironmentalWaterIssue_Class : SubClass EnvironmentalWaterIssue EnvironmentalIssue ;

  -- Erosion is a wearing process on 
  -- LandForms by wind, running water, ice, heat, and other processes, 
  -- in which rock and soil material are removed from one area and 
  -- deposited elsewhere.
  fun Erosion : Class ;
  fun Erosion_Class : SubClass Erosion (both GeologicalProcess Removing) ;

  -- Estuary is the subclass of BodyOfWater that 
  -- represents WaterAreas where a sea or ocean Tide meets a River 
  -- current.
  fun Estuary : Class ;
  fun Estuary_Class : SubClass Estuary (both BodyOfWater (both Inlet SaltWaterArea)) ;

  -- ExclusiveFishingZone is the 
  -- subclass of MaritimeClaimArea including offshore areas over which a 
  -- nation claims exclusive jurisdiction only for fishing purposes (cf. 
  -- MaritimeExclusiveEconomicZone). Zone widths vary up to 200 miles 
  -- (NM).
  fun ExclusiveFishingZone : Class ;
  fun ExclusiveFishingZone_Class : SubClass ExclusiveFishingZone (both MaritimeClaimArea SaltWaterArea) ;

  -- (ExclusiveFishingZoneFn ?POLITY) denotes the 
  -- ExclusiveFishingZone that is claimed by the 
  -- GeopoliticalArea ?POLITY.
  fun ExclusiveFishingZoneFn : El GeopoliticalArea -> Ind ExclusiveFishingZone ;

  -- ExtendedFishingZone is the subclass of MaritimeClaimArea 
  -- that includes offshore areas over which a nation claims fishing rights, 
  -- beyond that nation's ExclusiveFishingZone. Zone widths vary, 
  -- from as little as 12 miles (NM) up to a width of 200 miles (NM).
  fun ExtendedFishingZone : Class ;
  fun ExtendedFishingZone_Class : SubClass ExtendedFishingZone (both MaritimeClaimArea SaltWaterArea) ;

  -- (ExtendedFishingZoneFn ?POLITY) denotes the 
  -- ExtendedFishingZoneFn that is claimed by the 
  -- GeopoliticalArea ?POLITY, beyond its ExclusiveFishingZone.
  fun ExtendedFishingZoneFn : El GeopoliticalArea -> Ind ExtendedFishingZone ;

  fun Famine : Class ;
  fun Famine_Class : SubClass Famine SocialInteraction ;

  fun FamineIssue : Ind EnvironmentalIssue ;

  fun FarmingPracticesIssue : Ind EnvironmentalIssue ;

  -- Fathom is a UnitOfMeasure used for measuring 
  -- water depth. One fathom is equal to six feet.
  fun Fathom : Ind UnitOfLength ;

  -- FertileTerrain describes an area 
  -- that has the type of soil and climate conditions needed to produce 
  -- good quality crops.
  fun FertileTerrain : Ind TerrainAttribute ;

  -- Fire is the subclass of Combustion events in 
  -- which flames are present. Fires are slower combustion processes than 
  -- explosions, though some fires may include explosive episodes.
  fun Fire : Class ;
  fun Fire_Class : SubClass Fire Combustion ;

  fun FishStockDepletionIssue : Ind EnvironmentalIssue ;

  -- Fishing is the class of Processes in which 
  -- Fish are hunted.
  fun Fishing : Class ;
  fun Fishing_Class : SubClass Fishing Hunting ;

  fun FlashFlooding : Class ;
  fun FlashFlooding_Class : SubClass FlashFlooding Flooding ;

  -- FlatTerrain is a TerrainAttribute 
  -- describing regions within which there is very little variation in 
  -- altitude.
  fun FlatTerrain : Ind TerrainAttribute ;

  fun Flooding_WeatherProcess : SubClass Flooding WeatherProcess ;

  -- (FlowFn ?FLUID) denotes the Motion process
  -- associated with the constitutive pieces of the FlowRegion ?FLUID.
  fun FlowFn : El FlowRegion -> Ind Motion ;

  -- (FlowRegionFn ?FLOW) denotes the region 
  -- in which the coherent LiquidMotion process ?FLOW is occurring.
  fun FlowRegionFn : El LiquidMotion -> Ind Region ;

  fun FlowRegion_Region : SubClass FlowRegion Region ;

  fun Fogging : Class ;
  fun Fogging_Class : SubClass Fogging WeatherProcess ;

  -- Forest is the class of large LandAreas that 
  -- are covered by trees and associated undergrowth, either growing wild or 
  -- managed for the purpose of timber production.
  fun Forest : Class ;
  fun Forest_Class : SubClass Forest LandArea ;

  fun ForestDamage : Class ;
  fun ForestDamage_Class : SubClass ForestDamage Damaging ;

  fun ForestDegradation : Ind EnvironmentalIssue ;

  fun ForestFire : Class ;
  fun ForestFire_Class : SubClass ForestFire (both Combustion ForestDamage) ;

  fun FragileEcosystemIssue : Ind BiodiversityIssue ;

  fun FreezingRain : Class ;
  fun FreezingRain_Class : SubClass FreezingRain Precipitation ;

  -- Freshwater is the subclass of Water 
  -- that has low soluble mineral content. See also PotableWater.
  fun Freshwater : Class ;
  fun Freshwater_Class : SubClass Freshwater Water ;

  fun FreshwaterOverutilization : Class ;
  fun FreshwaterOverutilization_Class : SubClass FreshwaterOverutilization SocialInteraction ;

  -- (GeographicCenterFn ?REGION) denotes the geographical center 
  -- of the GeographicArea ?REGION.
  fun GeographicCenterFn : El GeographicArea -> Ind GeographicArea ;

  fun GeographicRegion : Class ;

  -- GeologicalFault is the subclass of 
  -- GeographicAreas in which there is a fracture in the Earth's crust 
  -- and differential movement can occur on the two sides of the fault. 
  -- Such movement results in EarthTremors and is the cause of 
  -- Earthquakes.
  fun GeologicalFault : Class ;
  fun GeologicalFault_Class : SubClass GeologicalFault GeographicArea ;

  -- GeologicallyStable is a 
  -- TerrainAttribute of a GeographicArea in which the geological 
  -- substructure is stable, i.e., there are no active Volcanoes, 
  -- no major fault lines, no blasting or other destabilizing activity.
  fun GeologicallyStable : Ind TerrainAttribute ;

  fun Ghibli : Class ;
  fun Ghibli_Class : SubClass Ghibli WindProcess ;

  -- A Glacier is a large body of slow_moving ice. 
  -- Glaciers displace soil and rock while moving over land surfaces and break 
  -- apart, forming Icebergs, when they reach the sea.
  fun Glacier : Class ;
  fun Glacier_Class : SubClass Glacier LandForm ;

  fun GrassFire : Class ;
  fun GrassFire_Class : SubClass GrassFire Combustion ;

  -- Grassland is the class of LandAreas 
  -- where the predominant vegetation is some kind of grass.
  fun Grassland : Class ;
  fun Grassland_Class : SubClass Grassland (both Biome LandArea) ;

  -- Gravel is small rounded stones, often mixed with sand.
  fun Gravel : Class ;
  fun Gravel_Class : SubClass Gravel Rock ;

  fun GreatSaltLake : Ind SaltLake ;

  -- GreenhouseGas is the subclass of 
  -- substances that, when present in the atmosphere, trap infrared 
  -- radiation and cause global warming. Greenhouse gases include 
  -- carbon dioxide, hydrofluorocarbons, methane, nitrous oxide, ozone, 
  -- and water vapor.
  fun GreenhouseGas : Class ;
  fun GreenhouseGas_Class : SubClass GreenhouseGas PureSubstance ;

  fun GreenwichEnglandUK : Ind City ;

  -- GroundCoverVegetation 
  -- describes the density of uniform low vegetation in a field or meadow.
  fun GroundCoverVegetation : Ind Attribute ;

  -- Groundwater is the subclass of 
  -- Water that is found in deposits in the earth.
  fun Groundwater : Class ;
  fun Groundwater_Class : SubClass Groundwater Water ;

  fun GroundwaterPollutionIssue : Ind EnvironmentalWaterIssue ;

  -- Gulf is the class of extensions of a Sea or 
  -- Ocean that reach into a land mass or are partially enclosed by a 
  -- LandArea. A Gulf is typically larger than a Bay.
  fun Gulf : Class ;
  fun Gulf_Class : SubClass Gulf (both BodyOfWater SaltWaterArea) ;

  fun GulfOfAden : Ind (both Gulf SaltWaterArea) ;

  fun GulfOfMexico : Ind (both Gulf SaltWaterArea) ;

  fun GulfOfOman : Ind (both Gulf SaltWaterArea) ;

  -- Hailing is a precipitation process 
  -- in which Water falls in a Solid state with round, hard pellets.
  fun Hailing : Class ;
  fun Hailing_Class : SubClass Hailing Precipitation ;

  fun HarmattanWind : Class ;
  fun HarmattanWind_Class : SubClass HarmattanWind WindProcess ;

  fun HazardousWastesConvention : Ind Agreement ;

  -- Headwind is the relative attribute of a 
  -- Wind to an object when the force of the wind is applied to the front 
  -- of the object (FrontFn). A headwind can negatively affect the speed 
  -- capability of a vehicle.
  fun Headwind : Ind Attribute ;

  fun HeavyRaining : Class ;
  fun HeavyRaining_Class : SubClass HeavyRaining Raining ;

  fun HeavySurf : Class ;
  fun HeavySurf_Class : SubClass HeavySurf (both WaterMotion WeatherProcess) ;

  -- Hemisphere is the class of GeographicAreas 
  -- that are halves of the Earth, as traditionally divided into the Northern 
  -- and Southern Hemispheres along the equator and into the Eastern and Western 
  -- Hemispheres along a north_south line running 20°W and 160°E.
  fun Hemisphere : Class ;
  fun Hemisphere_Class : SubClass Hemisphere GeographicArea ;

  fun HighBiodiversity : Ind BiodiversityAttribute ;

  -- HighPressureWeatherSystem is 
  -- the class of weather systems characterized by high barometricPressures. 
  -- High pressure systems typically cause clear weather.
  fun HighPressureWeatherSystem : Class ;
  fun HighPressureWeatherSystem_Class : SubClass HighPressureWeatherSystem WeatherSystem ;

  -- HighTide is the class of TidalProcesses that 
  -- occur twice a day in marine waters, in which the water level rises above 
  -- the mean sea level.
  fun HighTide : Class ;
  fun HighTide_Class : SubClass HighTide TidalProcess ;

  -- HigherHighTide is the subclass of 
  -- HighTide processes that occur in marine waters with a 
  -- MixedTideProcess.
  fun HigherHighTide : Class ;
  fun HigherHighTide_Class : SubClass HigherHighTide HighTide ;

  -- A Hill is a raised part of the earth's surface with 
  -- sloping sides _ an old mountain which because of erosion has become shorter 
  -- and more rounded.
  fun Hill : Class ;
  fun Hill_Class : SubClass Hill (both LandForm UplandArea) ;

  -- Humus is decaying organic matter found in Soil 
  -- and derived from dead animal and plant material.
  fun Humus : Class ;
  fun Humus_Class : SubClass Humus Mixture ;

  fun Hurricane : Class ;
  fun Hurricane_Class : SubClass Hurricane (both TropicalCyclone WeatherProcess) ;

  fun HurricaneSeason : Class ;
  fun HurricaneSeason_Class : SubClass HurricaneSeason WeatherSeason ;

  -- HydropowerWaterArea is the class of WaterAreas with waterflow strength adequate 
  -- for the production of hydropower.
  fun HydropowerWaterArea : Class ;
  fun HydropowerWaterArea_Class : SubClass HydropowerWaterArea WaterArea ;

  -- An Iceberg is a large chunk of ice that has 
  -- broken off from a glacier and fallen into the sea. The larger part of 
  -- an Iceberg floats underwater.
  fun Iceberg : Class ;
  fun Iceberg_Class : SubClass Iceberg (both SelfConnectedObject Water) ;

  fun Icing : Class ;
  fun Icing_Class : SubClass Icing (both Freezing WeatherProcess) ;

  fun IllegalWildlifeTradeIssue : Ind EnvironmentalIssue ;

  fun InadequatePotableWaterIssue : Ind EnvironmentalWaterIssue ;

  fun InadequateSanitationIssue : Ind EnvironmentalIssue ;

  -- IndianOcean represents the Indian Ocean.
  fun IndianOcean : Ind Ocean ;

  fun IndigenousPeoplesPreservationIssue : Ind EnvironmentalIssue ;

  -- IndustrialPollution is 
  -- the subclass of Pollution characterized by pollutants that 
  -- originate in industrial processes.
  fun IndustrialPollution : Class ;
  fun IndustrialPollution_Class : SubClass IndustrialPollution Pollution ;

  fun IndustrialPollutionIssue : Ind PollutionIssue ;

  -- An instance of InlandWaterSystem 
  -- comprises two or more lakes or rivers, canals, or other waterways that 
  -- are interconnected.
  fun InlandWaterSystem : Class ;
  fun InlandWaterSystem_Class : SubClass InlandWaterSystem (both Collection WaterArea) ;

  -- Inlet is the class of bays or other recesses 
  -- into the shore of a lake, sea, or river, includes InletPassages, which 
  -- are passages leading from open water through some barrier to a bay or 
  -- lagoon.
  fun Inlet : Class ;
  fun Inlet_Class : SubClass Inlet BodyOfWater ;

  -- InletPassage is the class of water 
  -- passages connecting an area of open water to a bay or lagoon, through 
  -- some land barrier(s) close on either side.
  fun InletPassage : Class ;
  fun InletPassage_Class : SubClass InletPassage Inlet ;

  -- (InnerBoundaryFn ?REGION) denotes the 
  -- inner boundary of the Region ?REGION, where ?REGION has an inner and 
  -- outer orientation with respect to another object.
  fun InnerBoundaryFn : El Region -> Ind Region ;

  -- InternationalAgreement is the 
  -- subclass of Agreements which are made by and between Nations.
  fun InternationalAgreement : Class ;
  fun InternationalAgreement_Class : SubClass InternationalAgreement Agreement ;

  -- InternationalBorder is the 
  -- subclass of GeographicAreas where the areas of two Nations meet.
  fun InternationalBorder : Class ;
  fun InternationalBorder_Class : SubClass InternationalBorder GeographicArea ;

  fun InvasiveSpeciesIssue : Ind EnvironmentalIssue ;

  -- IrrigatedLand is the subclass of 
  -- LandArea representing land whose water supply is artificially 
  -- supplied or supplemented.
  fun IrrigatedLand : Class ;
  fun IrrigatedLand_Class : SubClass IrrigatedLand LandArea ;

  -- Irrigating is the process of transporting 
  -- and applying water to crops by artificial means.
  fun Irrigating : Class ;
  fun Irrigating_Class : SubClass Irrigating Motion ;

  -- IrrigationChannel is the class of 
  -- artificially created channels used for transporting water to agricultural 
  -- fields for Irrigating crops.
  fun IrrigationChannel : Class ;
  fun IrrigationChannel_Class : SubClass IrrigationChannel Artifact ;

  -- An Isthmus is a narrow strip of land that 
  -- connects two larger land masses and is bordered on two sides by water.
  fun Isthmus : Class ;
  fun Isthmus_Class : SubClass Isthmus LandArea ;

  -- JetStream is the class of high_velocity 
  -- AirStreams that blow constantly in the upper atmosphere with constant 
  -- speed and direction, though their location shifts somewhat. There are 
  -- four JetStreams in EarthsAtmosphere.
  fun JetStream : Class ;
  fun JetStream_Class : SubClass JetStream AirStream ;

  -- Jungle is a subclass of fertile LandAreas 
  -- that are overgrown with tropical vegetation.
  fun Jungle : Class ;
  fun Jungle_Class : SubClass Jungle (both Biome LandArea) ;

  fun Khamsin : Class ;
  fun Khamsin_Class : SubClass Khamsin Windstorm ;

  -- KnotUnitOfSpeed is a unit for measuring 
  -- speed. One KnotUnitOfSpeed is equal to one NauticalMile per one 
  -- HourDuration.
  fun KnotUnitOfSpeed : Ind CompositeUnitOfMeasure ;

  fun KokoNor : Ind SaltLake ;

  -- Lake is the subclass of BodyOfWater whose instances are naturally
  -- occurring static bodies of water surrounded by land.
  fun Lake : Class ;
  fun Lake_Class : SubClass Lake StaticWaterArea ;

  fun LakeBakhtegan : Ind SaltLake ;

  fun LakeEyre : Ind SaltLake ;

  fun LakeMareotis : Ind SaltLake ;

  -- A LakeRegion is a GeographicArea 
  -- including land surrounding one or more Lakes.
  fun LakeRegion : Class ;
  fun LakeRegion_Class : SubClass LakeRegion GeographicArea ;

  fun LakeTorrens : Ind SaltLake ;

  fun LakeWalker : Ind SaltLake ;

  fun LandClearingIssue : Ind BiodiversityIssue ;

  -- A LandForm is the class of geographically and/or geologically 
  -- distinct areas that occur on Earth's surface, including mountains, hills, plains, valleys, 
  -- deltas, and features of submerged land areas such as the ocean floor.
  fun LandForm : Class ;
  fun LandForm_Class : SubClass LandForm GeographicArea ;

  fun LandSubsidence : Class ;
  fun LandSubsidence_Class : SubClass LandSubsidence GeologicalProcess ;

  -- LandlockedArea is the class of 
  -- LandAreas that lack access to an Ocean or to a Waterway 
  -- providing a link to the ocean.
  fun LandlockedArea : Class ;
  fun LandlockedArea_Class : SubClass LandlockedArea LandArea ;

  -- LandlockedWater includes water 
  -- areas that are surrounded by land, including salt lakes, fresh 
  -- water lakes, ponds, reservoirs, and (more or less) wetlands.
  fun LandlockedWater : Class ;
  fun LandlockedWater_Class : SubClass LandlockedWater BodyOfWater ;

  fun LandminesIssue : Ind EnvironmentalIssue ;

  fun Landslide : Class ;
  fun Landslide_Class : SubClass Landslide GeologicalProcess ;

  -- LandslideProcess is a subclass 
  -- of Motion that represents events in which a loosened mass of mud, 
  -- dirt, or rock slides down a slope, by the force of gravity.
  fun LandslideProcess : Class ;
  fun LandslideProcess_Class : SubClass LandslideProcess Impelling ;

  -- Latitude is the class of Regions, 
  -- associated with areas on the Earth's surface, which are parallels 
  -- measured in PlaneAngleDegrees from the Equator.
  fun Latitude : Class ;
  fun Latitude_Class : SubClass Latitude Region ;

  -- LatitudeFn is a VariableArityRelation 
  -- used to denote a parallel of latitude. Examples: 
  -- (LatitudeFn North (MeasureFn 38 AngularDegree)), (LatitudeFn 
  -- South (MeasureFn 23 AngularDegree) (MeasureFn 30 ArcMinute)), 
  -- (LatitudeFn South (MeasureFn 60 AngularDegree) (MeasureFn 0 ArcMinute) 
  -- (MeasureFn 0 ArcSecond)), (LatitudeFn North 
  -- (MeasureFn 42 AngularDegree) (MeasureFn 7.89 ArcMinute)).
  fun LatitudeFn : El DirectionalAttribute -> El AngleMeasure -> El AngleMeasure -> El AngleMeasure -> Ind Region ;

  fun LawOfTheSeaConvention : Ind Agreement ;

  -- Lichen is the class of complex thallyphytic 
  -- plants made up of Alga and Fungus growing symbiotically.
  fun Lichen : Class ;
  fun Lichen_Class : SubClass Lichen NonFloweringPlant ;

  fun LimitedFreshWaterIssue : Ind EnvironmentalWaterIssue ;

  -- LittoralCurrent is the subclass of 
  -- WaterCurrents that occur near a ShoreArea. Examples include 
  -- TidalEbb, TidalFlow, and RipCurrents.
  fun LittoralCurrent : Class ;
  fun LittoralCurrent_Class : SubClass LittoralCurrent WaterCurrent ;

  -- A LittoralZone is an area along the shore 
  -- of a large body of water, especially an Ocean or Sea, including the area 
  -- extending from the high tide mark out to a depth of 200 meters. The littoral 
  -- zone is of interest for its land features, e.g., slope gradient and soil 
  -- composition, including features of its SubmergedLandArea.
  fun LittoralZone : Class ;
  fun LittoralZone_Class : SubClass LittoralZone GeographicArea ;

  -- Type of soil intermediate in texture between clay and sand, 
  -- consisting of a mixture of clay, sand, gravel, silt, and organic matter.
  fun Loam : Class ;
  fun Loam_Class : SubClass Loam Soil ;

  fun Locust : Class ;
  fun Locust_Class : SubClass Locust Animal ;

  -- Longitude is the class of Regions, 
  -- associated with areas on the Earth's surface, which are meridians 
  -- measured in PlaneAngleDegrees from the PrimeMeridian through 
  -- GreenwichEnglandUK.
  fun Longitude : Class ;
  fun Longitude_Class : SubClass Longitude Region ;

  -- (LongitudeFn ?DIRECTION @ROW) 
  -- denotes a meridian of longitude. Note that LongitudeFn is 
  -- a VariableArityRelation. Examples: 
  -- (LongitudeFn East (MeasureFn 180 AngularDegree)), (LongitudeFn 
  -- West (MeasureFn 122 AngularDegree) (MeasureFn 24 ArcMinute)), 
  -- (LongitudeFn East (MeasureFn 121 AngularDegree) 
  -- (MeasureFn 0 ArcMinute) (MeasureFn 15 ArcSecond)), 
  -- (LongitudeFn West (MeasureFn 80 AngularDegree) 
  -- (MeasureFn 6.78 ArcMinute)).
  fun LongitudeFn : El DirectionalAttribute -> El AngleMeasure -> El AngleMeasure -> El AngleMeasure -> Ind GeographicArea ;

  fun LossOfHabitatIssue : Ind EnvironmentalIssue ;

  fun LowBiodiversity : Ind BiodiversityAttribute ;

  -- LowPressureWeatherSystem is 
  -- the class of weather systems characterized by low or unstable 
  -- barometricPressures. Low pressure systems typically introduce 
  -- unsettled weather, frequently including storms.
  fun LowPressureWeatherSystem : Class ;
  fun LowPressureWeatherSystem_Class : SubClass LowPressureWeatherSystem WeatherSystem ;

  -- LowTerrain is terrain in which the slope 
  -- is less than 3%.
  fun LowTerrain : Ind TerrainAttribute ;

  -- LowTide is the class of TidalProcesses that 
  -- occur twice a day in marine waters, in which the water level falls below 
  -- the mean sea level.
  fun LowTide : Class ;
  fun LowTide_Class : SubClass LowTide TidalProcess ;

  -- LowerLowTide is the subclass of LowTide 
  -- processes that occur in marine waters with a MixedTideProcess.
  fun LowerLowTide : Class ;
  fun LowerLowTide_Class : SubClass LowerLowTide LowTide ;

  -- A LowlandArea is a land area lower than the surrounding region, 
  -- and usually level land.
  fun LowlandArea : Class ;
  fun LowlandArea_Class : SubClass LowlandArea LandForm ;

  fun MarineDumpingConvention : Ind Agreement ;

  fun MarineLifeConservationConvention : Ind Agreement ;

  -- A MaritimeClaimArea is a GeographicArea 
  -- delimited by a geopolitical state's claim, under the LawOfTheSea, of rights 
  -- to certain resources, activities, or jurisdiction in the claimed area. 
  -- MaritimeClaimAreas can pertain to WaterAreas, SubmergedLandAreas, and Airspace.
  fun MaritimeClaimArea : Class ;
  fun MaritimeClaimArea_Class : SubClass MaritimeClaimArea GeographicArea ;

  -- (MaritimeClaimsTerritorialSeaFn ?REGION) denotes a 
  -- peripheral zones of maritime control extending outward from the Region 
  -- ?REGION.
  fun MaritimeClaimsTerritorialSeaFn : El Region -> Ind PerimeterArea ;

  -- MaritimeContiguousZone 
  -- is the subclass of MaritimeClaimArea that includes areas over 
  -- which a geopolitical state may exercise some control of activities 
  -- beyond the 12_mile zone of its TerritorialSea. In general, 
  -- the authorized control is for preventing or punishing activities 
  -- that would violate laws applying within the 12_mile zone (that is, 
  -- authorization to chase and intercept). According to the LawOfTheSea, 
  -- a MaritimeContiguousZone may extend up to 24 nautical miles from the coast.
  fun MaritimeContiguousZone : Class ;
  fun MaritimeContiguousZone_Class : SubClass MaritimeContiguousZone (both MaritimeClaimArea SaltWaterArea) ;

  -- (MaritimeContiguousZoneFn ?POLITY) denotes the MaritimeContiguousZone 
  -- that is claimed by the GeopoliticalArea ?POLITY.
  fun MaritimeContiguousZoneFn : El GeopoliticalArea -> Ind MaritimeContiguousZone ;

  -- MaritimeExclusiveEconomicZone is the subclass of MaritimeClaimArea 
  -- that represents the offshore area that coastal nations can claim for 
  -- fishing and other uses of the ocean water and seabed found there.
  fun MaritimeExclusiveEconomicZone : Class ;
  fun MaritimeExclusiveEconomicZone_Class : SubClass MaritimeExclusiveEconomicZone (both MaritimeClaimArea SaltWaterArea) ;

  -- (MaritimeExclusiveEconomicZoneFn ?POLITY) denotes the 
  -- MaritimeExclusiveEconomicZone that is claimed by the 
  -- GeopoliticalArea ?POLITY.
  fun MaritimeExclusiveEconomicZoneFn : El GeopoliticalArea -> Ind MaritimeExclusiveEconomicZone ;

  fun MaritimeHazard : Class ;
  fun MaritimeHazard_Class : SubClass MaritimeHazard LandForm ;

  -- MaritimeShelfArea 
  -- is a subclass of MaritimeClaimArea that covers SubmergedLandAreas 
  -- claimed by an adjacent geopolitical area. The LawOfTheSea defines 
  -- the continental shelf as extending up to 200 miles (NM) offshore and 
  -- including the resources found therein. The defined claim area does not 
  -- correspond exactly to a geological ContinentalShelf, but if there is one, 
  -- the two areas will overlap spatially.
  fun MaritimeShelfArea : Class ;
  fun MaritimeShelfArea_Class : SubClass MaritimeShelfArea (both MaritimeClaimArea SubmergedLandArea) ;

  -- (MaritimeShelfAreaFn ?POLITY) denotes the MaritimeShelfArea 
  -- that is claimed by the GeopoliticalArea ?POLITY.
  fun MaritimeShelfAreaFn : El GeopoliticalArea -> Ind MaritimeShelfArea ;

  -- MediterraneanClimateZone 
  -- is a subclass of TemperateClimateZone that is characterized by 
  -- mild, cool, wet winters and warm dry summers. Mediterranean shores 
  -- are the archetype, but the Mediterranean climate is also found elsewhere.
  fun MediterraneanClimateZone : Class ;
  fun MediterraneanClimateZone_Class : SubClass MediterraneanClimateZone TemperateClimateZone ;

  fun MediterraneanSea : Ind Sea ;

  fun MediumBiodiversity : Ind BiodiversityAttribute ;

  -- A Mesa is a land formation having a relatively flat 
  -- top and steep rock walls.
  fun Mesa : Class ;
  fun Mesa_Class : SubClass Mesa (both LandForm UplandArea) ;

  -- MetallurgicalPlant is the 
  -- subclass of Organization that includes metal refining and 
  -- manufacturing plants. Such plants typically release extremely 
  -- toxic waste which can pollute air and groundwater if not 
  -- properly treated.
  fun MetallurgicalPlant : Class ;
  fun MetallurgicalPlant_Class : SubClass MetallurgicalPlant Organization ;

  fun MiddleAmerica : Ind GeographicArea ;

  -- MiddleEastRegion is a 
  -- GeopoliticalArea that comprises countries of Southwestern Asia 
  -- and (in some definitions) Northwestern Africa. Here this term is 
  -- defined as in the CIA World Fact Book, in which the Middle East 
  -- includes: Bahrain, Cyprus, the Gaza Strip, Iran, Iraq, Israel, 
  -- Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syria, the United 
  -- Arab Emirates, the West Bank, and Yemen.
  fun MiddleEastRegion : Ind (both GeographicArea GeopoliticalArea) ;

  -- MiddleLatitudeDesertClimateZone is the subclass of 
  -- DesertClimateZone characterized by a cool dry climate 
  -- typical of middle latitude deserts. This is subtype 'BWk' 
  -- in the Keoppen climate system.
  fun MiddleLatitudeDesertClimateZone : Class ;
  fun MiddleLatitudeDesertClimateZone_Class : SubClass MiddleLatitudeDesertClimateZone DesertClimateZone ;

  -- MidlatitudeContinentalClimateZone is a subclass of 
  -- TemperateClimateZone that is characterized by cool winters 
  -- and hot summers.
  fun MidlatitudeContinentalClimateZone : Class ;
  fun MidlatitudeContinentalClimateZone_Class : SubClass MidlatitudeContinentalClimateZone ClimateZone ;

  fun MiningPollutionIssue : Ind EnvironmentalIssue ;

  fun Mistral : Class ;
  fun Mistral_Class : SubClass Mistral WindProcess ;

  -- MixedTideProcess is the subclass of 
  -- TidalProcesses consisting of daily cycles in which the two low and 
  -- two high tides are of unequal height. In areas with this kind of 
  -- pattern, the chart (based on average low water) is determined by the 
  -- Mean Lower Low Water.
  fun MixedTideProcess : Class ;
  fun MixedTideProcess_Class : SubClass MixedTideProcess TidalProcess ;

  fun Monsoon : Class ;
  fun Monsoon_Class : SubClass Monsoon WeatherSeason ;

  -- MonsoonClimateZone is the class 
  -- of TropicalClimateZones in which there is a short dry season between 
  -- rains heavy enough to keep the ground wet all through the year. This 
  -- is Koeppen climate system subtype 'Aw'.
  fun MonsoonClimateZone : Class ;
  fun MonsoonClimateZone_Class : SubClass MonsoonClimateZone TropicalClimateZone ;

  -- Moon is the class of NaturalSatellites that 
  -- orbit planets or large asteroids.
  fun Moon : Class ;
  fun Moon_Class : SubClass Moon NaturalSatellite ;

  -- A Mountain is a high, rocky LandForm, usually 
  -- with steep sides and a pointed or rounded top, and higher than a Hill.
  fun Mountain : Class ;
  fun Mountain_Class : SubClass Mountain (both LandForm UplandArea) ;

  -- A MountainRange is a row or chain of connected mountains.
  fun MountainRange : Class ;
  fun MountainRange_Class : SubClass MountainRange (both LandForm UplandArea) ;

  -- An area of MountainousTerrain 
  -- is an area of rugged terrain in which there are many mountains.
  fun MountainousTerrain : Ind TerrainAttribute ;

  fun Mudflow : Class ;
  fun Mudflow_Class : SubClass Mudflow Landslide ;

  fun Mudslide : Class ;
  fun Mudslide_Class : SubClass Mudslide Landslide ;

  -- NaturalGas is a combustible mixture 
  -- of methane and higher hydrocarbons.
  fun NaturalGas : Class ;
  fun NaturalGas_Class : SubClass NaturalGas CompoundSubstance ;

  -- NaturalSatellite is the class of large, 
  -- naturally occurring astronomical bodies orbiting some other AstronomicalBody.
  fun NaturalSatellite : Class ;
  fun NaturalSatellite_Class : SubClass NaturalSatellite Satellite ;

  -- NauticalMile represents the international 
  -- unit used for measuring distance in sea and air navigation. The unit is 
  -- based on the length of a minute of arc of a great circle of 
  -- PlanetEarth.
  fun NauticalMile : Ind UnitOfLength ;

  fun NormalFault : Class ;
  fun NormalFault_Class : SubClass NormalFault DipSlipFault ;

  fun NorthAmerica : Ind (both GeographicArea Continent) ;

  -- NorthAtlanticOcean denotes the northern geographicSubregion 
  -- of the AtlanticOcean.
  fun NorthAtlanticOcean : Ind (both SaltWaterArea BodyOfWater) ;

  -- NorthPacificOcean denotes the northern geographicSubregion 
  -- of the PacificOcean.
  fun NorthPacificOcean : Ind (both SaltWaterArea BodyOfWater) ;

  fun NorthSea : Ind Sea ;

  -- Northeast represents the compass direction of Northeast.
  fun Northeast : Ind DirectionalAttribute ;

  fun NorthernAfrica : Ind GeographicArea ;

  fun NorthernAsia : Ind GeographicArea ;

  fun NorthernEurope : Ind GeographicArea ;

  -- The half of the Earth that lies above the equator.
  fun NorthernHemisphere : Ind Hemisphere ;

  fun NorthernNorthAmerica : Ind GeographicArea ;

  fun NorthernSouthAmerica : Ind GeographicArea ;

  -- Northwest represents the compass direction of Northwest.
  fun Northwest : Ind DirectionalAttribute ;

  -- NoxiousSubstance is 
  -- the class of Substances that are harmful to Humans.
  fun NoxiousSubstance : Class ;
  fun NoxiousSubstance_Class : SubClass NoxiousSubstance Substance ;

  fun NuclearEnvironmentalIssue : Ind PollutionIssue ;

  fun NuclearPollutionIssue : Ind EnvironmentalIssue ;

  fun NuclearTestBanTreaty : Ind Agreement ;

  -- Oasis is a subclass of LandAreas that are 
  -- fertile places within a desert, which have water and some vegetation.
  fun Oasis : Class ;
  fun Oasis_Class : SubClass Oasis (both Biome LandArea) ;

  -- OccludedFront is the class of complex 
  -- weather transition processes in which a cold air mass overtakes a warm 
  -- air mass.
  fun OccludedFront : Class ;
  fun OccludedFront_Class : SubClass OccludedFront WeatherFront ;

  -- Ocean is the class containing the oceans 
  -- that are the major subdivisions of the WorldOcean. According to 
  -- the International Hydrographic Association, there are five oceans: 
  -- the AtlanticOcean, PacificOcean, IndianOcean, SouthernOcean, 
  -- and ArcticOcean. Note: The largest oceans, the Atlantic and Pacific, 
  -- are subdivided into Northern and Southern regions, but those regions 
  -- are not separate Oceans.
  fun Ocean : Class ;
  fun Ocean_Class : SubClass Ocean (both BodyOfWater SaltWaterArea) ;

  fun Oceania : Ind (both GeographicArea Continent) ;

  fun OilPollutionIssue : Ind PollutionIssue ;

  -- OpenSea is the Attribute of a WaterArea 
  -- that is open ocean beyond five NauticalMiles of land, also known as 
  -- 'blue water'.
  fun OpenSea : Ind Attribute ;

  -- (OuterBoundaryFn ?REGION) denotes the 
  -- outer boundary of the Region ?REGION, where ?REGION has an inner and 
  -- outer orientation with respect to another object.
  fun OuterBoundaryFn : El Region -> Ind Region ;

  -- OvercastWeather represents
  --  a condition in which more than 70% of the sky is covered 
  -- with clouds.
  fun OvercastWeather : Class ;
  fun OvercastWeather_Class : SubClass OvercastWeather WeatherProcess ;

  -- Overgrazing is the class of processes 
  -- in which grazing animals consume vegetation faster than it can regrow.
  fun Overgrazing : Class ;
  fun Overgrazing_Class : SubClass Overgrazing Eating ;

  fun OvergrazingIssue : Ind EnvironmentalIssue ;

  fun OverhuntingIssue : Ind EnvironmentalIssue ;

  fun OverpopulationIssue : Ind EnvironmentalIssue ;

  fun OzoneDepletionIssue : Ind EnvironmentalIssue ;

  fun OzoneLayerProtectionProtocol : Ind Agreement ;

  -- The OzoneShield is a layer in 
  -- EarthsAtmosphere, located about 25 miles above Earth's surface, 
  -- composed of ozone gas that absorbs ultraviolent radiation from 
  -- the Sun that can be damaging to living things.
  fun OzoneShield : Ind (both AtmosphericRegion CompoundSubstance) ;

  -- PHValue ('pH') is a UnitOfMeasure 
  -- used to measure the acidity or alkalinity of a solution. The pH 
  -- scale ranges from 0 to 14. The pH of a neutral solution is 7. 
  -- Acid solutions have a pH value less than seven. Alkaline solutions 
  -- have a value greater than seven.
  fun PHValue : Ind NonCompositeUnitOfMeasure ;

  -- PacificOcean represents the Pacific Ocean.
  fun PacificOcean : Ind Ocean ;

  -- Pampa is a class of vast, level, typically grassy 
  -- Plains of land in South America.
  fun Pampa : Class ;
  fun Pampa_Class : SubClass Pampa (both Grassland Plain) ;

  fun Pampero : Class ;
  fun Pampero_Class : SubClass Pampero Windstorm ;

  -- PartlyCloudyWeather 
  -- represents a condition in which between 30% and 70% of the 
  -- sky is covered with clouds.
  fun PartlyCloudyWeather : Class ;
  fun PartlyCloudyWeather_Class : SubClass PartlyCloudyWeather WeatherProcess ;

  -- A Peninsula is a piece of land that extends 
  -- into a body of water and is surrounded on three sides by water. Typically 
  -- connected by an Isthmus or neck of land that is narrower than its main 
  -- portion (contrast with Cape).
  fun Peninsula : Class ;
  fun Peninsula_Class : SubClass Peninsula LandForm ;

  -- A PerimeterArea is a region that 
  -- extends outward from a boundary with another region, surrounding or 
  -- partially surrounding it, but which is not part of that other region. 
  -- See BorderFn and PerimeterAreaFn.
  fun PerimeterArea : Class ;
  fun PerimeterArea_Class : SubClass PerimeterArea Region ;

  -- (PerimeterAreaFn ?REGION) denotes a 
  -- class including any peripheral zones extending outward from the Region 
  -- ?REGION.
  fun PerimeterAreaFn: El Region -> Desc PerimeterArea ;

  fun Permafrost : Ind CompoundSubstance ;

  -- PermanentCropLand is the subclass 
  -- of LandArea that represents land cultivated for crops that are produced 
  -- without replanting after every harvest, such as fruit trees, coffee, rubber, 
  -- nuts, and vineyards. Does not include timberland. Cf. arableLandArea.
  fun PermanentCropLand : Class ;
  fun PermanentCropLand_Class : SubClass PermanentCropLand LandArea ;

  fun PersianGulf : Ind (both Gulf SaltWaterArea) ;

  fun PesticideIssue : Ind EnvironmentalIssue ;

  -- PesticidePollution is 
  -- the subclass of Pollution in which the pollutant is a pesticide.
  fun PesticidePollution : Class ;
  fun PesticidePollution_Class : SubClass PesticidePollution Pollution ;

  -- Phospate is a salt or ester of a 
  -- phosphoric acid.
  fun Phosphate : Class ;
  fun Phosphate_Class : SubClass Phosphate CompoundSubstance ;

  -- A Piedmont is a LandArea at the foot of mountains.
  fun Piedmont : Class ;
  fun Piedmont_Class : SubClass Piedmont LandArea ;

  -- Pines are coniferous BotanicalTrees of the 
  -- genus Pinus, in the family Pinaceae. They are evergreens, with needle_
  -- shaped leaves and propagate by dropping pine cones, which contains
  -- seeds. (from Wikipedia)
  fun PineTree : Class ;
  fun PineTree_Class : SubClass PineTree BotanicalTree ;

  -- A Plain is a broad, flat or gently rolling area, 
  -- usually low in elevation.
  fun Plain : Class ;
  fun Plain_Class : SubClass Plain LowlandArea ;

  -- Planet is the class of large 
  -- NaturalSatellites that revolve around a star.
  fun Planet : Class ;
  fun Planet_Class : SubClass Planet NaturalSatellite ;

  fun PlanetEarth : Ind Planet ;

  fun PlanetJupiter : Ind Planet ;

  fun PlanetMars : Ind Planet ;

  fun PlanetMercury : Ind Planet ;

  fun PlanetNeptune : Ind Planet ;

  fun PlanetPluto : Ind Planet ;

  fun PlanetSaturn : Ind Planet ;

  fun PlanetUranus : Ind Planet ;

  fun PlanetVenus : Ind Planet ;

  -- Planting is the class of processes in 
  -- which botanical Plants are planted or transplanted, whether as 
  -- seeds, seedlings, or mature plants.
  fun Planting : Class ;
  fun Planting_Class : SubClass Planting Putting ;

  -- A Plateau is a flat upland area with one steep 
  -- face, elevated plain.
  fun Plateau : Class ;
  fun Plateau_Class : SubClass Plateau (both LandForm UplandArea) ;

  -- Poaching is the illegal killing 
  -- of non_human animals.
  fun Poaching : Class ;
  fun Poaching_Class : SubClass Poaching Killing ;

  -- PolarClimateZone is a subclass of 
  -- ClimateZone characterized by having an average temperature less than 
  -- 10 degrees Celsius in the warmest month. This is Koeppen climate system 
  -- Type E. No agriculture is supported in polar climates.
  fun PolarClimateZone : Class ;
  fun PolarClimateZone_Class : SubClass PolarClimateZone ClimateZone ;

  -- PolarTypeFClimateZone is a 
  -- subclass of PolarClimateZone characterized by having no month in 
  -- which the temperature rises to 10 degrees Celsius or above.
  fun PolarTypeFClimateZone : Class ;
  fun PolarTypeFClimateZone_Class : SubClass PolarTypeFClimateZone PolarClimateZone ;

  fun PollutedFishStocksIssue : Ind EnvironmentalIssue ;

  -- Pollution is the contamination of an 
  -- environment by man_made wastes.
  fun Pollution : Class ;
  fun Pollution_Class : SubClass Pollution SocialInteraction ;

  fun PollutionIssue : Class ;
  fun PollutionIssue_Class : SubClass PollutionIssue EnvironmentalIssue ;
  fun PoopoLake : Ind SaltLake ;

  fun PopulationMigrationIssue : Ind EnvironmentalIssue ;

  -- PotableWater is the subclass 
  -- of Water that represents safely drinkable water.
  fun PotableWater : Class ;
  fun PotableWater_Class : SubClass PotableWater Freshwater ;

  -- Potash is a Potassium carbonate from 
  -- wood ashes or a potassium compound.
  fun Potash : Class ;
  fun Potash_Class : SubClass Potash CompoundSubstance ;

  fun PowerPlantEmissionsIssue : Ind PollutionIssue ;

  -- Prairie is a class of large plains 
  -- LandAreas with tall grass vegetation.
  fun Prairie : Class ;
  fun Prairie_Class : SubClass Prairie (both Grassland Plain) ;

  -- RainForest is the subclass of LandAreas 
  -- that are densely planted with trees.
  fun RainForest : Class ;
  fun RainForest_Class : SubClass RainForest (both Biome Forest) ;

  -- Raining is a precipitation process 
  -- in which water falls in a Liquid state.
  fun Raining : Class ;
  fun Raining_Class : SubClass Raining Precipitation ;

  -- Rapids is the class of WaterAreas that are 
  -- parts of a StreamWaterArea where the currents move swiftly over 
  -- rocks.
  fun Rapids : Class ;
  fun Rapids_Class : SubClass Rapids StreamWaterArea ;

  fun RawSewagePollutionIssue : Ind PollutionIssue ;

  fun RedSea : Ind Sea ;

  -- A Reef is a ridge of rock, coral, or sand at or near 
  -- the surface of a WaterArea.
  fun Reef : Class ;
  fun Reef_Class : SubClass Reef (both LandForm MaritimeHazard) ;

  -- Reforestation is the process of 
  -- replanting trees on land where they were cut or burned.
  fun Reforestation : Class ;
  fun Reforestation_Class : SubClass Reforestation Planting ;

  -- A Reservoir is an artifically made (or 
  -- artifically enlarged) holding area where water is collected and stored 
  -- for future use.
  fun Reservoir : Class ;
  fun Reservoir_Class : SubClass Reservoir (both Artifact FreshWaterArea) ;

  -- A ReservoirLake is an artifically made 
  -- (or artifically enlarged) lake used for water collection and storage.
  fun ReservoirLake : Class ;
  fun ReservoirLake_Class : SubClass ReservoirLake (both Lake Reservoir) ;

  -- A RichterMagnitude is a measure 
  -- of the severity of an EarthTremor. For example, 
  -- (MeasureFn 6.5 RichterMagnitude) denotes the value of 6.5 on the 
  -- Richter scale.
  fun RichterMagnitude : Ind CompositeUnitOfMeasure ;

  -- A RipCurrent is a fast narrow surface current 
  -- that flows seaward from a ShoreArea.
  fun RipCurrent : Class ;
  fun RipCurrent_Class : SubClass RipCurrent LittoralCurrent ;

  -- River is the class of large streams of fresh 
  -- water flowing through land into a lake, ocean, or other body of water.
  fun River : Class ;
  fun River_Class : SubClass River (both BodyOfWater (both FreshWaterArea StreamWaterArea)) ;

  -- A RiverBank is the ShoreArea adjacent to a river.
  fun RiverBank : Class ;
  fun RiverBank_Class : SubClass RiverBank (both LandForm ShoreArea) ;

  -- RiverMouth is the subclass of WaterAreas 
  -- that are the outfalls of a river or stream into another body of water.
  fun RiverMouth : Class ;
  fun RiverMouth_Class : SubClass RiverMouth (both StreamWaterArea WaterArea) ;

  -- A RiverSystem comprises all the tributary 
  -- streams and rivers (StreamWaterAreas) that drain along converging 
  -- paths into the main river of the system, which discharges into a 
  -- StaticWaterArea.
  fun RiverSystem : Class ;
  fun RiverSystem_Class : SubClass RiverSystem (both Collection WaterArea) ;

  fun Rockslide : Class ;
  fun Rockslide_Class : SubClass Rockslide Landslide ;

  -- Salination is the class of processes 
  -- in which either Freshwater or Topsoil becomes imbued with 
  -- SodiumChloride from sea water or from the evaporation of irrigation water.
  fun Salination : Class ;
  fun Salination_Class : SubClass Salination Combining ;

  -- A Salt is a chemical substance which is a combination 
  -- of a metal or a base with an acid.
  fun Salt : Class ;
  fun Salt_Class : SubClass Salt CompoundSubstance ;

  -- SaltLake is the class of landlocked 
  -- bodies of salt water, including those referred to as 'Seas', e.g., 
  -- the CaspianSea. But note that the MediterraneanSea is a Sea.
  fun SaltLake : Class ;
  fun SaltLake_Class : SubClass SaltLake (both LandlockedWater SaltWaterArea) ;

  fun SaltonSea : Ind SaltLake ;

  -- Sand is loose fragments of minerals or rocks. Smaller than 
  -- gravel and larger than silt and clay, sand particles range from 8/10,000 to 8/100 
  -- inch (0.02 to 2 millimeters) in diameter. Sand is formed by the Erosion of rocks 
  -- through the action of water, ice, or air.
  fun Sand : Class ;
  fun Sand_Class : SubClass Sand Soil ;

  fun Sandstorm : Class ;
  fun Sandstorm_Class : SubClass Sandstorm WeatherProcess ;

  -- Sanitation is the class of processes 
  -- by which human waste and garbage are disposed of.
  fun Sanitation : Class ;
  fun Sanitation_Class : SubClass Sanitation Removing ;

  -- Satellite is the collection of bodies that 
  -- revolve around some astronomical body, e.g., planets around a star. 
  -- This class includes both artificial and NaturalSatellites.
  fun Satellite : Class ;
  fun Satellite_Class : SubClass Satellite AstronomicalBody ;

  -- Savanna is a class of tropical or subtropical 
  -- Grasslands, typically treeless.
  fun Savanna : Class ;
  fun Savanna_Class : SubClass Savanna (both Grassland Plain) ;

  -- ScatteredVegetation describes 
  -- the pattern of vegetation in which plants appear at intervals.
  fun ScatteredVegetation : Ind Attribute ;

  -- Sea is the class of smaller subdivisions of 
  -- the WorldOcean, typically partially surrounded by land. However, 
  -- for inland salt water bodies that are sometimes called 'Sea', see 
  -- SaltLake.
  fun Sea : Class ;
  fun Sea_Class : SubClass Sea (both BodyOfWater SaltWaterArea) ;

  fun SeaIce : Class ;
  fun SeaIce_Class : SubClass SeaIce Ice ;

  -- SeaLevel designates the global Mean Sea Surface 
  -- (MSS). Note that SeaLevel represents a GeographicArea that comprises all 
  -- the local Mean Sea Level (MSL) areas used as references for measuring altitude. 
  -- In fact, there are local variations in MSL, due to tides and long_ and short_
  -- term weather conditions.
  fun SeaLevel : Ind GeographicArea ;

  -- SeabedArea is the class of SubmergedLandAreas that are part of 
  -- the sea floor.
  fun SeabedArea : Class ;
  fun SeabedArea_Class : SubClass SeabedArea SubmergedLandArea ;

  -- A Seacoast is the ShoreArea along the 
  -- margin of an ocean, extending inland approximately 1_3 km from the low 
  -- water mark.
  fun Seacoast : Class ;
  fun Seacoast_Class : SubClass Seacoast (both LandForm ShoreArea) ;

  fun SemiaridClimateZone : Class ;
  fun SemiaridClimateZone_Class : SubClass SemiaridClimateZone ClimateZone ;

  fun SevereThunderstorm : Class ;
  fun SevereThunderstorm_Class : SubClass SevereThunderstorm WeatherProcess ;

  fun SewageDisposal : Class ;
  fun SewageDisposal_Class : SubClass SewageDisposal Sanitation ;

  fun ShipPollutionProtocol : Ind Agreement ;

  fun Shoal : Class ;
  fun Shoal_Class : SubClass Shoal MaritimeHazard ;

  -- Shoreline is the class of LandAreas that 
  -- are the edge of a larger land mass abutting a bordering WaterArea.
  fun Shoreline : Class ;
  fun Shoreline_Class : SubClass Shoreline LandArea ;

  -- (ShorelineFn ?LAND ?WATER) denotes 
  -- the Shoreline where the GeographicArea ?LAND borders the 
  -- WaterArea ?WATER.
  fun ShorelineFn : El GeographicArea -> El WaterArea -> Ind LandArea ;

  -- (ShortageFn ?TYPE) means that there 
  -- is a shortage of objects of ?TYPE, which are used as resources.
  fun ShortageFn: Desc Object -> Ind Entity ;

  -- Shrub is the class of low, perennial, 
  -- typically multi_stemmed woody plants, called shrubs or bushes.
  fun Shrub : Class ;
  fun Shrub_Class : SubClass Shrub FloweringPlant ;

  -- SigningADocument is the class of 
  -- actions in which an agent affixes a signature, stamp, or other evidence 
  -- of authorization or attestation to a document. The document and signature 
  -- may be electronic. Signings count as SocialInteractions even if done in 
  -- private, because their significance derives from a social context.
  fun SigningADocument : Class ;
  fun SigningADocument_Class : SubClass SigningADocument Committing ;

  -- Silt is sand or earth which is carried along by flowing 
  -- water and deposited at a bend in a river or at a river's opening.
  fun Silt : Class ;
  fun Silt_Class : SubClass Silt Soil ;

  -- Siltation is the class of processes 
  -- in which WaterAreas become filled in with silt or mud, due to 
  -- soil Erosion.
  fun Siltation : Class ;
  fun Siltation_Class : SubClass Siltation Putting ;

  fun SiltationIssue : Ind EnvironmentalIssue ;

  fun Sirocco : Class ;
  fun Sirocco_Class : SubClass Sirocco WindProcess ;

  -- SlashAndBurnAgriculture 
  -- is the subclass of Agriculture processes in which land is 
  -- cleared by cutting and burning trees, and crops are farmed until 
  -- the soil is depleted, at which point the plot is abandoned to 
  -- regrowth. This rotational technique is viable only with low 
  -- populations and infrequent re_use.
  fun SlashAndBurnAgriculture : Class ;
  fun SlashAndBurnAgriculture_Class : SubClass SlashAndBurnAgriculture Agriculture ;

  fun Sleeting : Class ;
  fun Sleeting_Class : SubClass Sleeting Precipitation ;

  -- A SlopedArea is a land surface which lies at 
  -- an angle to the horizontal so that some points on it are higher than 
  -- others, a slope.
  fun SlopedArea : Class ;
  fun SlopedArea_Class : SubClass SlopedArea LandForm ;

  -- Snowing is a precipitation process 
  -- in which water falls in a Solid state.
  fun Snowing : Class ;
  fun Snowing_Class : SubClass Snowing Precipitation ;

  fun SocialInteractions : Class ;

  -- Soil is a substance composed of fine rock material 
  -- disintegrated by geological processes, mixed with humus, the organic remains of decomposed vegetation.
  fun Soil : Class ;
  fun Soil_Class : SubClass Soil Mixture ;

  -- SoilDegradation is a class of 
  -- processes in which the productive capacity of soil is lowered by 
  -- over_fertilization, overuse of pesticides, erosion, or soil 
  -- compaction.
  fun SoilDegradation : Class ;
  fun SoilDegradation_Class : SubClass SoilDegradation SocialInteractions ;

  fun SoilDegradationIssue : Ind SoilQualityIssue ;

  -- SoilErosion is the subclass of 
  -- Erosion in which the matter removed by wind or water is topsoil.
  fun SoilErosion : Class ;
  fun SoilErosion_Class : SubClass SoilErosion Erosion ;

  fun SoilErosionIssue : Ind SoilQualityIssue ;

  fun SoilExhaustionIssue : Ind SoilQualityIssue ;

  fun SoilPollutionIssue : Ind (both PollutionIssue SoilQualityIssue) ;

  fun SoilQualityIssue : Class ;
  fun SoilQualityIssue_Class : SubClass SoilQualityIssue EnvironmentalIssue ;

  fun SoilSalination : Class ;
  fun SoilSalination_Class : SubClass SoilSalination Salination ;

  fun SoilSalinityIssue : Ind SoilQualityIssue ;

  -- SoilSolution is the liquid component of soils, 
  -- which is largely water containing a number of mineral substances in solution, 
  -- as well as comparatively large amounts of dissolved oxygen and carbon dioxide.
  fun SoilSolution : Class ;
  fun SoilSolution_Class : SubClass SoilSolution Solution ;

  -- Sol is the nearest Star to PlanetEarth and 
  -- the focus of its SolarSystem.
  fun Sol : Ind Star ;

  -- SolarSystem is the class of systems that 
  -- consist of a star or stars and any encircling astronomical bodies.
  fun SolarSystem : Class ;
  fun SolarSystem_Class : SubClass SolarSystem Collection ;

  fun SolidWasteDisposal : Class ;
  fun SolidWasteDisposal_Class : SubClass SolidWasteDisposal Sanitation ;

  fun SolidWasteDisposalIssue : Ind PollutionIssue ;

  -- A Sound is a long, relatively narrow waterway 
  -- lying along the shore of a land mass and protected from open water by 
  -- another land area, an island or group of islands. Some sounds open at 
  -- both ends into the same body of water (e.g., Long Island Sound), while 
  -- others connect two different bodies of water (e.g., Melville Sound). 
  -- A Sound may occur in salt or fresh water bodies. Generally wider than 
  -- a Strait.
  fun Sound : Class ;
  fun Sound_Class : SubClass Sound BodyOfWater ;

  fun SouthAmerica : Ind Continent ;

  -- SouthAtlanticOcean denotes the southern geographicSubregion 
  -- of the AtlanticOcean.
  fun SouthAtlanticOcean : Ind (both SaltWaterArea BodyOfWater) ;

  -- SouthPacificOcean denotes the southern geographicSubregion 
  -- of the PacificOcean.
  fun SouthPacificOcean : Ind (both SaltWaterArea BodyOfWater) ;

  fun SouthSandwichTrench : Ind Hole ;

  -- Southeast represents the compass direction of Southeast.
  fun Southeast : Ind DirectionalAttribute ;

  fun SoutheasternAsia : Ind GeographicArea ;

  fun SoutheasternEurope : Ind GeographicArea ;

  fun SouthernAfrica : Ind GeographicArea ;

  fun SouthernAsia : Ind GeographicArea ;

  fun SouthernEurope : Ind GeographicArea ;

  -- The half of the Earth that lies below the 
  -- equator.
  fun SouthernHemisphere : Ind Hemisphere ;

  -- SouthernOcean represents the Southern Ocean.
  fun SouthernOcean : Ind (both Ocean PolarClimateZone) ;

  fun SouthernSouthAmerica : Ind GeographicArea ;

  -- Southwest represents the compass direction of Southwest.
  fun Southwest : Ind DirectionalAttribute ;

  fun SouthwesternAsia : Ind GeographicArea ;

  fun SouthwesternEurope : Ind GeographicArea ;

  -- SparseVegetation describes the 
  -- pattern of vegetation in an area where there is very little vegetation.
  fun SparseVegetation : Ind Attribute ;

  fun Squall : Class ;
  fun Squall_Class : SubClass Squall WeatherProcess ;

  -- SquareKilometer represents a 
  -- UnitOfMeasure equal to one square kilometer.
  fun SquareKilometer : Ind UnitOfArea ;

  -- SquareMeter represents a UnitOfMeasure 
  -- equal to one square Meter.
  fun SquareMeter : Ind UnitOfArea ;

  -- (SquareUnitFn ?UNIT) denotes the 
  -- UnitOfMeasure that is the square of the UnitOfMeasure ?UNIT. 
  -- For example, (SquareUnitFn (KiloFn Meter)) denotes the unit 
  -- of a square kilometer.
  fun SquareUnitFn : El UnitOfMeasure -> Ind UnitOfMeasure ;

  -- Star is the class of hot gaseous astronomical bodies.
  fun Star : Class ;
  fun Star_Class : SubClass Star AstronomicalBody ;

  -- StationaryFront is the class of 
  -- boundary areas between two air masses that are stationary, with neither 
  -- mass presently replacing the other.
  fun StationaryFront : Class ;
  fun StationaryFront_Class : SubClass StationaryFront WeatherFront ;

  -- A TerrainAttribute of a region in 
  -- which there is a wide variation in elevation and slopeGradients 
  -- of more than 10%.
  fun SteepTerrain : Ind TerrainAttribute ;

  -- Steppe is a subclass of Plain, representing 
  -- vast, level, treeless areas of land in Asia or SE Europe.
  fun Steppe : Class ;
  fun Steppe_Class : SubClass Steppe Plain ;

  -- SteppeClimateZone 
  -- is the class of AridClimateZones where the dominant 
  -- vegetation type is grasses, with no trees. Koeppen 
  -- system 'BS'.
  fun SteppeClimateZone : Class ;
  fun SteppeClimateZone_Class : SubClass SteppeClimateZone AridClimateZone ;

  -- A Stone is any small fragment of rock or mineral matter.
  fun Stone : Class ;
  fun Stone_Class : SubClass Stone Rock ;

  fun StormSystem : Class ;
  fun StormSystem_Class : SubClass StormSystem WeatherSystem ;

  -- Strait is the subclass of BodyOfWater that 
  -- consists of narrow water areas connecting two larger bodies of water. 
  -- Straits are naturally occurring bodies of water.
  fun Strait : Class ;
  fun Strait_Class : SubClass Strait BodyOfWater ;

  fun StraitOfHormuz : Ind (both Strait SaltWaterArea) ;

  -- A StreamWaterConfluence is the 
  -- place where a stream or other tributary joins a river.
  fun StreamWaterConfluence : Class ;
  fun StreamWaterConfluence_Class : SubClass StreamWaterConfluence WaterArea ;

  fun StrikeSlipFault : Class ;
  fun StrikeSlipFault_Class : SubClass StrikeSlipFault GeologicalFault ;

  fun StrongWind : Class ;
  fun StrongWind_Class : SubClass StrongWind WindProcess ;

  -- SubmergedLandArea is the class of land 
  -- regions that are located beneath bodies of water.
  fun SubmergedLandArea : Class ;
  fun SubmergedLandArea_Class : SubClass SubmergedLandArea GeographicArea ;

  -- SubtropicalDesertClimateZone is a subclass of DesertClimateZone 
  -- that is characterized by an average temperature greater than 18 
  -- degrees Celsius, as well as very low rainfall. This is Koeppen 
  -- system 'BWh'.
  fun SubtropicalDesertClimateZone : Class ;
  fun SubtropicalDesertClimateZone_Class : SubClass SubtropicalDesertClimateZone DesertClimateZone ;

  -- SurfaceGroundArea is a subclass of 
  -- GeographicArea that is restricted to regions whose surface is solid 
  -- ground. A SurfaceGroundArea may be a discontinuous region overlapping 
  -- a larger, continuous GeographicArea but excluding any WaterAreas 
  -- enclosed therein. Rivers, lakes, reservoirs and other surface water areas 
  -- are not part of any SurfaceGroundArea.
  fun SurfaceGroundArea : Class ;
  fun SurfaceGroundArea_Class : SubClass SurfaceGroundArea GeographicArea ;

  fun Swarming : Class ;
  fun Swarming_Class : SubClass Swarming Motion ;

  -- Tailwind is the relative attribute of a 
  -- Wind to an object when the force of the wind is applied to the back 
  -- of the object (BackFn). A tailwind can positively affect the speed 
  -- capability of a vehicle.
  fun Tailwind : Ind Attribute ;

  -- Talc is a very soft Mineral that is 
  -- a basic silicate of magnesium.
  fun Talc : Class ;
  fun Talc_Class : SubClass Talc Mineral ;

  -- TemperateClimateZone is the 
  -- subclass of ClimateZone whose warmest month has an average 
  -- temperature greater than 10 degrees Celsius and whose coolest month 
  -- has an average temperature between 18 degrees and _3 degrees Celsius. 
  -- This is Class C in the Koeppen climate system.
  fun TemperateClimateZone : Class ;
  fun TemperateClimateZone_Class : SubClass TemperateClimateZone ClimateZone ;

  fun TemperateHardwoodForest : Class ;
  fun TemperateHardwoodForest_Class : SubClass TemperateHardwoodForest (both Biome Forest) ;

  fun TemperateRainForest : Class ;
  fun TemperateRainForest_Class : SubClass TemperateRainForest (both RainForest TemperateHardwoodForest) ;

  -- TemperateSummerDryClimateZone is the subclass of TemperateClimateZone 
  -- that is characterized by dry summers, and in which the wettest winter month 
  -- has at least three times the moisture of the driest summer month. The 
  -- driest month has less than an average of 30 mm of precipitation. Koeppen 
  -- climate system type 'Cs'.
  fun TemperateSummerDryClimateZone : Class ;
  fun TemperateSummerDryClimateZone_Class : SubClass TemperateSummerDryClimateZone TemperateClimateZone ;

  -- TemperateWinterDryClimateZone is a subclass of TemperateClimateZone 
  -- characterized by having at least 10 times as much precipitation in the 
  -- wettest summer month as in the driest winter month. Koeppen climate 
  -- system type 'Cw'.
  fun TemperateWinterDryClimateZone : Class ;
  fun TemperateWinterDryClimateZone_Class : SubClass TemperateWinterDryClimateZone TemperateClimateZone ;

  -- TerrainAttribute is a class of 
  -- Attributes that describe terrain.
  fun TerrainAttribute : Class ;
  fun TerrainAttribute_Class : SubClass TerrainAttribute InternalAttribute ;

  -- TerritorialSea is the class 
  -- of contiguous waters over which a GeopoliticalArea claims 
  -- jurisdiction in accordance with the United Nations Convention 
  -- on the LawOfTheSea (LOS), Part II. A territorial sea may be
  -- up to 12 miles (NauticalMiles) in breadth. A subclass of 
  -- MaritimeClaimArea.
  fun TerritorialSea : Class ;
  fun TerritorialSea_Class : SubClass TerritorialSea (both MaritimeClaimArea SaltWaterArea) ;

  -- (TerritorialSeaFn ?POLITY) denotes 
  -- the TerritorialSea that is claimed by the GeopoliticalArea ?POLITY.
  fun TerritorialSeaFn : El GeopoliticalArea -> Ind TerritorialSea ;

  fun ThrustFault : Class ;
  fun ThrustFault_Class : SubClass ThrustFault DipSlipFault ;

  fun Thunderstorm : Class ;
  fun Thunderstorm_Class : SubClass Thunderstorm WeatherProcess ;

  -- A TidalBore is an unusally high, fast tidal 
  -- inflow from the sea, resulting from a high volume of water rushing from 
  -- a wide_mouthed bay or Estuary into narrower landward areas.
  fun TidalBore : Class ;
  fun TidalBore_Class : SubClass TidalBore LittoralCurrent ;

  -- TidalEbb is the subclass of WaterCurrents that are temporary and variable,
  -- but regular, currents of ocean water flowing seaward up to and during 
  -- the time of low tide. Alternating with TidalFlow.
  fun TidalEbb : Class ;
  fun TidalEbb_Class : SubClass TidalEbb LittoralCurrent ;

  -- TidalFlow is the subclass of WaterCurrents 
  -- that are temporary and variable, but regular, currents of ocean water 
  -- flowing landward up to and during the time of high tide. Alternating 
  -- with TidalEbb.
  fun TidalFlow : Class ;
  fun TidalFlow_Class : SubClass TidalFlow LittoralCurrent ;

  -- TidalProcess is the class of daily 
  -- recurring events in which the water level in a BodyOfWater rises 
  -- and falls with the changing position between Earth and the Moon.
  fun TidalProcess : Class ;
  fun TidalProcess_Class : SubClass TidalProcess InternalChange ;

  -- A Tide is a vertical movement of the water level 
  -- in a BodyOfWater due to the gravitational attraction between Earth and 
  -- the moon. Tides are diurnally recurrent events. In most regions with 
  -- tides, every day there are two high tides and two low tides. MixedTide 
  -- represents a process in which the tides at either extreme are unequal.
  fun Tide : Class ;
  fun Tide_Class : SubClass Tide (both FlowRegion SaltWaterArea) ;

  fun Tornado : Class ;
  fun Tornado_Class : SubClass Tornado WeatherProcess ;

  fun ToxicChemicalPollutionIssue : Ind PollutionIssue ;

  fun ToxicWasteDisposalIssue : Ind PollutionIssue ;

  -- TreatyDocument is the subclass of 
  -- Texts that represent written agreements between Nations.
  fun TreatyDocument : Class ;
  fun TreatyDocument_Class : SubClass TreatyDocument Text ;

  -- TropicalClimateZone is a 
  -- subclass of ClimateZone in which the average temperature of the 
  -- coldest month is greater than 18 degrees Celsius. This is Class 
  -- 'A' in the Koeppen climate classification system.
  fun TropicalClimateZone : Class ;
  fun TropicalClimateZone_Class : SubClass TropicalClimateZone ClimateZone ;

  -- TropicalCyclone is the class of 
  -- CyclonicStorms that occur in the Tropics and typically have 
  -- rotational winds of hurricane force (74 mph or higher).
  fun TropicalCyclone : Class ;
  fun TropicalCyclone_Class : SubClass TropicalCyclone CyclonicStorm ;

  fun TropicalRainForest : Class ;
  fun TropicalRainForest_Class : SubClass TropicalRainForest RainForest ;

  fun TropicalTimber83Agreement : Ind Agreement ;

  fun TropicalTimber94Agreement : Ind Agreement ;

  -- The Tropics is the region of 
  -- PlanetEarth that lies between approximately 23 and one half degrees 
  -- North latitude and 23 and one half degrees South latitude, 
  -- encircling the globe. 'The Tropics'. See also TropicArea.
  fun Tropics : Ind GeographicArea ;

  -- Tsunami is the class of highly destructive 
  -- ocean waves caused by offshore seismic processes.
  fun Tsunami : Class ;
  fun Tsunami_Class : SubClass Tsunami WeatherProcess ;

  -- Tundra is a subclass of flat, treeless Plains 
  -- areas lying within the ArcticRegion. Subsoil in Tundra is permanently 
  -- frozen.
  fun Tundra : Class ;
  fun Tundra_Class : SubClass Tundra (both ArcticRegion (both Biome Plain)) ;

  -- TundraClimateZone is a subclass of 
  -- PolarClimateZone characterized by having an average temperature 
  -- above zero degrees Celsius (but below 10 degrees) in the warmest month. 
  -- Koeppen subtype 'ET'.
  fun TundraClimateZone : Class ;
  fun TundraClimateZone_Class : SubClass TundraClimateZone PolarClimateZone ;

  fun Typhoon : Class ;
  fun Typhoon_Class : SubClass Typhoon TropicalCyclone ;

  fun UVLevelsIssue : Ind EnvironmentalIssue ;

  -- The class of regions located Below the surface of the earth.
  fun UndergroundArea : Class ;
  fun UndergroundArea_Class : SubClass UndergroundArea GeographicArea ;

  fun UnexplodedOrdinanceIssue : Ind EnvironmentalIssue ;

  -- A UniformPerimeterArea is one 
  -- that has a defined uniform width.
  fun UniformPerimeterArea : Class ;
  fun UniformPerimeterArea_Class : SubClass UniformPerimeterArea PerimeterArea ;

  -- Uphill is a PositionalAttribute that 
  -- describes the relation between two things, one of which is located 
  -- up a slope from the other.
  fun Uphill : Ind PositionalAttribute ;

  -- An UplandArea is a LandArea elevated above the surrounding 
  -- terrain.
  fun UplandArea : Class ;
  fun UplandArea_Class : SubClass UplandArea LandForm ;

  fun Upstream : Ind PositionalAttribute ;

  -- Upwind is a PositionalAttribute that indicates relative position 
  -- upwind (windward) with respect to the direction that the Wind is 
  -- blowing.
  fun Upwind : Ind PositionalAttribute ;

  fun UrbanizationIssue : Ind EnvironmentalIssue ;

  -- A Valley is an area of low_lying land flanked by 
  -- higher ground. Valleys typically contain a stream or river flowing along the valley floor.
  fun Valley : Class ;
  fun Valley_Class : SubClass Valley (both LandForm LowlandArea) ;

  fun VehicleEmissionsIssue : Ind PollutionIssue ;

  -- VehicularPollution is the 
  -- subclass of Pollution in which the pollutants are vehicle emissions.
  fun VehicularPollution : Class ;
  fun VehicularPollution_Class : SubClass VehicularPollution Pollution ;

  -- Veldt is a subclass of Grasslands which have 
  -- scattered shrubs or trees.
  fun Veldt : Class ;
  fun Veldt_Class : SubClass Veldt (both Grassland Plain) ;

  -- A VolcanicCone is a hill of lava or 
  -- pyroclastics surrounding a volcanic vent. Not as high as a 
  -- VolcanicMountain.
  fun VolcanicCone : Class ;
  fun VolcanicCone_Class : SubClass VolcanicCone (both Hill Volcano) ;

  -- VolcanicEruption is the subclass of 
  -- GeologicalProcesses in which Volcanoes erupt.
  fun VolcanicEruption : Class ;
  fun VolcanicEruption_Class : SubClass VolcanicEruption GeologicalProcess ;

  fun VolcanicGasRelease : Class ;
  fun VolcanicGasRelease_Class : SubClass VolcanicGasRelease VolcanicEruption ;

  -- A VolcanicMountain is a cone_shaped 
  -- mountain formed out of rock or ash thrown up from inside the earth, 
  -- frequently with an opening or depression at the top.
  fun VolcanicMountain : Class ;
  fun VolcanicMountain_Class : SubClass VolcanicMountain (both Mountain Volcano) ;

  fun VolcanicallyActive : Ind VolcanoStatus ;

  fun VolcanicallyDormant : Ind VolcanoStatus ;

  fun VolcanicallyExtinct : Ind VolcanoStatus ;

  -- A Volcano in the broadest sense, i.e., a region 
  -- containing a vent through which magmous and/or pyroclastic materials are 
  -- passed from the interior of the Earth to its surface (atmospheric or 
  -- underwater).
  fun Volcano : Class ;
  fun Volcano_Class : SubClass Volcano LandForm ;

  fun VolcanoStatus : Class ;
  fun VolcanoStatus_Class : SubClass VolcanoStatus InternalAttribute ;

  -- WarmFront is the class of transitional 
  -- weather processes occurring between a warm air mass that is advancing 
  -- upon a cool air mass.
  fun WarmFront : Class ;
  fun WarmFront_Class : SubClass WarmFront WeatherFront ;

  fun WaterBorneDiseaseIssue : Ind EnvironmentalIssue ;

  -- WaterCatchment is the subclass of 
  -- Artifacts used to capture rainwater or runoff as a source 
  -- of Freshwater.
  fun WaterCatchment : Class ;
  fun WaterCatchment_Class : SubClass WaterCatchment Artifact ;

  -- WaterCurrent is a subclass of FlowRegions 
  -- consisting of moving water, especially those currents found within a 
  -- well_identified area and having an established pattern of movement, such 
  -- as an OceanCurrent, a RipTide, or a River. WaterCurrent is 
  -- disjoint with StaticWaterArea. As a consequence, Lakes for example 
  -- cannot be FlowRegions, however, currents may be present in a lake.
  fun WaterCurrent : Class ;
  fun WaterCurrent_Class : SubClass WaterCurrent (both FlowRegion WaterArea) ;

  fun WaterInfrastructureIssue : Ind EnvironmentalIssue ;

  fun WaterManagementIssue : Ind EnvironmentalIssue ;

  -- WaterOnlyArea is a subclass of 
  -- GeographicArea that is restricted to regions whose surface is water. 
  -- A WaterOnlyArea may be a discontinuous region overlapping a larger, 
  -- continuous GeographicArea but excluding any LandAreas enclosed therein. 
  -- Dry land areas, including islands, are not part of any WaterOnlyArea.
  fun WaterOnlyArea : Class ;
  fun WaterOnlyArea_Class : SubClass WaterOnlyArea GeographicArea ;

  fun WaterOverutilization : Class ;
  fun WaterOverutilization_Class : SubClass WaterOverutilization SocialInteraction ;

  -- WaterPollution is the subclass 
  -- of Pollution processes in which Water is the polluted substance.
  fun WaterPollution : Class ;
  fun WaterPollution_Class : SubClass WaterPollution Pollution ;

  fun WaterPollutionIssue : Ind EnvironmentalWaterIssue ;

  -- Waterfall is the subclass of StreamWaterAreas where running water 
  -- falls steeply downhill.
  fun Waterfall : Class ;
  fun Waterfall_Class : SubClass Waterfall StreamWaterArea ;

  -- A WatershedDivide is a summit area, or 
  -- narrow tract of higher ground that constitutes the watershed boundary 
  -- between two adjacent drainage basins, it divides the surface waters that 
  -- flow naturally in one direction from those that flow in the opposite 
  -- direction.
  fun WatershedDivide : Class ;
  fun WatershedDivide_Class : SubClass WatershedDivide (both LandArea UplandArea) ;

  fun Waterspout : Class ;
  fun Waterspout_Class : SubClass Waterspout WeatherProcess ;

  -- WeatherFront is the class of weather 
  -- processes that are involve relationships between two air masses, such 
  -- as a high pressure weather system or a low pressure system.
  fun WeatherFront : Class ;
  fun WeatherFront_Class : SubClass WeatherFront WeatherProcess ;

  -- WeatherSeason is the class of seasonal 
  -- processes that are characterized by various weather patterns. 
  -- WeatherSeasons may recur on a regular annual basis, on a different 
  -- pattern, or irregularly.
  fun WeatherSeason : Class ;
  fun WeatherSeason_Class : SubClass WeatherSeason WeatherProcess ;

  -- WeatherSystem is the class of 
  -- large_scale atmospheric processes that influence weather in a region 
  -- for 2_5 days.
  fun WeatherSystem : Class ;
  fun WeatherSystem_Class : SubClass WeatherSystem WeatherProcess ;

  fun WesternAfrica : Ind GeographicArea ;

  fun WesternEurope : Ind GeographicArea ;

  -- The half of the Earth that includes North 
  -- and South America.
  fun WesternHemisphere : Ind Hemisphere ;

  fun WesternSouthAmerica : Ind GeographicArea ;

  -- WetTropicalClimateZone is 
  -- the subclass of TropicalClimateZone that is characterized by having 
  -- no dry months. At least 60 mm of rainfall occur in the driest month. 
  -- This is subtype 'Af' in the Koeppen climate system.
  fun WetTropicalClimateZone : Class ;
  fun WetTropicalClimateZone_Class : SubClass WetTropicalClimateZone TropicalClimateZone ;

  fun WetlandDegradationIssue : Ind EnvironmentalIssue ;

  fun WetlandsConvention : Ind Agreement ;

  fun WhalingConvention : Ind Agreement ;

  fun WildlifePoachingIssue : Ind EnvironmentalIssue ;

  -- WindFlow is the class of variable AirStreams 
  -- that are in the EarthsAtmosphere.
  fun WindFlow : Class ;
  fun WindFlow_Class : SubClass WindFlow AirStream ;

  fun WindProcess : Class ;
  fun WindProcess_Class : SubClass WindProcess WeatherProcess ;

  fun Windstorm : Class ;
  fun Windstorm_Class : SubClass Windstorm WindProcess ;

  -- The WorldOcean is the collective mass of 
  -- sea water that covers 70% of the surface of PlanetEarth, surrounding 
  -- all of its dry land areas. Earth's individual Oceans are parts of 
  -- the WorldOcean.
  fun WorldOcean : Ind (both SaltWaterArea BodyOfWater) ;

  fun Zud : Class ;
  fun Zud_Class : SubClass Zud WeatherProcess ;

  -- (airTemperature ?AREA ?TEMP) means that the temperature of the 
  -- air at ?AREA is ?TEMP. Temperature may be expressed in units of 
  -- TemperatureMeasure, including CelsiusDegree and FahrenheitDegree, 
  -- among others.
  fun airTemperature : El Object -> El TemperatureMeasure -> Formula ;

  -- (arableLandArea ?REGION ?AMOUNT) 
  -- means that the GeographicArea ?REGION has ?AMOUNT of land under 
  -- cultivation with crops that are replanted after each harvest. ?AMOUNT 
  -- may be expressed in physical units or with a percent or fraction.
  -- Cf. permanentCropLandArea.
  fun arableLandArea : El GeographicArea -> El ConstantQuantity -> Formula ;

  -- (averagePrecipitationForPeriod ?PLACE ?PERIOD ?AMOUNT) means 
  -- that at the GeographicArea ?PLACE, and during the TimeDuration 
  -- ?PERIOD, the average daily precipitation was ?AMOUNT.
  fun averagePrecipitationForPeriod : El GeographicArea -> El TimeDuration -> El ConstantQuantity -> Formula ;

  -- (averageRainfallForPeriod ?AREA ?MO ?AMOUNT)
  -- means that ?AREA receives ?AMOUNT of rain in month ?MO in an average
  -- year. Note that ?AMOUNT is a linear measure indicating the depth of water that
  -- would accumulate over ?AREA if all water were captured.
  fun averageRainfallForPeriod : El GeographicArea -> El Month -> El LengthMeasure -> Formula ;

  -- (averageTemperatureForPeriod ?PLACE ?PERIOD ?AMOUNT) means that 
  -- at the GeographicArea ?PLACE, and during the TimeDuration 
  -- ?PERIOD, the average daily temperature was ?AMOUNT. Temperature 
  -- may be expressed in some UnitOfTemperature, including 
  -- CelsiusDegree and FahrenheitDegree, among others.
  fun averageTemperatureForPeriod : El GeographicArea -> El TimeDuration -> El TemperatureMeasure -> Formula ;

  -- (bioindicatorForHabitat ?AREA ?SPECIES) means that the health 
  -- of the individuals in ?SPECIES indicates the condition of their 
  -- habitat in the GeographicArea ?AREA.
  fun bioindicatorForHabitat: El GeographicArea -> Desc OrganicObject -> Formula ;

  -- (claimedTerritory ?AREA ?POLITY) 
  -- means that some right over the GeographicArea ?AREA is claimed by 
  -- the Agent or GeopoliticalArea ?POLITY. If two politically independent 
  -- states or agents claim the same area, that area is a 'disputed 
  -- territory'.
  fun claimedTerritory : El GeographicArea -> El Agent -> Formula ;

  -- (climateTypeInArea ?TYPE ?REGION) 
  -- means that all or part of the GeographicArea ?REGION is of the 
  -- ClimateZone ?TYPE.
  fun climateTypeInArea: El GeographicArea -> Desc ClimateZone -> Formula ;

  -- (cloudCoverFraction ?AREA ?AMOUNT) 
  -- means that in the Region ?AREA, the fraction ?AMOUNT of the sky is 
  -- covered with clouds.
  fun cloudCoverFraction : El Region -> El NonnegativeRealNumber -> Formula ;

  -- (coldSeasonInArea ?AREA ?INTERVAL) 
  -- means that in the GeographicArea ?AREA, the cold season occurs 
  -- during the TimeInterval ?INTERVAL.
  fun coldSeasonInArea: El GeographicArea -> Desc TimeInterval -> Formula ;

  -- (connectedDownstream ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) 
  -- means that ?OBJ1 is connected, remotely or immediately, with ?OBJ2 along 
  -- a directed system such as a RiverSystem.
  fun connectedDownstream : El Object -> El Object -> Formula ;

  -- (coolSeasonInArea ?AREA ?INTERVAL) 
  -- means that in the GeographicArea ?AREA, the cool season occurs 
  -- during the TimeInterval ?INTERVAL. For example, (coolSeasonInArea 
  -- Angola (RecurringTimeIntervalFn May October
  fun coolSeasonInArea: El GeographicArea -> Desc TimeInterval -> Formula ;

  -- (courseWRTCompassNorth ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2 ?HEADING) means that the course 
  -- heading from ?OBJ1 to ?OBJ2 is ?HEADING in AngularDegrees, with 
  -- the reference point of 000 degrees North as measured by compass on 
  -- or at ?OBJ1.
  fun courseWRTCompassNorth : El Physical -> El Physical -> El PlaneAngleMeasure -> Formula ;

  -- (courseWRTMagneticNorth ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2 ?HEADING) means that the course 
  -- heading from ?OBJ1 to ?OBJ2 is ?HEADING in AngularDegrees, with 
  -- the reference point of 000 degrees being the magnetic North pole.
  fun courseWRTMagneticNorth : El Physical -> El Physical -> El PlaneAngleMeasure -> Formula ;

  -- (courseWRTTrueNorth ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2 ?HEADING) means that the course 
  -- heading or track from ?OBJ1 to ?OBJ2 is ?HEADING, in AngularDegrees, 
  -- with the reference point of 000 degrees being true North.
  fun courseWRTTrueNorth : El Physical -> El Physical -> El PlaneAngleMeasure -> Formula ;

  -- (dateOpenedForSignature ?PROP ?DATE) means that as of a date 
  -- indicated by ?DATE, document(s) may officially be signed (by the 
  -- appropriate agents) to effect commitments to the Agreement ?PROP.
  fun dateOpenedForSignature: El Proposition -> Desc TimePosition -> Formula ;

  -- (daylightHoursInterval ?PLACE ?DAY ?INTERVAL) means that in the 
  -- Region ?PLACE, on the Day indicated by ?DAY, there is daylight 
  -- during the TimeInterval ?INTERVAL.
  fun daylightHoursInterval: El Region -> Desc Day -> El TimeInterval -> Formula ;

  -- (daylightHoursTotal ?PLACE ?DAY ?TIME) means that in the Region 
  -- ?PLACE, on the Day indicated by ?DAY, there is daylight for a 
  -- total TimeDuration ?LENGTH.
  fun daylightHoursTotal: El Region -> Desc Day -> El TimeDuration -> Formula ;

  -- (dependentGeopoliticalArea 
  -- ?AREA1 ?AREA2) means that ?AREA1 is a geopolitical possession of the 
  -- GeopoliticalArea ?AREA2 and is not a geopoliticalSubdivision of 
  -- ?AREA2. For example, (dependentGeopoliticalArea Guam UnitedStates), 
  -- because Guam is a territory of the UnitedStates, not one of the fifty 
  -- U.S. states. Contrast primaryGeopoliticalSubdivision.
  fun dependentGeopoliticalArea : El GeographicArea -> El Agent -> Formula ;

  -- (drySeasonInArea ?AREA ?INTERVAL) 
  -- means that in the GeographicArea ?AREA, the dry season occurs 
  -- during the TimeInterval ?INTERVAL. For example, (drySeasonInArea 
  -- Angola (RecurringTimeIntervalFn May October)).
  fun drySeasonInArea: El GeographicArea -> Desc TimeInterval -> Formula ;

  -- The altitude of an object
  -- above the sea level of PlanetEarth
  fun earthAltitude : El Physical -> El Physical -> El LengthMeasure -> Formula ;

  -- (elevation ?OBJECT ?HEIGHT) means that the 
  -- physical Object ?OBJECT is located on the surface of PlanetEarth 
  -- at the vertical distance ?HEIGHT above (or below, for a negative 
  -- quantity) SeaLevel. ?OBJECT may be a superficialPart of Earth's 
  -- surface, such as a GeographicArea. Elevation is measured from 
  -- SeaLevel to the vertical top of the object.
  fun elevation : El Object -> El LengthMeasure -> Formula ;

  -- (environmentalProblemTypeInArea ?AREA ?PROBLEM) means that 
  -- objects or processes of type ?PROBLEM is an environmental 
  -- problem in the GeographicArea ?AREA.
  fun environmentalProblemTypeInArea: El GeographicArea -> Desc Physical -> Formula ;

  -- The relation between WaterMotion Processes
  -- and the region in which they occur continuously over at least hours, but
  -- typically months or years. A water balloon bursting and flowing downhill
  -- would not use this relation, because there would be no StreamWaterArea
  -- to relate to.
  fun flowCurrent : El WaterMotion -> El WaterArea -> Formula ;

  -- (groundSubsurfaceType ?area ?subsoil) 
  -- means that the predominant Substance in the subsoil or subsurface layer of 
  -- the LandArea ?area is of type ?subsoil.
  fun groundSubsurfaceType: El LandArea -> Desc Substance -> Formula ;

  -- (%&groundSurfaceType ?area ?substance) means 
  -- that the predominant Substance at the ground surface of the LandArea ?area is ?substance.
  fun groundSurfaceType: El LandArea -> Desc Substance -> Formula ;

  -- (headingWRTCompassNorth ?OBJ ?DEGREE) 
  -- means that the front_to_back axis of the Object ?OBJ points in 
  -- the direction ?DEGREE, according to the compass carried by ?OBJ.
  fun headingWRTCompassNorth : El Object -> El PlaneAngleMeasure -> Formula ;

  -- (headingWRTMagneticNorth ?OBJ ?DEGREE) 
  -- means that the front_to_back axis of the Object ?OBJ points in 
  -- the direction ?DEGREE, with respect to magnetic North.
  fun headingWRTMagneticNorth : El Object -> El PlaneAngleMeasure -> Formula ;

  -- (headingWRTTrueNorth ?OBJ ?DEGREE) 
  -- means that the front_to_back axis of the Object ?OBJ points in 
  -- the direction ?DEGREE, with respect to true North.
  fun headingWRTTrueNorth : El Object -> El PlaneAngleMeasure -> Formula ;

  -- (highAltitudeWindSpeed ?PLACE ?RATE) means that the Wind 
  -- blowing above 25,000 feet at ?PLACE has a speed of ?RATE.
  fun highAltitudeWindSpeed : El Object -> El ConstantQuantity -> Formula ;

  -- (highAltitudeWindVelocity ?PLACE ?SPEED ?TOWARD) means that the 
  -- Wind blowing above 25,000 feet at ?PLACE has a speed of ?SPEED 
  -- and is moving toward the DirectionalAttribute ?TOWARD.
  fun highAltitudeWindVelocity : El Object -> El PhysicalQuantity -> El DirectionalAttribute -> Formula ;

  -- (highTide ?PLACE ?TIME ?AMOUNT) means that 
  -- there is a HighTide at the Region ?PLACE at the TimeInterval ?TIME 
  -- with the relative height ?AMOUNT. The height is given in relation to 
  -- the datum on a standard chart.
  fun highTide : El Region -> El TimeInterval -> El LengthMeasure -> Formula ;

  -- (highestTemperatureForPeriod ?PLACE ?PERIOD ?AMOUNT) means that 
  -- at the GeographicArea ?PLACE, during the TimeDuration ?PERIOD, 
  -- the highest temperature was ?AMOUNT. Temperature may be expressed 
  -- in some UnitOfTemperature, including CelsiusDegree and 
  -- FahrenheitDegree, among others.
  fun highestTemperatureForPeriod : El GeographicArea -> El TimeDuration -> El TemperatureMeasure -> Formula ;

  -- (hotSeasonInArea ?AREA ?INTERVAL) 
  -- means that in the GeographicArea ?AREA, the hot season occurs 
  -- during the TimeInterval ?INTERVAL. For example, (hotSeasonInArea 
  -- Angola (RecurringTimeIntervalFn November April)).
  fun hotSeasonInArea: El GeographicArea -> Desc TimeInterval -> Formula ;

  -- (irrigatedLandArea ?REGION ?AMOUNT) 
  -- means that the GeographicArea ?REGION has the ?AMOUNT of irrigated land. 
  -- ?AMOUNT may be expressed in physical units or with a percent or fraction.
  fun irrigatedLandArea : El GeographicArea -> El ConstantQuantity -> Formula ;

  -- (landAreaOnly ?REGION ?MEASURE) means 
  -- that the total area(s) of solid ground within the GeographicArea 
  -- ?REGION has the AreaMeasure ?AMOUNT. The pieces of solid ground need 
  -- not be continuous within the region.
  fun landAreaOnly : El GeographicArea -> El AreaMeasure -> Formula ;

  -- (lowAltitudeWindSpeed ?PLACE ?RATE) means that the Wind blowing 
  -- between 500_10,000 feet at ?PLACE has a speed of ?RATE. Wind speed 
  -- may be expressed in knots (KnotUnitOfSpeed) or as any distance per 
  -- time unit (using (SpeedFn ?DISTANCE ?TIME)).
  fun lowAltitudeWindSpeed : El Object -> El PhysicalQuantity -> Formula ;

  -- (lowAltitudeWindVelocity ?PLACE ?SPEED ?DIRECTION) means that the 
  -- low_altitude Wind blowing at ?PLACE has a speed of ?SPEED and comes 
  -- from the compass point ?DIRECTION. Low_altitude wind is wind blowing 
  -- between 500_10,000 feet.
  fun lowAltitudeWindVelocity : El Object -> El PhysicalQuantity -> El DirectionalAttribute -> Formula ;

  -- (lowTide ?PLACE ?TIME ?AMOUNT) means that 
  -- there is a LowTide at the Region ?PLACE at the TimeInterval ?TIME 
  -- with the relative height ?AMOUNT. The height is given in relation to 
  -- the datum on a standard chart.
  fun lowTide : El Region -> El TimeInterval -> El LengthMeasure -> Formula ;

  -- (lowestTemperatureForPeriod ?PLACE ?PERIOD ?AMOUNT) means that 
  -- at the GeographicArea ?PLACE, during the TimeDuration ?PERIOD, 
  -- the highest temperature was ?AMOUNT. Temperature may be expressed 
  -- in some UnitOfTemperature, including CelsiusDegree and 
  -- FahrenheitDegree, among others.
  fun lowestTemperatureForPeriod : El GeographicArea -> El TimeDuration -> El TemperatureMeasure -> Formula ;

  -- (magneticVariation ?AREA ?DEGREE ?DIRECTION) means that in the 
  -- GeographicArea ?AREA, the magnetic variation of a compass from 
  -- 000 degrees true is ?DEGREE AngularDegrees in ?DIRECTION (East 
  -- or West).
  fun magneticVariation : El GeographicArea -> El PlaneAngleMeasure -> El DirectionalAttribute -> Formula ;

  -- (mapOfArea ?AREA ?POINTER) means that a map 
  -- of the Region ?AREA can be found at the location ?POINTER.
  fun mapOfArea : El Region -> El SymbolicString -> Formula ;

  -- (maritimeClaimType ?POLITY ?TYPE)
  -- means that the GeopoliticalArea ?POLITY claims rights over a 
  -- MaritimeClaimArea of ?TYPE.
  fun maritimeClaimType: El GeopoliticalArea -> Desc MaritimeClaimArea -> Formula ;

  -- (meanSeaLevel ?place ?measure) means that the Mean Sea 
  -- Level (MSL) at ?place is ?measure. ?measure is a distance representing the sea level 
  -- at ?place measured against a benchmark (and averaged over a long time). MSL is measured 
  -- by tide gauges for maritime purposes, while geodesists use the difference between the 
  -- local sea surface and an ideal level ocean surface (the geoid).
  fun meanSeaLevel : El GeographicArea -> El LengthMeasure -> Formula ;

  -- (mediumAltitudeWindSpeed ?PLACE ?RATE) means that the Wind 
  -- blowing between 10,000_25,000 feet at ?PLACE has a speed of ?RATE.
  fun mediumAltitudeWindSpeed : El Object -> El ConstantQuantity -> Formula ;

  -- (mediumAltitudeWindVelocity ?PLACE ?SPEED ?TOWARD) means that the 
  -- Wind blowing between 10,000_25,000 feet at ?PLACE has a speed of 
  -- ?SPEED and is moving toward the DirectionalAttribute ?TOWARD.
  fun mediumAltitudeWindVelocity : El Object -> El PhysicalQuantity -> El DirectionalAttribute -> Formula ;

  -- (naturalHazardTypeInArea ?AREA ?TYPE) means that in the 
  -- GeographicArea ?AREA, Processes of ?TYPE occur with some 
  -- frequency and may cause damage or danger to human lives and property.
  fun naturalHazardTypeInArea: El GeographicArea -> Desc Physical -> Formula ;

  -- (naturalResourceTypeInArea ?REGION ?TYPE) means that the 
  -- GeographicArea ?REGION has resources of the kind ?TYPE.
  fun naturalResourceTypeInArea: El GeographicArea -> Desc Object -> Formula ;

  -- (objectGeographicCoordinates ?OBJECT ?LAT ?LONG) means that 
  -- the Object ?OBJECT is found at the geographic coordinates 
  -- ?LAT and ?LONG.
  fun objectGeographicCoordinates : El Object -> El Latitude -> El Longitude -> Formula ;

  -- (oppositeDirection ?DIR1 ?DIR2) 
  -- means that the PositionalAttribute ?DIR1 points in the compass 
  -- direction opposite to the DirectionalAttribute ?DIR2.
  fun oppositeDirection : El PositionalAttribute -> El PositionalAttribute -> Formula ;

  -- (orbits ?SATELLITE ?FOCUS) means that the Object 
  -- ?SATELLITE revolves around the AstronomicalBody ?FOCUS.
  fun orbits : El Object -> El AstronomicalBody -> Formula ;

  -- This predicate is used to represent information from the CIA 
  -- World Fact Book. (otherLandUseArea ?REGION ?AMOUNT) means that 
  -- in the GeographicArea ?REGION, the ?AMOUNT of land has some 
  -- use other than planting seasonal or permanent crops. ?AMOUNT may be 
  -- expressed in physical units or with a percent or fraction. See also 
  -- arableLandArea and permanentLandArea.
  fun otherLandUseArea : El GeographicArea -> El ConstantQuantity -> Formula ;

  -- (overcastDaysInPeriod ?AREA ?PERIOD ?NUMBER) means that during the 
  -- time ?PERIOD, the GeographicArea ?AREA experienced ?NUMBER of 
  -- OvercastWeather days.
  fun overcastDaysInPeriod : El GeographicArea -> El TimeDuration -> El NonnegativeRealNumber -> Formula ;

  -- (partyToAgreement ?AGENT ?PROP) 
  -- means that the Agent ?AGENT has committed to the agreement ?PROP.
  fun partyToAgreement : El Agent -> El Proposition -> Formula ;

  -- (permanentCropLandArea ?REGION ?AMOUNT) means that the GeographicArea 
  -- ?REGION has ?AMOUNT of land under cultivation with crops that are not 
  -- replanted after each harvest. This includes orchards, vineyards, coffee 
  -- and rubber plantations. Timberland is excluded. ?AMOUNT may be expressed 
  -- in physical units or with a percent or fraction. Cf. permanentCropLandArea.
  fun permanentCropLandArea : El GeographicArea -> El ConstantQuantity -> Formula ;

  -- (precipitationAmount ?EVENT ?AMOUNT) means that in the 
  -- Precipitation process ?EVENT, the quantity of precipitation 
  -- that fell was ?AMOUNT.
  fun precipitationAmount : El Precipitation -> El ConstantQuantity -> Formula ;

  -- (precipitationRate ?EVENT ?RATE) means that in the 
  -- Precipitation ?EVENT, the precipitation falls at a rate 
  -- of ?RATE.
  fun precipitationRate : El Precipitation -> El FunctionQuantity -> Formula ;

  -- (precipitationState ?EVENT ?STATE) means that in the Precipitation 
  -- ?EVENT, the stuff falling is in the PhysicalState ?STATE (e.g., 
  -- Liquid or Solid ice).
  fun precipitationState : El WeatherProcess -> El PhysicalState -> Formula ;

  -- (rainySeasonInArea ?AREA ?INTERVAL) 
  -- means that in the GeographicArea ?AREA, the rainy or wet season occurs 
  -- during the TimeInterval ?INTERVAL. For example, (rainySeasonInArea 
  -- Angola (RecurringTimeIntervalFn November April)).
  fun rainySeasonInArea: El GeographicArea -> Desc TimeInterval -> Formula ;

  -- (regionalIssue ?AREA ?ISSUE) means 
  -- that the AreaOfConcern ?ISSUE is relevant to a problem in the 
  -- GeographicArea ?AREA.
  fun regionalIssue : El GeographicArea -> El AreaOfConcern -> Formula ;

  -- (relativeBearing ?OBJ1?OBJ2 ?DEGREES) 
  -- means that ?OBJ1 and ?OBJ2 are separated by the amount ?DEGREES of 
  -- PlaneAngleMeasure.
  fun relativeBearing : El Object -> El Object -> El PlaneAngleMeasure -> Formula ;

  -- (relativeHumidity ?AREA ?AMOUNT) 
  -- means that the amount of moisture in the air at ?AREA is ?AMOUNT. 
  -- Relative humidity expresses the amount of moisture as a percentage, 
  -- or ratio, between the actual moisture saturation of the air compared 
  -- to the potential moisture saturation of the air. At full (potential) 
  -- saturation, precipitation would occur.
  fun relativeHumidity : El Object -> El NonnegativeRealNumber -> Formula ;

  -- (seaSurfaceTemperature ?AREA ?TEMP) means that the 
  -- temperature of the sea surface at ?AREA is ?TEMP. 
  -- Temperature may be expressed in some UnitOfTemperature, 
  -- including CelsiusDegree and FahrenheitDegree, among others.
  fun seaSurfaceTemperature : El WaterArea -> El ConstantQuantity -> Formula ;

  -- The length of the boundary 
  -- between two GeographicRegions.
  fun sharedBorderLength : El GeographicRegion -> El GeographicRegion -> El LengthMeasure -> Formula ;

  -- (slopeGradient ?AREA ?SLOPE) means that 
  -- in the LandArea ?AREA there is an incline of ?slope, where ?SLOPE is 
  -- the percent of vertical rise over horizontal distance. slopeGradient 
  -- gives an approximate value for nonzero slope over ?AREA, without regard 
  -- to orientation. For example, (slopeGradient ?AREA 0.10) means that 
  -- there is a 10% incline across the area, without specifying the 
  -- orientation in which the land rises or falls. Also see 
  -- slopeGradientTowardsOrientation.
  fun slopeGradient : El LandArea -> El NonnegativeRealNumber -> Formula ;

  -- (slopeGradientTowardsOrientation ?AREA ?DIRECTION ?SLOPE) means that 
  -- in the LandArea ?AREA, there is an incline of ?SLOPE towards the 
  -- DirectionalAttribute ?DIRECTION. ?SLOPE is a RationalNumber 
  -- representing the percent of vertical rise over horizontal distance.
  fun slopeGradientTowardsOrientation : El LandArea -> El DirectionalAttribute -> El RationalNumber -> Formula ;

  -- (streamOutfall ?WATER ?RIVER) means that 
  -- the WaterArea ?MOUTH is the outfall of the River ?RIVER.
  fun streamOutfall : El WaterArea -> El River -> Formula ;

  -- (surfaceWindDirection ?PLACE ?DIRECTION) means that at ?PLACE 
  -- the wind is coming from the compass point ?DIRECTION. For example, 
  -- (surfaceWindDirection SanFranciscoBay Northwest) means that the 
  -- wind in San Francisco Bay is coming from the Northwest. The wind is 
  -- within 500 feet of Earth's surface.
  fun surfaceWindDirection : El Object -> El DirectionalAttribute -> Formula ;

  -- (surfaceWindSpeed ?PLACE ?RATE) 
  -- means that the speed of the surface Wind at the GeographicArea 
  -- ?PLACE is ?RATE. Wind speed may be expressed in knots (KnotUnitOfSpeed) 
  -- or as any distance per time unit (using (SpeedFn ?DISTANCE ?TIME)). 
  -- Surface wind is found at the surface of the planet, everyday wind. 
  -- Technically, Winds moving through the atmosphere up to an altitude 
  -- of 500 feet.
  fun surfaceWindSpeed : El Object -> El PhysicalQuantity -> Formula ;

  -- (surfaceWindVelocity ?PLACE ?SPEED ?TOWARD) means that the 
  -- surface Wind blowing at ?PLACE has a speed of ?SPEED and is moving 
  -- toward the DirectionalAttribute ?TOWARD. Surface wind is found at the 
  -- surface of the planet, everyday wind. Technically, Winds moving 
  -- through the atmosphere up to an altitude of 500 feet.
  fun surfaceWindVelocity : El Object -> El PhysicalQuantity -> El DirectionalAttribute -> Formula ;

  -- (terrainInArea ?AREA ?ATTRIBUTE) 
  -- means that the GeographicArea ?AREA is or includes a region with 
  -- the features of TerrainArea ?ATTRIBUTE.
  fun terrainInArea : El GeographicArea -> El TerrainAttribute -> Formula ;

  -- (totalArea ?REGION ?AMOUNT) means that 
  -- the total area of ?REGION is the AreaMeasure ?AMOUNT.
  fun totalArea : El Region -> El AreaMeasure -> Formula ;

  -- (totalBiomass ?PLACE ?MASS) means that the 
  -- total amount (in weight or volume) of living matter in the Region 
  -- ?PLACE is ?MASS.
  fun totalBiomass : El GeographicArea -> El PhysicalQuantity -> Formula ;

  -- (totalCoastline ?AREA ?COASTLENGTH) 
  -- means that the total length of all boundaries between the GeographicArea 
  -- ?AREA and the ocean is the LengthMeasure ?COASTLENGTH. The coastline 
  -- counted may be discontinuous and may even be along different oceans (as 
  -- in Columbia). A totalCoastline of zero indicates a LandlockedArea. 
  -- Note that only Ocean coastlines are counted, not any shores with inland 
  -- waters.
  fun totalCoastline : El GeographicArea -> El LengthMeasure -> Formula ;

  -- (totalLandBoundary ?REGION ?LENGTH) 
  -- means that the GeographicArea ?REGION has a total LengthMeasure 
  -- ?LENGTH of land boundaries between it and other countries. Note that 
  -- the boundaries included in the total length may be discontinuous, as when 
  -- interrupted by stretches of Seacoast.
  fun totalLandBoundary : El GeographicArea -> El LengthMeasure -> Formula ;

  -- (totalPrecipitationForPeriod ?PLACE ?PERIOD ?AMOUNT) means that 
  -- at the GeographicArea ?PLACE, and during the TimeDuration ?PERIOD, 
  -- the total amount of precipitation was ?AMOUNT.
  fun totalPrecipitationForPeriod : El GeographicArea -> El TimeDuration -> El ConstantQuantity -> Formula ;

  -- (unratifiedSignatoryToAgreement ?AGENT ?PROP) means that 
  -- the Agent ?AGENT has signed a document to begin the process of 
  -- committing to the Agreement ?PROP, but that a ratification 
  -- process required to complete the commitment has not yet occurred.
  fun unratifiedSignatoryToAgreement : El Agent -> El Proposition -> Formula ;

  -- (vegetationType ?area ?type) associates 
  -- a particular GeographicArea with a type of Plant that is found there.
  fun vegetationType : El GeographicArea -> Desc Plant -> Formula ;

  -- (vegetationTypePattern ?AREA ?TYPE ?DENSITY) means that in the 
  -- GeographicArea ?AREA the Plant ?TYPE is found with ?DENSITY.
  fun vegetationTypePattern: El GeographicArea -> Desc Plant -> El Attribute -> Formula ;

  -- (warmSeasonInArea ?AREA ?INTERVAL) 
  -- means that in the GeographicArea ?AREA, the warm season occurs 
  -- during the TimeInterval ?INTERVAL.
  fun warmSeasonInArea: El GeographicArea -> Desc TimeInterval -> Formula ;

  -- (waterAreaOnly ?REGION ?MEASURE) means 
  -- that the total area(s) of surface water within the GeographicArea 
  -- ?REGION has the AreaMeasure ?AMOUNT. The pieces of water need not be 
  -- continuous within the region.
  fun waterAreaOnly : El GeographicArea -> El AreaMeasure -> Formula ;

  -- (waterDepth ?AREA ?LENGTH) means that the 
  -- depth of water at the Region ?AREA is ?LENGTH.
  fun waterDepth : El WaterArea -> El LengthMeasure -> Formula ;

  -- (windRelativePosition ?OBJECT ?POSITION) means that the Wind blows 
  -- at ?OBJECT from the relative vector ?POSITION. E.g., Crosswind, 
  -- Headwind, Tailwind.
  fun windRelativePosition : El Object -> El Attribute -> Formula ;

}