arithmoi-0.2.0.6: Math/NumberTheory/Moduli.hs
-- |
-- Module: Math.NumberTheory.Moduli
-- Copyright: (c) 2011 Daniel Fischer
-- Licence: MIT
-- Maintainer: Daniel Fischer <daniel.is.fischer@googlemail.com>
-- Stability: Provisional
-- Portability: Non-portable (GHC extensions)
--
-- Miscellaneous functions related to modular arithmetic.
--
{-# LANGUAGE CPP, BangPatterns #-}
module Math.NumberTheory.Moduli
( -- * Functions with input check
jacobi
, invertMod
, powerMod
, powerModInteger
-- * Unchecked functions
, jacobi'
, powerMod'
, powerModInteger'
) where
#include "MachDeps.h"
import Data.Word
import Data.Bits
import Data.Array.Unboxed
import Data.Array.Base (unsafeAt)
import Math.NumberTheory.Utils (shiftToOddCount)
-- | Invert a number relative to a modulus.
-- If @number@ and @modulus@ are coprime, the result is
-- @Just inverse@ where
--
-- > (number * inverse) `mod` (abs modulus) == 1
-- > 0 <= inverse < abs modulus
--
-- unless @modulus == 0@ and @abs number == 1@, in which case the
-- result is @Just number@.
-- If @gcd number modulus > 1@, the result is @Nothing@.
invertMod :: Integer -> Integer -> Maybe Integer
invertMod k 0 = if k == 1 || k == (-1) then Just k else Nothing
invertMod k m = wrap $ go False 1 0 m' k'
where
m' = abs m
k' | r < 0 = r+m'
| otherwise = r
where
r = k `rem` m'
wrap x = case (x*k') `rem` m' of
1 -> Just x
_ -> Nothing
-- Calculate modular inverse of k' modulo m' by continued fraction expansion
-- of m'/k', say [a_0,a_1,...,a_s]. Let the convergents be p_j/q_j.
-- Starting from j = -2, the arguments of go are
-- (p_j/q_j) > m'/k', p_{j+1}, p_j, and n, d with n/d = [a_{j+2},...,a_s].
-- Since m'/k' = p_s/q_s, and p_j*q_{j+1} - p_{j+1}*q_j = (-1)^(j+1), we have
-- p_{s-1}*k' - q_{s-1}*m' = (-1)^s * gcd m' k', so if the inverse exists,
-- it is either p_{s-1} or -p_{s-1}, depending on whether s is even or odd.
go !b _ po _ 0 = if b then po else (m'-po)
go b !pn po n d = case n `quotRem` d of
(q,r) -> go (not b) (q*pn+po) pn d r
-- | Jacobi symbol of two numbers.
-- The \"denominator\" must be odd and positive, this condition is checked.
--
-- If both numbers have a common prime factor, the result
-- is @0@, otherwise it is ±1.
{-# SPECIALISE jacobi :: Integer -> Integer -> Int,
Int -> Int -> Int,
Word -> Word -> Int
#-}
jacobi :: (Integral a, Bits a) => a -> a -> Int
jacobi a b
| b < 0 = error "Math.NumberTheory.Moduli.jacobi: negative denominator"
| evenI b = error "Math.NumberTheory.Moduli.jacobi: even denominator"
| b == 1 = 1
| a == 0 = 0
| a == 1 = 1
| otherwise = jacobi' a b -- b odd, > 1, a neither 0 or 1
-- Invariant: b > 1 and odd
-- | Jacobi symbol of two numbers without validity check of
-- the \"denominator\".
{-# SPECIALISE jacobi' :: Integer -> Integer -> Int,
Int -> Int -> Int,
Word -> Word -> Int
#-}
jacobi' :: (Integral a, Bits a) => a -> a -> Int
jacobi' a b
| a == 0 = 0
| a == 1 = 1
| a < 0 = let n | rem4 b == 1 = 1
| otherwise = -1
-- Blech, minBound may pose problems
(z,o) = shiftToOddCount (abs $ toInteger a)
s | evenI z || unsafeAt jac2 (rem8 b) == 1 = n
| otherwise = (-n)
in s*jacobi' (fromInteger o) b
| a >= b = case a `rem` b of
0 -> 0
r -> jacPS 1 r b
| evenI a = case shiftToOddCount a of
(z,o) -> let r = 2 - (rem4 o .&. rem4 b)
s | evenI z || unsafeAt jac2 (rem8 b) == 1 = r
| otherwise = (-r)
in jacOL s b o
| otherwise = case rem4 a .&. rem4 b of
3 -> jacOL (-1) b a
_ -> jacOL 1 b a
-- numerator positive and smaller than denominator
{-# SPECIALISE jacPS :: Int -> Integer -> Integer -> Int,
Int -> Int -> Int -> Int,
Int -> Word -> Word -> Int
#-}
jacPS :: (Integral a, Bits a) => Int -> a -> a -> Int
jacPS !j a b
| evenI a = case shiftToOddCount a of
(z,o) | evenI z || unsafeAt jac2 (rem8 b) == 1 ->
jacOL (if rem4 o .&. rem4 b == 3 then (-j) else j) b o
| otherwise ->
jacOL (if rem4 o .&. rem4 b == 3 then j else (-j)) b o
| otherwise = jacOL (if rem4 a .&. rem4 b == 3 then (-j) else j) b a
-- numerator odd, positive and larger than denominator
{-# SPECIALISE jacOL :: Int -> Integer -> Integer -> Int,
Int -> Int -> Int -> Int,
Int -> Word -> Word -> Int
#-}
jacOL :: (Integral a, Bits a) => Int -> a -> a -> Int
jacOL !j a b
| b == 1 = j
| otherwise = case a `rem` b of
0 -> 0
r -> jacPS j r b
-- | Modular power.
--
-- > powerMod base exponent modulus
--
-- calculates @(base ^ exponent) \`mod\` modulus@ by repeated squaring and reduction.
-- If @exponent < 0@ and @base@ is invertible modulo @modulus@, @(inverse ^ |exponent|) \`mod\` modulus@
-- is calculated. This function does some input checking and sanitation before calling the unsafe worker.
{-# SPECIALISE powerMod :: Integer -> Int -> Integer -> Integer,
Integer -> Word -> Integer -> Integer
#-}
{-# RULES
"powerMod/Integer" powerMod = powerModInteger
#-}
powerMod :: (Integral a, Bits a) => Integer -> a -> Integer -> Integer
powerMod base expo md
| md == 0 = base ^ expo
| md' == 1 = 0
| expo == 0 = 1
| bse' == 1 = 1
| expo < 0 = case invertMod bse' md' of
Just i -> powerMod' i (negate expo) md'
Nothing -> error "Math.NumberTheory.Moduli.powerMod: Base isn't invertible with respect to modulus"
| bse' == 0 = 0
| otherwise = powerMod' bse' expo md'
where
md' = abs md
bse' = if base < 0 || md' <= base then base `mod` md' else base
-- | Modular power worker without input checking.
-- Assumes all arguments strictly positive and modulus greater than 1.
{-# SPECIALISE powerMod' :: Integer -> Int -> Integer -> Integer,
Integer -> Word -> Integer -> Integer
#-}
{-# RULES
"powerMod'/Integer" powerMod' = powerModInteger'
#-}
powerMod' :: (Integral a, Bits a) => Integer -> a -> Integer -> Integer
powerMod' base expo md = go expo 1 base
where
go 1 !a !s = (a*s) `rem` md
go e a s
| testBit e 0 = go (e `shiftR` 1) ((a*s) `rem` md) ((s*s) `rem` md)
| otherwise = go (e `shiftR` 1) a ((s*s) `rem` md)
-- | Specialised version of 'powerMod' for 'Integer' exponents.
-- Reduces the number of shifts of the exponent since shifting
-- large 'Integer's is expensive. Call this function directly
-- if you don't want or can't rely on rewrite rules.
powerModInteger :: Integer -> Integer -> Integer -> Integer
powerModInteger base ex mdl
| mdl == 0 = base ^ ex
| mdl' == 1 = 0
| ex == 0 = 1
| ex < 0 = case invertMod bse' mdl' of
Just i -> powerModInteger' i (negate ex) mdl'
Nothing -> error "Math.NumberTheory.Moduli.powerMod: Base isn't invertible with respect to modulus"
| bse' == 0 = 0
| bse' == 1 = 1
| otherwise = powerModInteger' bse' ex mdl'
where
mdl' = abs mdl
bse' = if base < 0 || mdl' <= base then base `mod` mdl' else base
-- | Specialised worker without input checks. Makes the same assumptions
-- as the general version 'powerMod''.
powerModInteger' :: Integer -> Integer -> Integer -> Integer
powerModInteger' base expo md = go w1 1 base e1
where
w1 = fromInteger expo
e1 = expo `shiftR` 64
#if WORD_SIZE_IN_BITS == 32
-- Shifting large Integers is expensive, hence we reduce the
-- number of shifts by processing in 64-bit chunks.
-- On 32-bit systems, every testBit on a Word64 would be a C-call,
-- thus it is faster to split each Word64 into the constituent 32-bit
-- Words and process those separately.
-- The code becomes ugly, unfortunately.
go :: Word64 -> Integer -> Integer -> Integer -> Integer
go !w !a !s 0 = end a s w
go w a s e = inner1 a s 0
where
wl :: Word
!wl = fromIntegral w
wh :: Word
!wh = fromIntegral (w `shiftR` 32)
inner1 !au !sq 32 = inner2 au sq 0
inner1 au sq i
| testBit wl i = inner1 ((au*sq) `rem` md) ((sq*sq) `rem` md) (i+1)
| otherwise = inner1 au ((sq*sq) `rem` md) (i+1)
inner2 !au !sq 32 = go (fromInteger e) au sq (e `shiftR` 64)
inner2 au sq i
| testBit wh i = inner2 ((au*sq) `rem` md) ((sq*sq) `rem` md) (i+1)
| otherwise = inner2 au ((sq*sq) `rem` md) (i+1)
end !a !s w
| wh == 0 = fin a s wl
| otherwise = innerE a s 0
where
wl :: Word
!wl = fromIntegral w
wh :: Word
!wh = fromIntegral (w `shiftR` 32)
innerE !au !sq 32 = fin au sq wh
innerE au sq i
| testBit wl i = innerE ((au*sq) `rem` md) ((sq*sq) `rem` md) (i+1)
| otherwise = innerE au ((sq*sq) `rem` md) (i+1)
fin :: Integer -> Integer -> Word -> Integer
fin !a !s 1 = (a*s) `rem` md
fin a s w
| testBit w 0 = fin ((a*s) `rem` md) ((s*s) `rem` md) (w `shiftR` 1)
| otherwise = fin a ((s*s) `rem` md) (w `shiftR` 1)
#else
-- WORD_SIZE_IN_BITS == 64, otherwise things wouldn't compile anyway
-- Shorter code since we need not split each 64-bit word.
go :: Word -> Integer -> Integer -> Integer -> Integer
go !w !a !s 0 = end a s w
go w a s e = inner a s 0
where
inner !au !sq 64 = go (fromInteger e) au sq (e `shiftR` 64)
inner au sq i
| testBit w i = inner ((au*sq) `rem` md) ((sq*sq) `rem` md) (i+1)
| otherwise = inner au ((sq*sq) `rem` md) (i+1)
end !a !s 1 = (a*s) `rem` md
end a s w
| testBit w 0 = end ((a*s) `rem` md) ((s*s) `rem` md) (w `shiftR` 1)
| otherwise = end a ((s*s) `rem` md) (w `shiftR` 1)
#endif
-- Utilities
-- For large Integers, going via Int is much faster than bit-fiddling
-- on the Integer, so we do that.
{-# SPECIALISE evenI :: Integer -> Bool,
Int -> Bool,
Word -> Bool
#-}
evenI :: (Integral a, Bits a) => a -> Bool
evenI n = fromIntegral n .&. 1 == (0 :: Int)
{-# SPECIALISE rem4 :: Integer -> Int,
Int -> Int,
Word -> Int
#-}
rem4 :: (Integral a, Bits a) => a -> Int
rem4 n = fromIntegral n .&. 3
{-# SPECIALISE rem8 :: Integer -> Int,
Int -> Int,
Word -> Int
#-}
rem8 :: (Integral a, Bits a) => a -> Int
rem8 n = fromIntegral n .&. 7
jac2 :: UArray Int Int
jac2 = array (0,7) [(0,0),(1,1),(2,0),(3,-1),(4,0),(5,-1),(6,0),(7,1)]