diagrams-lib-0.7: src/Diagrams/Trail.hs
{-# LANGUAGE DeriveFunctor #-}
{-# LANGUAGE EmptyDataDecls #-}
{-# LANGUAGE FlexibleContexts #-}
{-# LANGUAGE FlexibleInstances #-}
{-# LANGUAGE GADTs #-}
{-# LANGUAGE GeneralizedNewtypeDeriving #-}
{-# LANGUAGE MultiParamTypeClasses #-}
{-# LANGUAGE ScopedTypeVariables #-}
{-# LANGUAGE StandaloneDeriving #-}
{-# LANGUAGE TypeFamilies #-}
{-# LANGUAGE TypeOperators #-}
{-# LANGUAGE UndecidableInstances #-}
{-# LANGUAGE ViewPatterns #-}
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- |
-- Module : Diagrams.Trail
-- Copyright : (c) 2013 diagrams-lib team (see LICENSE)
-- License : BSD-style (see LICENSE)
-- Maintainer : diagrams-discuss@googlegroups.com
--
-- This module defines /trails/, translationally invariant paths
-- through space. Trails form a central part of the diagrams-lib API,
-- so the documentation for this module merits careful study.
--
-- Related modules include:
--
-- * The 'TrailLike' class ("Diagrams.TrailLike") exposes a generic
-- API for building a wide range of things out of trails.
--
-- * 'Path's ("Diagrams.Path") are collections of 'Located'
-- ("Diagrams.Located") trails.
--
-- * Trails are composed of 'Segment's (see "Diagrams.Segment"),
-- though most users should not need to work with segments directly.
--
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
module Diagrams.Trail
(
-- * Type definitions
-- ** Lines and loops
Trail'(..)
, glueLine
, closeLine
, cutLoop
-- ** Generic trails
, Trail(..)
, wrapTrail, wrapLine, wrapLoop
, onTrail, onLine
, glueTrail, closeTrail, cutTrail
-- * Constructing trails
, emptyLine, emptyTrail
, lineFromVertices, trailFromVertices
, lineFromOffsets, trailFromOffsets
, lineFromSegments, trailFromSegments
-- * Eliminating trails
, withTrail', withTrail, withLine
, isLineEmpty, isTrailEmpty
, isLine, isLoop
, trailSegments, lineSegments, loopSegments
, onLineSegments
, trailOffsets, trailOffset
, lineOffsets, lineOffset, loopOffsets
, trailVertices, lineVertices, loopVertices
, fixTrail
-- * Modifying trails
, reverseTrail, reverseLocTrail
, reverseLine, reverseLocLine
, reverseLoop, reverseLocLoop
-- * Internals
-- $internals
-- ** Type tags
, Line, Loop
-- ** Segment trees
, SegTree(..), trailMeasure, numSegs, offset
) where
import Control.Arrow ((***))
import Data.AffineSpace
import Data.FingerTree (FingerTree, ViewL (..), ViewR (..), (<|),
(|>))
import qualified Data.FingerTree as FT
import qualified Data.Foldable as F
import Data.Monoid.MList
import Data.Semigroup
import Data.VectorSpace hiding (Sum (..))
import qualified Numeric.Interval as I
import Diagrams.Core hiding ((|>))
import Diagrams.Located
import Diagrams.Parametric
import Diagrams.Segment
-- $internals
--
-- Most users of diagrams should not need to use anything in this
-- section directly, but they are exported on the principle that we
-- can't forsee what uses people might have for them.
------------------------------------------------------------
-- FingerTree instances
------------------------------------------------------------
type instance V (FingerTree m a) = V a
instance ( HasLinearMap (V a), InnerSpace (V a), OrderedField (Scalar (V a))
, FT.Measured m a, Transformable a
)
=> Transformable (FingerTree m a) where
transform = FT.fmap' . transform
------------------------------------------------------------
-- Segment trees -----------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------
-- | A @SegTree@ represents a sequence of closed segments, stored in a
-- fingertree so we can easily recover various monoidal measures of
-- the segments (number of segments, arc length, envelope...) and
-- also easily slice and dice them according to the measures
-- (/e.g./, split off the smallest number of segments from the
-- beginning which have a combined arc length of at least 5).
newtype SegTree v = SegTree
{ getSegTree :: FingerTree (SegMeasure v) (Segment Closed v) }
deriving (Eq, Ord, Show)
type instance V (SegTree v) = v
deriving instance (OrderedField (Scalar v), InnerSpace v)
=> Monoid (SegTree v)
deriving instance (OrderedField (Scalar v), InnerSpace v)
=> FT.Measured (SegMeasure v) (SegTree v)
deriving instance (HasLinearMap v, InnerSpace v, OrderedField (Scalar v))
=> Transformable (SegTree v)
type instance Codomain (SegTree v) = v
instance (InnerSpace v, OrderedField (Scalar v), RealFrac (Scalar v))
=> Parametric (SegTree v) where
atParam t p = offset . fst $ splitAtParam t p
instance Num (Scalar v) => DomainBounds (SegTree v)
instance (InnerSpace v, OrderedField (Scalar v), RealFrac (Scalar v), Num (Scalar v))
=> EndValues (SegTree v)
instance (InnerSpace v, RealFrac (Scalar v), Floating (Scalar v))
=> Sectionable (SegTree v) where
splitAtParam (SegTree t) p
| p < 0 = case FT.viewl t of
EmptyL -> emptySplit
seg :< t' ->
case seg `splitAtParam` (p * tSegs) of
(seg1, seg2) -> ( SegTree $ FT.singleton seg1
, SegTree $ seg2 <| t'
)
| p >= 1 = case FT.viewr t of
EmptyR -> emptySplit
t' :> seg ->
case seg `splitAtParam` (1 - (1 - p)*tSegs) of
(seg1, seg2) -> ( SegTree $ t' |> seg1
, SegTree $ FT.singleton seg2
)
| otherwise = case FT.viewl after of
EmptyL -> emptySplit
seg :< after' ->
case seg `splitAtParam` (snd . properFraction $ p * tSegs) of
(seg1, seg2) -> ( SegTree $ before |> seg1
, SegTree $ seg2 <| after'
)
where
(before, after) = FT.split ((p * tSegs <) . numSegs) t
tSegs = numSegs t
emptySplit = (SegTree t, SegTree t)
-- XXX seems like it should be possible to collapse some of the
-- above cases into one?
instance (InnerSpace v, OrderedField (Scalar v), RealFrac (Scalar v))
=> HasArcLength (SegTree v) where
arcLengthBounded eps t
-- Use the cached value if it is accurate enough; otherwise fall
-- back to recomputing a more accurate value
| I.width i <= eps = i
| otherwise = fun (eps / numSegs t)
where
i = trailMeasure (I.singleton 0)
(getArcLengthCached :: ArcLength v -> I.Interval (Scalar v))
t
fun = trailMeasure (const 0)
(getArcLengthFun :: ArcLength v -> Scalar v -> I.Interval (Scalar v))
t
arcLengthToParam eps st@(SegTree t) l
| l < 0 = case FT.viewl t of
EmptyL -> 0
seg :< _ -> arcLengthToParam eps seg l / tSegs
| l >= totalAL = case FT.viewr t of
EmptyR -> 0
t' :> seg ->
let p = arcLengthToParam (eps/2) seg
(l - arcLength (eps/2) (SegTree t'))
in (p - 1)/tSegs + 1
| otherwise = case FT.viewl after of
EmptyL -> 0
seg :< after' ->
let p = arcLengthToParam (eps/2) seg
(l - arcLength (eps/2) (SegTree before))
in (numSegs before + p) / tSegs
where
totalAL = arcLength eps st
tSegs = numSegs t
before, after :: FingerTree (SegMeasure v) (Segment Closed v)
(before, after) = FT.split ((>= l) . trailMeasure 0 (I.midpoint . (getArcLengthBounded eps :: ArcLength v -> I.Interval (Scalar v)))) t
-- | Given a default result (to be used in the case of an empty
-- trail), and a function to map a single measure to a result,
-- extract the given measure for a trail and use it to compute a
-- result. Put another way, lift a function on a single measure
-- (along with a default value) to a function on an entire trail.
trailMeasure :: ( InnerSpace v, OrderedField (Scalar v)
, SegMeasure v :>: m, FT.Measured (SegMeasure v) t
)
=> a -> (m -> a) -> t -> a
trailMeasure d f = option d f . get . FT.measure
-- | Compute the number of segments of anything measured by
-- 'SegMeasure' (/e.g./ @SegMeasure@ itself, @Segment@, @SegTree@,
-- @Trail@s...)
numSegs :: ( Floating (Scalar v), Num c, Ord (Scalar v), InnerSpace v,
FT.Measured (SegMeasure v) a
)
=> a -> c
numSegs = fromIntegral . trailMeasure 0 (getSum . getSegCount)
-- | Compute the total offset of anything measured by 'SegMeasure'.
offset :: ( Floating (Scalar v), Ord (Scalar v), InnerSpace v,
FT.Measured (SegMeasure v) t
)
=> t -> v
offset = trailMeasure zeroV (getTotalOffset . oeOffset)
------------------------------------------------------------
-- Trails ------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------
-- Eventually we should use DataKinds for this, but not until we drop
-- support for GHC 7.4.
-- | Type tag for trails with distinct endpoints.
data Line
-- | Type tag for \"loopy\" trails which return to their starting
-- point.
data Loop
--------------------------------------------------
-- The Trail' type
-- | Intuitively, a trail is a single, continuous path through space.
-- However, a trail has no fixed starting point; it merely specifies
-- /how/ to move through space, not /where/. For example, \"take
-- three steps forward, then turn right twenty degrees and take two
-- more steps\" is an intuitive analog of a trail; these
-- instructions specify a path through space from any given starting
-- location. To be precise, trails are /translation-invariant/;
-- applying a translation to a trail has no effect.
--
-- A @'Located' Trail@, on the other hand, is a trail paired with
-- some concrete starting location (\"start at the big tree on the
-- corner, then take three steps forward, ...\"). See the
-- "Diagrams.Located" module for help working with 'Located' values.
--
-- Formally, the semantics of a trail is a continuous (though not
-- necessarily differentiable) function from the real interval [0,1]
-- to vectors in some vector space. (In contrast, a 'Located' trail
-- is a continuous function from [0,1] to /points/ in some /affine/
-- space.)
--
-- There are two types of trails:
--
-- * A \"line\" (think of the \"train\", \"subway\", or \"bus\"
-- variety, rather than the \"straight\" variety...) is a trail
-- with two distinct endpoints. Actually, a line can have the
-- same start and end points, but it is still /drawn/ as if it had
-- distinct endpoints: the two endpoints will have the appropriate
-- end caps, and the trail will not be filled. Lines have a
-- @Monoid@ instance where @mappend@ corresponds to concatenation,
-- /i.e./ chaining one line after the other.
--
-- * A \"loop\" is required to end in the same place it starts (that
-- is, t(0) = t(1)). Loops are filled and are drawn as one
-- continuous loop, with the appropriate join at the
-- start/endpoint rather than end caps. Loops do not have a
-- @Monoid@ instance.
--
-- To convert between lines and loops, see 'glueLine',
-- 'closeLine', and 'cutLoop'.
--
-- To construct trails, see 'emptyTrail', 'trailFromSegments',
-- 'trailFromVertices', 'trailFromOffsets', and friends. You can
-- also get any type of trail from any function which returns a
-- 'TrailLike' (/e.g./ functions in "Diagrams.TwoD.Shapes", and many
-- others; see "Diagrams.TrailLike").
--
-- To extract information from trails, see 'withLine', 'isLoop',
-- 'trailSegments', 'trailOffsets', 'trailVertices', and friends.
data Trail' l v where
Line :: SegTree v -> Trail' Line v
Loop :: SegTree v -> Segment Open v -> Trail' Loop v
-- | A generic eliminator for 'Trail'', taking functions specifying
-- what to do in the case of a line or a loop.
withTrail' :: (Trail' Line v -> r) -> (Trail' Loop v -> r) -> Trail' l v -> r
withTrail' line loop t@(Line{}) = line t
withTrail' line loop t@(Loop{}) = loop t
deriving instance Show v => Show (Trail' l v)
deriving instance Eq v => Eq (Trail' l v)
deriving instance Ord v => Ord (Trail' l v)
type instance V (Trail' l v) = v
type instance Codomain (Trail' l v) = v
instance (OrderedField (Scalar v), InnerSpace v) => Semigroup (Trail' Line v) where
(Line t1) <> (Line t2) = Line (t1 `mappend` t2)
-- | The empty trail is constantly the zero vector. Trails are
-- composed via concatenation. Note that only lines have a monoid
-- instance (and not loops).
instance (OrderedField (Scalar v), InnerSpace v) => Monoid (Trail' Line v) where
mempty = emptyLine
mappend = (<>)
instance (HasLinearMap v, InnerSpace v, OrderedField (Scalar v))
=> Transformable (Trail' l v) where
transform tr (Line t ) = Line (transform tr t)
transform tr (Loop t s) = Loop (transform tr t) (transform tr s)
-- | The envelope for a trail is based at the trail's start.
instance (InnerSpace v, OrderedField (Scalar v)) => Enveloped (Trail' l v) where
getEnvelope = withTrail' ftEnv (ftEnv . cutLoop)
where
ftEnv :: Trail' Line v -> Envelope v
ftEnv (Line t) = trailMeasure mempty oeEnvelope $ t
instance (HasLinearMap v, InnerSpace v, OrderedField (Scalar v))
=> Renderable (Trail' o v) NullBackend where
render _ _ = mempty
instance (InnerSpace v, OrderedField (Scalar v), RealFrac (Scalar v))
=> Parametric (Trail' l v) where
atParam t p = withTrail'
(\(Line segT) -> segT `atParam` p)
(\l -> cutLoop l `atParam` p')
t
where
pf = snd . properFraction $ p
p' | p >= 0 = pf
| otherwise = 1 + pf
instance Num (Scalar v) => DomainBounds (Trail' l v)
instance (InnerSpace v, OrderedField (Scalar v), RealFrac (Scalar v))
=> EndValues (Trail' l v)
instance (InnerSpace v, RealFrac (Scalar v), Floating (Scalar v))
=> Sectionable (Trail' Line v) where
splitAtParam (Line t) p = (Line t1, Line t2)
where
(t1, t2) = splitAtParam t p
instance (InnerSpace v, OrderedField (Scalar v), RealFrac (Scalar v))
=> HasArcLength (Trail' l v) where
arcLengthBounded eps =
withTrail'
(\(Line t) -> arcLengthBounded eps t)
(arcLengthBounded eps . cutLoop)
arcLengthToParam eps tr l =
withTrail'
(\(Line t) -> arcLengthToParam eps t l)
(\lp -> arcLengthToParam eps (cutLoop lp) l)
tr
--------------------------------------------------
-- The Trail type
-- | @Trail@ is a wrapper around @Trail'@, hiding whether the
-- underlying @Trail'@ is a line or loop (though which it is can be
-- recovered; see /e.g./ 'withTrail').
data Trail v where
Trail :: Trail' l v -> Trail v
deriving instance Show v => Show (Trail v)
instance Eq v => Eq (Trail v) where
t1 == t2 =
withTrail
(\ln1 -> withTrail (\ln2 -> ln1 == ln2) (const False) t2)
(\lp1 -> withTrail (const False) (\lp2 -> lp1 == lp2) t2)
t1
instance Ord v => Ord (Trail v) where
compare t1 t2 =
withTrail
(\ln1 -> withTrail (\ln2 -> compare ln1 ln2) (const LT) t2)
(\lp1 -> withTrail (const GT) (\lp2 -> compare lp1 lp2) t2)
t1
-- | Two @Trail@s are combined by first ensuring they are both lines
-- (using 'cutTrail' on loops) and then concatenating them. The
-- result, in general, is a line. However, there is a special case
-- for the empty line, which acts as the identity (so combining the
-- empty line with a loop results in a loop).
instance (OrderedField (Scalar v), InnerSpace v) => Semigroup (Trail v) where
(Trail (Line (SegTree ft))) <> t2 | FT.null ft = t2
t1 <> (Trail (Line (SegTree ft))) | FT.null ft = t1
t1 <> t2 = flip withLine t1 $ \l1 ->
flip withLine t2 $ \l2 ->
wrapLine (l1 <> l2)
-- | @Trail@s are combined as described in the 'Semigroup' instance;
-- the empty line is the identity element, with special cases so
-- that combining the empty line with a loop results in the
-- unchanged loop (in all other cases loops will be cut). Note that
-- this does, in fact, satisfy the monoid laws, though it is a bit
-- strange. Mostly it is provided for convenience, so one can work
-- directly with @Trail@s instead of working with @Trail' Line@s and
-- then wrapping.
instance (OrderedField (Scalar v), InnerSpace v) => Monoid (Trail v) where
mempty = wrapLine emptyLine
mappend = (<>)
type instance V (Trail v) = v
type instance Codomain (Trail v) = v
instance (HasLinearMap v, InnerSpace v, OrderedField (Scalar v))
=> Transformable (Trail v) where
transform t = onTrail (transform t) (transform t)
instance (InnerSpace v, OrderedField (Scalar v)) => Enveloped (Trail v) where
getEnvelope = withTrail getEnvelope getEnvelope
instance (InnerSpace v, OrderedField (Scalar v), RealFrac (Scalar v))
=> Parametric (Trail v) where
atParam t p = withTrail (`atParam` p) (`atParam` p) t
instance Num (Scalar v) => DomainBounds (Trail v)
instance (InnerSpace v, OrderedField (Scalar v), RealFrac (Scalar v))
=> EndValues (Trail v)
-- | Note that there is no @Sectionable@ instance for @Trail' Loop@,
-- because it does not make sense (splitting a loop at a parameter
-- results in a single line, not two loops). However, it's
-- convenient to have a @Sectionable@ instance for @Trail@; if the
-- @Trail@ contains a loop the loop will first be cut and then
-- @splitAtParam@ called on the resulting line. This is
-- semantically a bit silly, so please don't rely on it. (*E.g.* if
-- this is really the behavior you want, consider first calling
-- 'cutLoop' yourself.)
instance (InnerSpace v, RealFrac (Scalar v), Floating (Scalar v))
=> Sectionable (Trail v) where
splitAtParam t p = withLine ((wrapLine *** wrapLine) . (`splitAtParam` p)) t
instance (InnerSpace v, OrderedField (Scalar v), RealFrac (Scalar v))
=> HasArcLength (Trail v) where
arcLengthBounded = withLine . arcLengthBounded
arcLengthToParam eps tr al = withLine (\ln -> arcLengthToParam eps ln al) tr
--------------------------------------------------
-- Constructors and eliminators for Trail
-- | A generic eliminator for 'Trail', taking functions specifying
-- what to do in the case of a line or a loop.
withTrail :: (Trail' Line v -> r) -> (Trail' Loop v -> r) -> Trail v -> r
withTrail line loop (Trail t) = withTrail' line loop t
-- | Modify a @Trail@, specifying two separate transformations for the
-- cases of a line or a loop.
onTrail :: (Trail' Line v -> Trail' l1 v) -> (Trail' Loop v -> Trail' l2 v)
-> (Trail v -> Trail v)
onTrail o c = withTrail (wrapTrail . o) (wrapTrail . c)
-- | An eliminator for @Trail@ based on eliminating lines: if the
-- trail is a line, the given function is applied; if it is a loop, it
-- is first converted to a line with 'cutLoop'. That is,
--
-- @
-- withLine f === 'withTrail' f (f . 'cutLoop')
-- @
withLine :: (InnerSpace v, OrderedField (Scalar v))
=> (Trail' Line v -> r) -> Trail v -> r
withLine f = withTrail f (f . cutLoop)
-- | Modify a @Trail@ by specifying a transformation on lines. If the
-- trail is a line, the transformation will be applied directly. If
-- it is a loop, it will first be cut using 'cutLoop', the
-- transformation applied, and then glued back into a loop with
-- 'glueLine'. That is,
--
-- @
-- onLine f === onTrail f (glueLine . f . cutLoop)
-- @
--
-- Note that there is no corresponding @onLoop@ function, because
-- there is no nice way in general to convert a line into a loop,
-- operate on it, and then convert back.
onLine :: (InnerSpace v, OrderedField (Scalar v))
=> (Trail' Line v -> Trail' Line v) -> Trail v -> Trail v
onLine f = onTrail f (glueLine . f . cutLoop)
-- | Convert a 'Trail'' into a 'Trail', hiding the type-level
-- distinction between lines and loops.
wrapTrail :: Trail' l v -> Trail v
wrapTrail = Trail
-- | Convert a line into a 'Trail'. This is the same as 'wrapTrail',
-- but with a more specific type, which can occasionally be
-- convenient for fixing the type of a polymorphic expression.
wrapLine :: Trail' Line v -> Trail v
wrapLine = wrapTrail
-- | Convert a loop into a 'Trail'. This is the same as 'wrapTrail',
-- but with a more specific type, which can occasionally be
-- convenient for fixing the type of a polymorphic expression.
wrapLoop :: Trail' Loop v -> Trail v
wrapLoop = wrapTrail
------------------------------------------------------------
-- Constructing trails -----------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------
-- | The empty line, which is the identity for concatenation of lines.
emptyLine :: (InnerSpace v, OrderedField (Scalar v)) => Trail' Line v
emptyLine = Line mempty
-- | A wrapped variant of 'emptyLine'.
emptyTrail :: (InnerSpace v, OrderedField (Scalar v)) => Trail v
emptyTrail = wrapLine emptyLine
-- | Construct a line from a list of closed segments.
lineFromSegments :: (InnerSpace v, OrderedField (Scalar v))
=> [Segment Closed v] -> Trail' Line v
lineFromSegments = Line . SegTree . FT.fromList
-- | @trailFromSegments === 'wrapTrail' . 'lineFromSegments'@, for
-- conveniently constructing a @Trail@ instead of a @Trail'@.
trailFromSegments :: (InnerSpace v, OrderedField (Scalar v))
=> [Segment Closed v] -> Trail v
trailFromSegments = wrapTrail . lineFromSegments
-- | Construct a line containing only linear segments from a list of
-- vectors, where each vector represents the offset from one vertex
-- to the next. See also 'fromOffsets'.
--
-- <<diagrams/lineFromOffsetsEx.svg#diagram=lineFromOffsetsEx&width=300>>
--
-- > import Diagrams.Coordinates
-- > lineFromOffsetsEx = strokeLine $ lineFromOffsets [ 2 & 1, 2 & (-1), 2 & 0.5 ]
lineFromOffsets :: (InnerSpace v, OrderedField (Scalar v))
=> [v] -> Trail' Line v
lineFromOffsets = lineFromSegments . map straight
-- | @trailFromOffsets === 'wrapTrail' . 'lineFromOffsets'@, for
-- conveniently constructing a @Trail@ instead of a @Trail' Line@.
trailFromOffsets :: (InnerSpace v, OrderedField (Scalar v))
=> [v] -> Trail v
trailFromOffsets = wrapTrail . lineFromOffsets
-- | Construct a line containing only linear segments from a list of
-- vertices. Note that only the relative offsets between the
-- vertices matters; the information about their absolute position
-- will be discarded. That is, for all vectors @v@,
--
-- @
-- lineFromVertices === lineFromVertices . 'translate' v
-- @
--
-- If you want to retain the position information, you should
-- instead use the more general 'fromVertices' function to
-- construct, say, a @'Located' ('Trail'' 'Line' v)@ or a @'Located'
-- ('Trail' v)@.
--
-- <<diagrams/lineFromVerticesEx.svg#diagram=lineFromVerticesEx&width=300>>
--
-- > import Diagrams.Coordinates
-- > lineFromVerticesEx = pad 1.1 . centerXY . strokeLine
-- > $ lineFromVertices [origin, 0 & 1, 1 & 2, 5 & 1]
lineFromVertices :: (InnerSpace v, OrderedField (Scalar v))
=> [Point v] -> Trail' Line v
lineFromVertices [] = emptyLine
lineFromVertices [_] = emptyLine
lineFromVertices ps = lineFromSegments . map straight $ zipWith (.-.) (tail ps) ps
-- | @trailFromVertices === 'wrapTrail' . 'lineFromVertices'@, for
-- conveniently constructing a @Trail@ instead of a @Trail' Line@.
trailFromVertices :: (InnerSpace v, OrderedField (Scalar v))
=> [Point v] -> Trail v
trailFromVertices = wrapTrail . lineFromVertices
------------------------------------------------------------
-- Converting between lines and loops --------------------
------------------------------------------------------------
-- | Make a line into a loop by \"gluing\" the endpoint to the
-- starting point. In particular, the offset of the final segment
-- is modified so that it ends at the starting point of the entire
-- trail. Typically, you would first construct a line which you
-- know happens to end where it starts, and then call 'glueLine' to
-- turn it into a loop.
--
-- <<diagrams/glueLineEx.svg#diagram=glueLineEx&width=500>>
--
-- > import Diagrams.Coordinates
-- > glueLineEx = pad 1.1 . hcat' with {sep = 1}
-- > $ [almostClosed # strokeLine, almostClosed # glueLine # strokeLoop]
-- >
-- > almostClosed :: Trail' Line R2
-- > almostClosed = fromOffsets [2 & (-1), (-3) & (-0.5), (-2) & 1, 1 & 0.5]
--
-- @glueLine@ is left inverse to 'cutLoop', that is,
--
-- @
-- glueLine . cutLoop === id
-- @
glueLine :: (InnerSpace v, OrderedField (Scalar v)) => Trail' Line v -> Trail' Loop v
glueLine (Line (SegTree t)) =
case FT.viewr t of
FT.EmptyR -> Loop mempty (Linear OffsetOpen)
t' :> (Linear _) -> Loop (SegTree t') (Linear OffsetOpen)
t' :> (Cubic c1 c2 _) -> Loop (SegTree t') (Cubic c1 c2 OffsetOpen)
-- | @glueTrail@ is a variant of 'glueLine' which works on 'Trail's.
-- It performs 'glueLine' on lines and is the identity on loops.
glueTrail :: (InnerSpace v, OrderedField (Scalar v)) => Trail v -> Trail v
glueTrail = onTrail glueLine id
-- | Make a line into a loop by adding a new linear segment from the
-- line's end to its start.
--
-- @closeLine@ does not have any particularly nice theoretical
-- properties, but can be useful /e.g./ when you want to make a
-- closed polygon out of a list of points where the initial point is
-- not repeated at the end. To use 'glueLine', one would first have
-- to duplicate the initial vertex, like
--
-- @
-- 'glueLine' . 'lineFromVertices' $ ps ++ [head ps]
-- @
--
-- Using @closeLine@, however, one can simply
--
-- @
-- closeLine . lineFromVertices $ ps
-- @
--
-- <<diagrams/closeLineEx.svg#diagram=closeLineEx&width=500>>
--
-- > closeLineEx = pad 1.1 . centerXY . hcat' with {sep = 1}
-- > $ [almostClosed # strokeLine, almostClosed # closeLine # strokeLoop]
closeLine :: Trail' Line v -> Trail' Loop v
closeLine (Line t) = Loop t (Linear OffsetOpen)
-- | @closeTrail@ is a variant of 'closeLine' for 'Trail', which
-- performs 'closeLine' on lines and is the identity on loops.
closeTrail :: Trail v -> Trail v
closeTrail = onTrail closeLine id
-- | Turn a loop into a line by \"cutting\" it at the common start/end
-- point, resulting in a line which just happens to start and end at
-- the same place.
--
-- @cutLoop@ is right inverse to 'glueLine', that is,
--
-- @
-- glueLine . cutLoop === id
-- @
cutLoop :: forall v. (InnerSpace v, OrderedField (Scalar v))
=> Trail' Loop v -> Trail' Line v
cutLoop (Loop (SegTree t) c) =
case (FT.null t, c) of
(True, Linear OffsetOpen) -> emptyLine
(_ , Linear OffsetOpen) -> Line (SegTree (t |> Linear off))
(_ , Cubic c1 c2 OffsetOpen) -> Line (SegTree (t |> Cubic c1 c2 off))
where
offV :: v
offV = negateV . trailMeasure zeroV (getTotalOffset . oeOffset) $ t
off = OffsetClosed offV
-- | @cutTrail@ is a variant of 'cutLoop' for 'Trail'; it is the is
-- the identity on lines and performs 'cutLoop' on loops.
cutTrail :: (InnerSpace v, OrderedField (Scalar v))
=> Trail v -> Trail v
cutTrail = onTrail id cutLoop
------------------------------------------------------------
-- Eliminating trails ------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------
-- | Test whether a line is empty.
isLineEmpty :: (InnerSpace v, OrderedField (Scalar v)) => Trail' Line v -> Bool
isLineEmpty (Line (SegTree t)) = FT.null t
-- | Test whether a trail is empty. Note that loops are never empty.
isTrailEmpty :: (InnerSpace v, OrderedField (Scalar v)) => Trail v -> Bool
isTrailEmpty = withTrail isLineEmpty (const False)
-- | Determine whether a trail is a line.
isLine :: Trail v -> Bool
isLine = not . isLoop
-- | Determine whether a trail is a loop.
isLoop :: Trail v -> Bool
isLoop = withTrail (const False) (const True)
-- | Extract the segments comprising a line.
lineSegments :: Trail' Line v -> [Segment Closed v]
lineSegments (Line (SegTree t)) = F.toList t
-- | Modify a line by applying a function to its list of segments.
onLineSegments
:: (InnerSpace v, OrderedField (Scalar v))
=> ([Segment Closed v] -> [Segment Closed v])
-> Trail' Line v -> Trail' Line v
onLineSegments f = lineFromSegments . f . lineSegments
-- | Extract the segments comprising a loop: a list of closed
-- segments, and one final open segment.
loopSegments :: Trail' Loop v -> ([Segment Closed v], Segment Open v)
loopSegments (Loop (SegTree t) c) = (F.toList t, c)
-- | Extract the segments of a trail. If the trail is a loop it will
-- first have 'cutLoop' applied.
trailSegments :: (InnerSpace v, OrderedField (Scalar v))
=> Trail v -> [Segment Closed v]
trailSegments = withLine lineSegments
-- | Extract the offsets of the segments of a trail.
trailOffsets :: (InnerSpace v, OrderedField (Scalar v)) => Trail v -> [v]
trailOffsets = withLine lineOffsets
-- | Compute the offset from the start of a trail to the end. Satisfies
--
-- @
-- trailOffset === sumV . trailOffsets
-- @
--
-- but is more efficient.
--
-- <<diagrams/trailOffsetEx.svg#diagram=trailOffsetEx&width=300>>
--
-- > trailOffsetEx = (strokeLine almostClosed <> showOffset) # centerXY # pad 1.1
-- > where showOffset = fromOffsets [trailOffset (wrapLine almostClosed)]
-- > # stroke # lc red # lw 0.05
trailOffset :: (InnerSpace v, OrderedField (Scalar v)) => Trail v -> v
trailOffset = withLine lineOffset
-- | Extract the offsets of the segments of a line.
lineOffsets :: (InnerSpace v, OrderedField (Scalar v)) => Trail' Line v -> [v]
lineOffsets = map segOffset . lineSegments
-- | Extract the offsets of the segments of a loop.
loopOffsets :: (InnerSpace v, OrderedField (Scalar v)) => Trail' Loop v -> [v]
loopOffsets = lineOffsets . cutLoop
-- | Compute the offset from the start of a line to the end. (Note,
-- there is no corresponding @loopOffset@ function because by
-- definition it would be constantly zero.)
lineOffset :: (InnerSpace v, OrderedField (Scalar v)) => Trail' Line v -> v
lineOffset (Line t) = trailMeasure zeroV (getTotalOffset . oeOffset) t
-- | Extract the vertices of a concretely located trail. Note that
-- for loops, the starting vertex will /not/ be repeated at the end.
-- If you want this behavior, you can use 'cutTrail' to make the
-- loop into a line first, which happens to repeat the same vertex
-- at the start and end, /e.g./ with @trailVertices . mapLoc
-- cutTrail@.
--
-- Note that it does not make sense to ask for the vertices of a
-- 'Trail' by itself; if you want the vertices of a trail
-- with the first vertex at, say, the origin, you can use
-- @trailVertices . (`at` origin)@.
trailVertices :: (InnerSpace v, OrderedField (Scalar v))
=> Located (Trail v) -> [Point v]
trailVertices (viewLoc -> (p,t))
= withTrail (lineVertices . (`at` p)) (loopVertices . (`at` p)) t
-- | Extract the vertices of a concretely located line. See
-- 'trailVertices' for more information.
lineVertices :: (InnerSpace v, OrderedField (Scalar v))
=> Located (Trail' Line v) -> [Point v]
lineVertices (viewLoc -> (p,t))
= segmentVertices p . lineSegments $ t
-- | Extract the vertices of a concretely located loop. Note that the
-- initial vertex is not repeated at the end. See 'trailVertices' for
-- more information.
loopVertices :: (InnerSpace v, OrderedField (Scalar v))
=> Located (Trail' Loop v) -> [Point v]
loopVertices (viewLoc -> (p,t))
= segmentVertices p . fst . loopSegments $ t
segmentVertices :: AdditiveGroup v => Point v -> [Segment Closed v] -> [Point v]
segmentVertices p = scanl (.+^) p . map segOffset
-- | Convert a concretely located trail into a list of fixed segments.
fixTrail :: (InnerSpace v, OrderedField (Scalar v))
=> Located (Trail v) -> [FixedSegment v]
fixTrail t = zipWith ((mkFixedSeg .) . at)
(trailSegments (unLoc t)) (trailVertices t)
------------------------------------------------------------
-- Modifying trails --------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------
-- | Reverse a trail. Semantically, if a trail given by a function t
-- from [0,1] to vectors, then the reverse of t is given by t'(s) =
-- t(1-s). @reverseTrail@ is an involution, that is,
--
-- @
-- reverseTrail . reverseTrail === id
-- @
reverseTrail :: (InnerSpace v, OrderedField (Scalar v)) => Trail v -> Trail v
reverseTrail = onTrail reverseLine reverseLoop
-- | Reverse a concretely located trail. The endpoint of the original
-- trail becomes the starting point of the reversed trail, so the
-- original and reversed trails comprise exactly the same set of
-- points. @reverseLocTrail@ is an involution, /i.e./
--
-- @
-- reverseLocTrail . reverseLocTrail === id
-- @
reverseLocTrail :: (InnerSpace v, OrderedField (Scalar v))
=> Located (Trail v) -> Located (Trail v)
reverseLocTrail (viewLoc -> (p, t)) = reverseTrail t `at` (p .+^ trailOffset t)
-- | Reverse a line. See 'reverseTrail'.
reverseLine :: (InnerSpace v, OrderedField (Scalar v))
=> Trail' Line v -> Trail' Line v
reverseLine = onLineSegments (reverse . map reverseSegment)
-- | Reverse a concretely located line. See 'reverseLocTrail'.
reverseLocLine :: (InnerSpace v, OrderedField (Scalar v))
=> Located (Trail' Line v) -> Located (Trail' Line v)
reverseLocLine (viewLoc -> (p,l)) = reverseLine l `at` (p .+^ lineOffset l)
-- | Reverse a loop. See 'reverseTrail'.
reverseLoop :: (InnerSpace v, OrderedField (Scalar v))
=> Trail' Loop v -> Trail' Loop v
reverseLoop = glueLine . reverseLine . cutLoop
-- | Reverse a concretely located loop. See 'reverseLocTrail'. Note
-- that this is guaranteed to preserve the location.
reverseLocLoop :: (InnerSpace v, OrderedField (Scalar v))
=> Located (Trail' Loop v) -> Located (Trail' Loop v)
reverseLocLoop = mapLoc reverseLoop