diff --git a/src/Language/XDsp/Implementations/Csound.hs b/src/Language/XDsp/Implementations/Csound.hs
--- a/src/Language/XDsp/Implementations/Csound.hs
+++ b/src/Language/XDsp/Implementations/Csound.hs
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
     ,DoRec
     ,ExtendedDefaultRules
     ,TypeFamilies
+    ,TypeOperators
     ,DeriveDataTypeable
     ,DeriveFunctor
     ,GeneralizedNewtypeDeriving
@@ -11,6 +12,7 @@
     ,FlexibleInstances
     ,TupleSections
     ,OverlappingInstances
+    ,UndecidableInstances
     ,TypeSynonymInstances #-}
 
 module Language.XDsp.Implementations.Csound (
@@ -24,6 +26,8 @@
  ,makeInstrument
  ,TList
  ,unTList'
+ ,mkTbl
+ ,writeCard
  ,module Language.XDsp.Semantics.CsoundExt
 )
 
@@ -221,12 +225,13 @@
 writeCard :: Card -> S n ()
 writeCard = tellSco . card2str
 
-mkTbl :: Int -> Int -> Int -> [Int] -> Card
-mkTbl nm time sz args = Card T . map show $ nm:time:sz:args
+mkTbl :: Int -> Double -> Int -> Int -> [Double] -> Card
+mkTbl nm time sz gen args = Card T $
+  show nm:show time:show sz:show gen:map show args
 
 -- |Create a 0-filled f-statement in the score section.
 mkScoreBuf :: Int -> Int -> S n ()
-mkScoreBuf nm sz = writeCard $ mkTbl nm 0 sz [17,0,0]
+mkScoreBuf nm sz = writeCard $ mkTbl nm 0 sz 17 [0,0]
 
 -- | Holds data on a score item for memoization purposes.
 data CardM = CardM VarType String String deriving (Eq, Ord, Show)
@@ -360,6 +365,10 @@
   genName   :: S n (s, String)
   getVarLbl :: s -> String
 
+instance Varable s => Var s where
+  type VarRep s = String
+  getVarRep s = getVarLbl s
+
 class Varable s => PVar s where
 
 class Varable s => KVar s where
@@ -381,15 +390,23 @@
 instance Dsp (S n) where
   data (ASig (S n)) = S_A CVar
   data (KSig (S n)) = S_K CVar
-  data (INum (S n)) = S_IN CVar
+  data (INum (S n)) = S_I CVar
   getSr    = fst <$> ask
   getKsmps = snd <$> ask
 
 instance Constants (S n) where
-  cnst = return . S_IN . Cnst
+  cnst = return . S_I . Cnst
   ckig = return . S_K . Cnst
   csig = return . S_A . Cnst
 
+instance Cast (S n) where
+  ik ivar = mkOp1 "=" ivar
+  ia ivar = mkOp1 "=" ivar
+  ki kvar = do
+    (out, outname) <- genName
+    tellOrc $ printf "%s = i(%s)\n" outname (getVarLbl kvar)
+    return out
+
 instance Varable (ASig (S n)) where
   genName = do
     SState omap gen imap <- get
@@ -419,8 +436,8 @@
     let num = fromMaybe 1 $ M.lookup I gen
         nm  = 'i' : show num
     put $ SState omap (M.alter (const $ Just (succ num)) I gen) imap
-    return (S_IN $ CVar nm, nm)
-  getVarLbl (S_IN c) = getLbl c
+    return (S_I $ CVar nm, nm)
+  getVarLbl (S_I c) = getLbl c
 
 instance Varable () where
   genName            = return ((), "")
@@ -499,6 +516,7 @@
 
 instance StringVar (S n) where
   data VString (S n) = S_VS CVar
+  fromStr = S_VS . CStr
 
 -- ---------------------------------
 -- ---------------------------------
@@ -507,6 +525,30 @@
   nchnls n   = tellOrc (printf "nchnls = %i\n" n) >> return n
   set0dbfs n = tellOrc (printf "0dbfs = %f\n" n) >> return n
 
+instance CsFunctions (ASig (S n)) where
+  octcps (S_A a) = S_A . CVar $ printf "(octcps(%s))" (getLbl a)
+  octpch (S_A a) = S_A . CVar $ printf "(octpch(%s))" (getLbl a)
+  cpspch (S_A a) = S_A . CVar $ printf "(cpspch(%s))" (getLbl a)
+  cpsoct (S_A a) = S_A . CVar $ printf "(cpsoct(%s))" (getLbl a)
+  pchoct (S_A a) = S_A . CVar $ printf "(pchoct(%s))" (getLbl a)
+  pchcps (S_A a) = S_A . CVar $ printf "(pchcps(%s))" (getLbl a)
+
+instance CsFunctions (KSig (S n)) where
+  octcps (S_K a) = S_K . CVar $ printf "(octcps(%s))" (getLbl a)
+  octpch (S_K a) = S_K . CVar $ printf "(octpch(%s))" (getLbl a)
+  cpspch (S_K a) = S_K . CVar $ printf "(cpspch(%s))" (getLbl a)
+  cpsoct (S_K a) = S_K . CVar $ printf "(cpsoct(%s))" (getLbl a)
+  pchoct (S_K a) = S_K . CVar $ printf "(pchoct(%s))" (getLbl a)
+  pchcps (S_K a) = S_K . CVar $ printf "(pchcps(%s))" (getLbl a)
+
+instance CsFunctions (INum (S n)) where
+  octcps (S_I a) = S_I . CVar $ printf "(octcps(%s))" (getLbl a)
+  octpch (S_I a) = S_I . CVar $ printf "(octpch(%s))" (getLbl a)
+  cpspch (S_I a) = S_I . CVar $ printf "(cpspch(%s))" (getLbl a)
+  cpsoct (S_I a) = S_I . CVar $ printf "(cpsoct(%s))" (getLbl a)
+  pchoct (S_I a) = S_I . CVar $ printf "(pchoct(%s))" (getLbl a)
+  pchcps (S_I a) = S_I . CVar $ printf "(pchcps(%s))" (getLbl a)
+
 -- ---------------------------------
 -- ---------------------------------
 -- Numeric support for signals
@@ -520,7 +562,7 @@
   (S_A a) + (S_A b) = S_A . CVar $ printf "(%s + %s)" (getLbl a) (getLbl b)
   (S_A a) - (S_A b) = S_A . CVar $ printf "(%s - %s)" (getLbl a) (getLbl b)
   (S_A a) * (S_A b) = S_A . CVar $ printf "(%s * %s)" (getLbl a) (getLbl b)
-  abs _       = error "abs called on (ASig (S n))"
+  abs (S_A a)       = S_A . CVar $ printf "(abs %s)" (getLbl a)
   signum      = error "signum called on (ASig (S n))"
   fromInteger = S_A . Cnst . fromInteger
 
@@ -538,7 +580,7 @@
   (S_K a) + (S_K b) = S_K . CVar $ printf "(%s + %s)" (getLbl a) (getLbl b)
   (S_K a) - (S_K b) = S_K . CVar $ printf "(%s - %s)" (getLbl a) (getLbl b)
   (S_K a) * (S_K b) = S_K . CVar $ printf "(%s * %s)" (getLbl a) (getLbl b)
-  abs _       = error "abs called on (KSig (S n))"
+  abs (S_K a)       = S_K . CVar $ printf "(abs %s)" (getLbl a)
   signum      = error "signum called on (KSig (S n))"
   fromInteger = S_K . Cnst . fromInteger
 
@@ -547,26 +589,26 @@
   fromRational = S_K . Cnst . fromRational
 
 instance Show (INum (S n)) where
-  show (S_IN s) = show s
+  show (S_I s) = show s
 
 instance Eq (INum (S n)) where
-  (S_IN a) == (S_IN b) = a == b
+  (S_I a) == (S_I b) = a == b
 
 instance Num (INum (S n)) where
-  (S_IN (Cnst a)) + (S_IN (Cnst b)) = S_IN $ Cnst (a+b)
-  (S_IN a) + (S_IN b) = S_IN . CVar $ printf "(%s + %s)" (getLbl a) (getLbl b)
-  (S_IN (Cnst a)) - (S_IN (Cnst b)) = S_IN $ Cnst (a-b)
-  (S_IN a) - (S_IN b) = S_IN . CVar $ printf "(%s - %s)" (getLbl a) (getLbl b)
-  (S_IN (Cnst a)) * (S_IN (Cnst b)) = S_IN $ Cnst (a*b)
-  (S_IN a) * (S_IN b) = S_IN . CVar $ printf "(%s * %s)" (getLbl a) (getLbl b)
-  abs _       = error "abs called on (INum (S n))"
+  (S_I (Cnst a)) + (S_I (Cnst b)) = S_I $ Cnst (a+b)
+  (S_I a) + (S_I b) = S_I . CVar $ printf "(%s + %s)" (getLbl a) (getLbl b)
+  (S_I (Cnst a)) - (S_I (Cnst b)) = S_I $ Cnst (a-b)
+  (S_I a) - (S_I b) = S_I . CVar $ printf "(%s - %s)" (getLbl a) (getLbl b)
+  (S_I (Cnst a)) * (S_I (Cnst b)) = S_I $ Cnst (a*b)
+  (S_I a) * (S_I b) = S_I . CVar $ printf "(%s * %s)" (getLbl a) (getLbl b)
+  abs (S_I a)        = S_I . CVar $ printf "(abs %s)" (getLbl a)
   signum      = error "signum called on (INum (S n))"
-  fromInteger = S_IN . Cnst . fromInteger
+  fromInteger = S_I . Cnst . fromInteger
 
 instance Fractional (INum (S n)) where
-  (S_IN (Cnst a)) / (S_IN (Cnst b)) = S_IN . Cnst $ a/b
-  (S_IN a) / (S_IN b) = S_IN . CVar $ printf "(%s / %s)" (getLbl a) (getLbl b)
-  fromRational = S_IN . Cnst . fromRational
+  (S_I (Cnst a)) / (S_I (Cnst b)) = S_I . Cnst $ a/b
+  (S_I a) / (S_I b) = S_I . CVar $ printf "(%s / %s)" (getLbl a) (getLbl b)
+  fromRational = S_I . Cnst . fromRational
 
 instance Show s => Show ((S n) s) where
   show s = show $ evalS s defaultRType
@@ -589,6 +631,11 @@
 
 -- ---------------------------------
 -- ---------------------------------
+-- Csound functions
+
+
+-- ---------------------------------
+-- ---------------------------------
 -- core language extensions
 
 -- | supports assignment
@@ -628,21 +675,66 @@
   vbuf lbl sz = do
     (SState cmap gen imap) <- get
     case M.lookup (CKC $ cacheBuf lbl sz) cmap of
-      Just nm -> return $ S_IN nm
+      Just nm -> return $ S_I nm
       Nothing -> do
         bufNum <- mkName T
         mkScoreBuf bufNum sz
         tellHost . HostOut (TblBus sz) lbl $ show bufNum
         let res = Cnst $ fromIntegral bufNum
         cache (CKC $ cacheBuf lbl sz) res
-        return $ S_IN res
+        return $ S_I res
 
+mkOp str l r = printf ("(%s " ++ str ++ " %s)") (getLbl l) (getLbl r)
+
+instance RCmpr (KSig (S n)) where
+  data RBool (KSig (S n)) = K_Bool String
+  req (S_K l) (S_K r) = K_Bool $ mkOp "==" l r
+  rne (S_K l) (S_K r) = K_Bool $ mkOp "!=" l r
+  rlt (S_K l) (S_K r) = K_Bool $ mkOp "<" l r
+  rle (S_K l) (S_K r) = K_Bool $ mkOp "<=" l r
+  rgt (S_K l) (S_K r) = K_Bool $ mkOp ">" l r
+  rge (S_K l) (S_K r) = K_Bool $ mkOp ">=" l r
+
+instance RCmpr (INum (S n)) where
+  data RBool (INum (S n)) = I_Bool String
+  req (S_I l) (S_I r) = I_Bool $ mkOp "==" l r
+  rne (S_I l) (S_I r) = I_Bool $ mkOp "!=" l r
+  rlt (S_I l) (S_I r) = I_Bool $ mkOp "<" l r
+  rle (S_I l) (S_I r) = I_Bool $ mkOp "<=" l r
+  rgt (S_I l) (S_I r) = I_Bool $ mkOp ">" l r
+  rge (S_I l) (S_I r) = I_Bool $ mkOp ">=" l r
+
+instance Varable a => RCtrl (S n) (KSig (S n)) a where
+  rIf (K_Bool b) m = runIf1 b m
+  rIfElse (K_Bool b) m1 m2 = runIf b m1 m2
+
+instance Varable a => RCtrl (S n) (INum (S n)) a where
+  rIf (I_Bool b) m = runIf1 b m
+  rIfElse (I_Bool b) m1 m2 = runIf b m1 m2
+
+runIf1 test m1 = do
+  tellOrc $ printf "if %s then\n" test
+  a <- m1
+  tellOrc "endif\n"
+  return a
+
+runIf test m1 m2 = do
+  tellOrc $ printf "if %s then\n" test
+  a <- m1
+  let aLbl = getVarRep a
+  tellOrc "else\n"
+  b <- m2
+  let bLbl = getVarRep b
+  tellOrc $ printf "%s = %s\n" aLbl bLbl
+  tellOrc "endif\n"
+  return a
+
 -- ---------------------------------
 -- ---------------------------------
 -- Instruments
 
 instance (Nat m, Nat n, Show n, m :>=: n) => NumArgs S m n where
-  getArg n = return . S_IN . CVar $ 'p': show n
+  getArg n = return . S_I . CVar $ 'p': show n
 
 -- | Labelled blocks (basic instrument creation)
 instance LblBlock (S n) where
@@ -711,6 +803,31 @@
 
 -- ---------------------------------
 -- ---------------------------------
+-- Math ops
+
+instance Math (S n) (ASig (S n)) where
+  log2  (S_A a) = asn $ S_A . CVar $ printf "(logbtwo(%s))" (getLbl a)
+  sqrt  (S_A a) = asn $ S_A . CVar $ printf "(sqrt(%s))" (getLbl a)
+  int   (S_A a) = asn $ S_A . CVar $ printf "(int(%s))" (getLbl a)
+  frac  (S_A a) = asn $ S_A . CVar $ printf "(frac(%s))" (getLbl a)
+  floor (S_A a) = asn $ S_A . CVar $ printf "(floor(%s))" (getLbl a)
+
+instance Math (S n) (KSig (S n)) where
+  log2  (S_K a) = asn $ S_K . CVar $ printf "(logbtwo(%s))" (getLbl a)
+  sqrt  (S_K a) = asn $ S_K . CVar $ printf "(sqrt(%s))" (getLbl a)
+  int   (S_K a) = asn $ S_K . CVar $ printf "(int(%s))" (getLbl a)
+  frac  (S_K a) = asn $ S_K . CVar $ printf "(frac(%s))" (getLbl a)
+  floor (S_K a) = asn $ S_K . CVar $ printf "(floor(%s))" (getLbl a)
+
+instance Math (S n) (INum (S n)) where
+  log2  (S_I a) = asn $ S_I . CVar $ printf "(logbtwo(%s))" (getLbl a)
+  sqrt  (S_I a) = asn $ S_I . CVar $ printf "(sqrt(%s))" (getLbl a)
+  int   (S_I a) = asn $ S_I . CVar $ printf "(int(%s))" (getLbl a)
+  frac  (S_I a) = asn $ S_I . CVar $ printf "(frac(%s))" (getLbl a)
+  floor (S_I a) = asn $ S_I . CVar $ printf "(floor(%s))" (getLbl a)
+
+-- ---------------------------------
+-- ---------------------------------
 -- phasor
 instance Phasor (S n) (KSig (S n)) (KSig (S n)) where
   phasor = mkOp1 "phasor"
@@ -767,12 +884,6 @@
   v <- csig 1000
   outs v v
 
--- | allocate a "variable buffer" (i.e. host-updated buffer)
-t2 = do
-  buf <- vbuf "a buffer" 8192
-  so <- oscil 1000 440 buf
-  outs so so
-
 -- | delay networks
 
 -- | simple delay with constant signal
@@ -780,47 +891,9 @@
   so <- runDelay 1 1000 (tapK 1)
   outs so so
 
-t4 = do
-  buf <- vbuf "a buffer" 8192
-  so <- oscil 1000 440 buf
-  let d = (\d1 d2 -> 0.5*d1+0.25*d2) <$> tapI 1 <*> tapI 2
-  dl <- runDelay 2 so d
-  sig <- asn $ so + dl
-  outs sig sig
-
-t5 = do
-  buf <- vbuf "a buffer" 8192
-  so  <- oscil 1000 440 buf
-  let d = (\d1 d2 -> 0.5*d1+0.25*d2) <$> tapI 1 <*> tapI 2
-  rec dl <- runDelay 2 (so+dl) d
-  sig <- asn $ so + dl
-  outs sig sig
-
-t5' = do
-  buf <- vbuf "a buffer" 8192
-  so  <- oscil 1000 440 buf
-  let d = (\d1 d2 -> 0.5*d1+0.25*d2) <$> tapI 1 <*> tapI 2
-  rec dl <- runDelay 2 (so + 0.1*dl) d
-  sig <- asn $ so + dl
-  outs sig sig
-
--- | additive synthesis.  Shared buffer, uses the Num instance for signals.
-t6 = do
-  so  <- zipWithM (\fq buf -> oscil 1000 (fq*110) buf) [4..] (replicate 20 1)
-  so' <- asn $ sum so
-  outs so' so'
-
--- | using fold to make an oscil stack.  Note that emptyBuffer is *not*
--- memoized.
-t8 = do
-  buf <- emptyBuffer 8192
-  stack <- foldM (\a f -> f a) (40)
-                       (replicate 4 (\fq -> oscil 1000 fq buf))
-  outs stack stack
-
 -- | It's necessary to use monadic sequencing (here implicit in makeInstruments)
 -- to chain instruments together
-all1 = mapM makeInstrument [t1,t2, t3, t4, t5', t6, t8]
+all1 = mapM makeInstrument [t1,t3]
 instance  CsATSadd (S n)  where
   aTSadd = mkOp5 "aTSadd"
   aTSadd' = mkOp8 "aTSadd"
@@ -894,18 +967,6 @@
   aCS = mkOp1 "aCS"
 
 
-instance  CsAbs (S n) (ASig (S n)) (ASig (S n)) where
-  abs = mkOp1 "abs"
-
-
-instance  CsAbs (S n) (KSig (S n)) (KSig (S n)) where
-  abs = mkOp1 "abs"
-
-
-instance  CsAbs (S n) (INum (S n)) (INum (S n)) where
-  abs = mkOp1 "abs"
-
-
 instance (Varable a, Varable b) => CsAdd (S n) (ASig (S n)) a b where
   add = mkOp2 "add"
 
@@ -1420,26 +1481,6 @@
   cpsmidinn = mkOp1 "cpsmidinn"
 
 
-instance  CsCpsoct (S n) (ASig (S n)) (ASig (S n)) where
-  cpsoct = mkOp1 "cpsoct"
-
-
-instance  CsCpsoct (S n) (KSig (S n)) (KSig (S n)) where
-  cpsoct = mkOp1 "cpsoct"
-
-
-instance  CsCpsoct (S n) (INum (S n)) (INum (S n)) where
-  cpsoct = mkOp1 "cpsoct"
-
-
-instance  CsCpspch (S n) (KSig (S n)) where
-  cpspch = mkOp1 "cpspch"
-
-
-instance  CsCpspch (S n) (INum (S n)) where
-  cpspch = mkOp1 "cpspch"
-
-
 instance  CsCpstmid (S n)  where
   cpstmid = mkOp1 "cpstmid"
 
@@ -1920,18 +1961,6 @@
   flooper3' = mkOp10 "flooper3"
 
 
-instance  CsFloor (S n) (ASig (S n)) (ASig (S n)) where
-  floor = mkOp1 "floor"
-
-
-instance  CsFloor (S n) (KSig (S n)) (KSig (S n)) where
-  floor = mkOp1 "floor"
-
-
-instance  CsFloor (S n) (INum (S n)) (INum (S n)) where
-  floor = mkOp1 "floor"
-
-
 instance  CsFmb3 (S n)  where
   fmb3 = mkOp11 "fmb3"
 
@@ -2026,18 +2055,6 @@
   fprints = mkOp3 "fprints"
 
 
-instance  CsFrac (S n) (ASig (S n)) (ASig (S n)) where
-  frac = mkOp1 "frac"
-
-
-instance  CsFrac (S n) (KSig (S n)) (KSig (S n)) where
-  frac = mkOp1 "frac"
-
-
-instance  CsFrac (S n) (INum (S n)) (INum (S n)) where
-  frac = mkOp1 "frac"
-
-
 instance  CsFreeverb (S n)  where
   freeverb = mkOp4 "freeverb"
   freeverb' = mkOp6 "freeverb"
@@ -2289,18 +2306,6 @@
   instr = mkOp0 "instr"
 
 
-instance  CsInt (S n) (ASig (S n)) (ASig (S n)) where
-  int = mkOp1 "int"
-
-
-instance  CsInt (S n) (KSig (S n)) (KSig (S n)) where
-  int = mkOp1 "int"
-
-
-instance  CsInt (S n) (INum (S n)) (INum (S n)) where
-  int = mkOp1 "int"
-
-
 instance (PVar out, Varable a) => CsInteg (S n) out a where
   integ = mkOp1 "integ"
   integ' = mkOp2 "integ"
@@ -2428,18 +2433,6 @@
   log10 = mkOp1 "log10"
 
 
-instance  CsLogbtwo (S n) (ASig (S n)) (ASig (S n)) where
-  logbtwo = mkOp1 "logbtwo"
-
-
-instance  CsLogbtwo (S n) (KSig (S n)) (KSig (S n)) where
-  logbtwo = mkOp1 "logbtwo"
-
-
-instance  CsLogbtwo (S n) (INum (S n)) (INum (S n)) where
-  logbtwo = mkOp1 "logbtwo"
-
-
 instance  CsLogcurve (S n)  where
   logcurve = mkOp2 "logcurve"
 
@@ -2993,14 +2986,6 @@
   octave = mkOp1 "octave"
 
 
-instance  CsOctcps (S n) (KSig (S n)) where
-  octcps = mkOp1 "octcps"
-
-
-instance  CsOctcps (S n) (INum (S n)) where
-  octcps = mkOp1 "octcps"
-
-
 instance  CsOctmidi (S n)  where
   octmidi = mkOp0 "octmidi"
 
@@ -3023,14 +3008,6 @@
   octmidinn = mkOp1 "octmidinn"
 
 
-instance  CsOctpch (S n) (KSig (S n)) where
-  octpch = mkOp1 "octpch"
-
-
-instance  CsOctpch (S n) (INum (S n)) where
-  octpch = mkOp1 "octpch"
-
-
 instance  CsOpcode (S n)  where
   opcode = mkOp0 "opcode"
 
@@ -3306,14 +3283,6 @@
   pchmidinn = mkOp1 "pchmidinn"
 
 
-instance  CsPchoct (S n) (KSig (S n)) where
-  pchoct = mkOp1 "pchoct"
-
-
-instance  CsPchoct (S n) (INum (S n)) where
-  pchoct = mkOp1 "pchoct"
-
-
 instance (Nat d) => CsPconvolve (S n) d where
   pconvolve = mkOp2 "pconvolve"
   pconvolve' = mkOp4 "pconvolve"
@@ -4256,18 +4225,6 @@
 
 instance  CsSpsend (S n)  where
   spsend = mkOp0 "spsend"
-
-
-instance  CsSqrt (S n) (ASig (S n)) (ASig (S n)) where
-  sqrt = mkOp1 "sqrt"
-
-
-instance  CsSqrt (S n) (KSig (S n)) (KSig (S n)) where
-  sqrt = mkOp1 "sqrt"
-
-
-instance  CsSqrt (S n) (INum (S n)) (INum (S n)) where
-  sqrt = mkOp1 "sqrt"
 
 
 instance  CsStack (S n)  where
diff --git a/src/Language/XDsp/Implementations/HaskellNative.hs b/src/Language/XDsp/Implementations/HaskellNative.hs
--- a/src/Language/XDsp/Implementations/HaskellNative.hs
+++ b/src/Language/XDsp/Implementations/HaskellNative.hs
@@ -137,7 +137,7 @@
 lookupInterp :: UArray Int Double -> Double -> Double
 lookupInterp arr d1 = v1 + frc * (v2-v1)
  where
-  i  = floor d1
+  i  = Prelude.floor d1
   v1 = arr ! i
   v2 = arr ! i+1
   frc = d1 - (fromIntegral i)
@@ -162,7 +162,7 @@
 phasor' :: Integer -> Double -> Double -> Double
 phasor' sr frq last = if next <= 1
   then next
-  else next-(fromIntegral $ floor next)
+  else next-(fromIntegral $ Prelude.floor next)
  where next = last + (frq/(fromIntegral sr))
 
 instance Phasor HN (KSig HN) (INum HN) where
diff --git a/src/Language/XDsp/Semantics.hs b/src/Language/XDsp/Semantics.hs
--- a/src/Language/XDsp/Semantics.hs
+++ b/src/Language/XDsp/Semantics.hs
@@ -1,11 +1,15 @@
 module Language.XDsp.Semantics (
-  module Language.XDsp.Semantics.Core
+   module Language.XDsp.Semantics.Core
   ,module Language.XDsp.Semantics.BasicExtensions
+  ,module Language.XDsp.Semantics.CtrlExtensions
   ,module Language.XDsp.Semantics.Extras
+  ,module Language.XDsp.Semantics.Math
 )
 
 where
 
 import Language.XDsp.Semantics.Core
 import Language.XDsp.Semantics.BasicExtensions
+import Language.XDsp.Semantics.CtrlExtensions
 import Language.XDsp.Semantics.Extras
+import Language.XDsp.Semantics.Math
diff --git a/src/Language/XDsp/Semantics/BasicExtensions.hs b/src/Language/XDsp/Semantics/BasicExtensions.hs
--- a/src/Language/XDsp/Semantics/BasicExtensions.hs
+++ b/src/Language/XDsp/Semantics/BasicExtensions.hs
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 {-# LANGUAGE TypeFamilies
+            ,TypeOperators
             ,MultiParamTypeClasses
             ,FlexibleContexts
             ,DeriveFunctor #-}
@@ -12,6 +13,7 @@
  ,LblBlock (..)
  ,NumArgs (..)
  ,TList (..)
+ ,tlist0
  ,unTList
  ,unTList'
  ,unsafeTList
@@ -36,6 +38,7 @@
 -- | Support for string variables.
 class Dsp repr => StringVar repr where
   data VString repr :: *
+  fromStr :: String -> VString repr
 
 -- | Audio buffer or other data table.
 class Dsp repr => Buffer repr where
@@ -74,7 +77,7 @@
   -> repr ()
 defaultRunBlock blk st dr = runBlock blk st dr tlist0
 
-tlist0 :: TList D3 a
+tlist0 :: (Nat n, n :>=: D3) => TList n a
 tlist0 = TList []
 
 unTList :: TList n a -> [a]
diff --git a/src/Language/XDsp/Semantics/Core.hs b/src/Language/XDsp/Semantics/Core.hs
--- a/src/Language/XDsp/Semantics/Core.hs
+++ b/src/Language/XDsp/Semantics/Core.hs
@@ -20,6 +20,11 @@
   ckig :: Double -> repr (KSig repr)
   csig :: Double -> repr (ASig repr)
 
+-- | Named variables in a backend.
+class Var a where
+  type VarRep a :: *
+  getVarRep :: a -> VarRep a
+
 -- ---------------------------------
 -- ---------------------------------
 -- Very common extensions.
@@ -28,3 +33,7 @@
 class Dsp repr => Asn repr a where
   asn   :: a -> repr a
 
+class Dsp repr => Cast repr where
+  ik :: INum repr -> repr (KSig repr)
+  ia :: INum repr -> repr (ASig repr)
+  ki :: KSig repr -> repr (INum repr)
diff --git a/src/Language/XDsp/Semantics/CsoundExt.hs b/src/Language/XDsp/Semantics/CsoundExt.hs
--- a/src/Language/XDsp/Semantics/CsoundExt.hs
+++ b/src/Language/XDsp/Semantics/CsoundExt.hs
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 module Language.XDsp.Semantics.CsoundExt (
   CsoundClass (..)
+ ,CsFunctions (..)
  ,Out (..)
  ,module Language.XDsp.Semantics.CsoundExt.All
 )
diff --git a/src/Language/XDsp/Semantics/CsoundExt/All.hs b/src/Language/XDsp/Semantics/CsoundExt/All.hs
--- a/src/Language/XDsp/Semantics/CsoundExt/All.hs
+++ b/src/Language/XDsp/Semantics/CsoundExt/All.hs
@@ -185,12 +185,6 @@
     -> repr (ASig repr)
 
 
-class (CsoundClass repr) => CsAbs repr out a where
-  abs ::
-    a
-    -> repr out
-
-
 class (CsoundClass repr) => CsAdd repr out a b where
   add ::
     a
@@ -1036,18 +1030,6 @@
     -> repr out
 
 
-class (CsoundClass repr) => CsCpsoct repr out a where
-  cpsoct ::
-    a
-    -> repr out
-
-
-class (CsoundClass repr) => CsCpspch repr out  where
-  cpspch ::
-    KSig repr
-    -> repr out
-
-
 class (CsoundClass repr) => CsCpstmid repr  where
   cpstmid ::
     INum repr
@@ -2003,12 +1985,6 @@
     -> repr (ASig repr)
 
 
-class (CsoundClass repr) => CsFloor repr out a where
-  floor ::
-    a
-    -> repr out
-
-
 class (CsoundClass repr) => CsFmb3 repr  where
   fmb3 ::
     KSig repr
@@ -2349,12 +2325,6 @@
     -> repr ()
 
 
-class (CsoundClass repr) => CsFrac repr out a where
-  frac ::
-    a
-    -> repr out
-
-
 class (CsoundClass repr) => CsFreeverb repr  where
   freeverb ::
     ASig repr
@@ -3035,12 +3005,6 @@
     repr ()
 
 
-class (CsoundClass repr) => CsInt repr out a where
-  int ::
-    a
-    -> repr out
-
-
 class (CsoundClass repr) => CsInteg repr out a where
   integ ::
     a
@@ -3217,12 +3181,6 @@
     -> repr out
 
 
-class (CsoundClass repr) => CsLogbtwo repr out a where
-  logbtwo ::
-    a
-    -> repr out
-
-
 class (CsoundClass repr) => CsLogcurve repr  where
   logcurve ::
     KSig repr
@@ -4362,12 +4320,6 @@
     -> repr out
 
 
-class (CsoundClass repr) => CsOctcps repr out  where
-  octcps ::
-    KSig repr
-    -> repr out
-
-
 class (CsoundClass repr) => CsOctmidi repr  where
   octmidi ::
     repr (INum repr)
@@ -4386,12 +4338,6 @@
     -> repr out
 
 
-class (CsoundClass repr) => CsOctpch repr out  where
-  octpch ::
-    KSig repr
-    -> repr out
-
-
 class (CsoundClass repr) => CsOpcode repr  where
   opcode ::
     repr ()
@@ -4946,12 +4892,6 @@
     -> repr out
 
 
-class (CsoundClass repr) => CsPchoct repr out  where
-  pchoct ::
-    KSig repr
-    -> repr out
-
-
 class (CsoundClass repr) => CsPconvolve repr d  where
   pconvolve ::
     ASig repr
@@ -7290,12 +7230,6 @@
 class (CsoundClass repr) => CsSpsend repr  where
   spsend ::
     repr (ASig repr, ASig repr, ASig repr, ASig repr)
-
-
-class (CsoundClass repr) => CsSqrt repr out a where
-  sqrt ::
-    a
-    -> repr out
 
 
 class (CsoundClass repr) => CsStack repr  where
diff --git a/src/Language/XDsp/Semantics/CsoundExt/Core.hs b/src/Language/XDsp/Semantics/CsoundExt/Core.hs
--- a/src/Language/XDsp/Semantics/CsoundExt/Core.hs
+++ b/src/Language/XDsp/Semantics/CsoundExt/Core.hs
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 module Language.XDsp.Semantics.CsoundExt.Core (
   CsoundClass (..)
+ ,CsFunctions (..)
 )
 
 where
@@ -16,3 +17,12 @@
   nchnls   :: Int -> repr Int
   set0dbfs :: Double -> repr Double
 
+-- csound functions
+
+class CsFunctions a where
+  octcps :: a -> a
+  octpch :: a -> a
+  cpspch :: a -> a
+  cpsoct :: a -> a
+  pchcps :: a -> a
+  pchoct :: a -> a
diff --git a/src/Language/XDsp/Semantics/CtrlExtensions.hs b/src/Language/XDsp/Semantics/CtrlExtensions.hs
new file mode 100644
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/Language/XDsp/Semantics/CtrlExtensions.hs
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+{-# LANGUAGE TypeFamilies, MultiParamTypeClasses #-}
+
+module Language.XDsp.Semantics.CtrlExtensions (
+  RCmpr (..)
+ ,RCtrl (..)
+)
+
+where
+
+import Language.XDsp.Semantics.Core
+
+-- control extensions, e.g. if-then-else
+
+class RCmpr el where
+  data RBool el :: *
+  req :: el -> el -> RBool el
+  rne :: el -> el -> RBool el
+  rlt :: el -> el -> RBool el
+  rle :: el -> el -> RBool el
+  rgt :: el -> el -> RBool el
+  rge :: el -> el -> RBool el
+
+class (Dsp repr, Var a) => RCtrl repr el a where
+  rIf     :: RBool el -> repr a -> repr a
+  rIfElse :: RBool el -> repr a -> repr a -> repr a
diff --git a/src/Language/XDsp/Semantics/Math.hs b/src/Language/XDsp/Semantics/Math.hs
new file mode 100644
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/Language/XDsp/Semantics/Math.hs
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+-- | Mathematics operations
+-- very minimal for the moment
+
+{-# LANGUAGE TypeFamilies
+            ,MultiParamTypeClasses
+            ,FlexibleContexts
+            ,DeriveFunctor #-}
+
+module Language.XDsp.Semantics.Math (
+  Math (..)
+)
+
+where
+
+import           Language.XDsp.Semantics.Core
+
+class Math repr a where
+  log2  :: a -> repr a
+  sqrt  :: a -> repr a
+  int   :: a -> repr a
+  frac  :: a -> repr a
+  floor :: a -> repr a
diff --git a/tools/CsMaps.hs b/tools/CsMaps.hs
--- a/tools/CsMaps.hs
+++ b/tools/CsMaps.hs
@@ -24,6 +24,17 @@
 noReuseSet :: S.Set String
 noReuseSet = S.fromList ["vdelay3"
                         ,"vdelay"
+                        ,"abs"
+                        ,"int"
+                        ,"floor"
+                        ,"frac"
+                        ,"logbtwo"
+                        ,"octcps"
+                        ,"octpch"
+                        ,"cpsoct"
+                        ,"cpspch"
+                        ,"pchcps"
+                        ,"pchoct"
                         ,"out"
                         ,"outs"
                         ,"outq"
@@ -32,7 +43,8 @@
                         ,"slider32table"
                         ,"slider32tablef"
                         ,"slider64table"
-                        ,"slider64tablef" ]
+                        ,"slider64tablef"
+                        ,"sqrt" ]
 
 -- | if a function needs a special context, add it
 addCtxt :: String -> [String]
diff --git a/tools/CsoundImplTemplate.hs b/tools/CsoundImplTemplate.hs
--- a/tools/CsoundImplTemplate.hs
+++ b/tools/CsoundImplTemplate.hs
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
     ,DoRec
     ,ExtendedDefaultRules
     ,TypeFamilies
+    ,TypeOperators
     ,DeriveDataTypeable
     ,DeriveFunctor
     ,GeneralizedNewtypeDeriving
@@ -11,6 +12,7 @@
     ,FlexibleInstances
     ,TupleSections
     ,OverlappingInstances
+    ,UndecidableInstances
     ,TypeSynonymInstances #-}
 
 module Language.XDsp.Implementations.Csound (
@@ -24,6 +26,8 @@
  ,makeInstrument
  ,TList
  ,unTList'
+ ,mkTbl
+ ,writeCard
  ,module Language.XDsp.Semantics.CsoundExt
 )
 
@@ -221,12 +225,13 @@
 writeCard :: Card -> S n ()
 writeCard = tellSco . card2str
 
-mkTbl :: Int -> Int -> Int -> [Int] -> Card
-mkTbl nm time sz args = Card T . map show $ nm:time:sz:args
+mkTbl :: Int -> Double -> Int -> Int -> [Double] -> Card
+mkTbl nm time sz gen args = Card T $
+  show nm:show time:show sz:show gen:map show args
 
 -- |Create a 0-filled f-statement in the score section.
 mkScoreBuf :: Int -> Int -> S n ()
-mkScoreBuf nm sz = writeCard $ mkTbl nm 0 sz [17,0,0]
+mkScoreBuf nm sz = writeCard $ mkTbl nm 0 sz 17 [0,0]
 
 -- | Holds data on a score item for memoization purposes.
 data CardM = CardM VarType String String deriving (Eq, Ord, Show)
@@ -360,6 +365,10 @@
   genName   :: S n (s, String)
   getVarLbl :: s -> String
 
+instance Varable s => Var s where
+  type VarRep s = String
+  getVarRep s = getVarLbl s
+
 class Varable s => PVar s where
 
 class Varable s => KVar s where
@@ -381,15 +390,23 @@
 instance Dsp (S n) where
   data (ASig (S n)) = S_A CVar
   data (KSig (S n)) = S_K CVar
-  data (INum (S n)) = S_IN CVar
+  data (INum (S n)) = S_I CVar
   getSr    = fst <$> ask
   getKsmps = snd <$> ask
 
 instance Constants (S n) where
-  cnst = return . S_IN . Cnst
+  cnst = return . S_I . Cnst
   ckig = return . S_K . Cnst
   csig = return . S_A . Cnst
 
+instance Cast (S n) where
+  ik ivar = mkOp1 "=" ivar
+  ia ivar = mkOp1 "=" ivar
+  ki kvar = do
+    (out, outname) <- genName
+    tellOrc $ printf "%s = i(%s)\n" outname (getVarLbl kvar)
+    return out
+
 instance Varable (ASig (S n)) where
   genName = do
     SState omap gen imap <- get
@@ -419,8 +436,8 @@
     let num = fromMaybe 1 $ M.lookup I gen
         nm  = 'i' : show num
     put $ SState omap (M.alter (const $ Just (succ num)) I gen) imap
-    return (S_IN $ CVar nm, nm)
-  getVarLbl (S_IN c) = getLbl c
+    return (S_I $ CVar nm, nm)
+  getVarLbl (S_I c) = getLbl c
 
 instance Varable () where
   genName            = return ((), "")
@@ -499,6 +516,7 @@
 
 instance StringVar (S n) where
   data VString (S n) = S_VS CVar
+  fromStr = S_VS . CStr
 
 -- ---------------------------------
 -- ---------------------------------
@@ -507,6 +525,30 @@
   nchnls n   = tellOrc (printf "nchnls = %i\n" n) >> return n
   set0dbfs n = tellOrc (printf "0dbfs = %f\n" n) >> return n
 
+instance CsFunctions (ASig (S n)) where
+  octcps (S_A a) = S_A . CVar $ printf "(octcps(%s))" (getLbl a)
+  octpch (S_A a) = S_A . CVar $ printf "(octpch(%s))" (getLbl a)
+  cpspch (S_A a) = S_A . CVar $ printf "(cpspch(%s))" (getLbl a)
+  cpsoct (S_A a) = S_A . CVar $ printf "(cpsoct(%s))" (getLbl a)
+  pchoct (S_A a) = S_A . CVar $ printf "(pchoct(%s))" (getLbl a)
+  pchcps (S_A a) = S_A . CVar $ printf "(pchcps(%s))" (getLbl a)
+
+instance CsFunctions (KSig (S n)) where
+  octcps (S_K a) = S_K . CVar $ printf "(octcps(%s))" (getLbl a)
+  octpch (S_K a) = S_K . CVar $ printf "(octpch(%s))" (getLbl a)
+  cpspch (S_K a) = S_K . CVar $ printf "(cpspch(%s))" (getLbl a)
+  cpsoct (S_K a) = S_K . CVar $ printf "(cpsoct(%s))" (getLbl a)
+  pchoct (S_K a) = S_K . CVar $ printf "(pchoct(%s))" (getLbl a)
+  pchcps (S_K a) = S_K . CVar $ printf "(pchcps(%s))" (getLbl a)
+
+instance CsFunctions (INum (S n)) where
+  octcps (S_I a) = S_I . CVar $ printf "(octcps(%s))" (getLbl a)
+  octpch (S_I a) = S_I . CVar $ printf "(octpch(%s))" (getLbl a)
+  cpspch (S_I a) = S_I . CVar $ printf "(cpspch(%s))" (getLbl a)
+  cpsoct (S_I a) = S_I . CVar $ printf "(cpsoct(%s))" (getLbl a)
+  pchoct (S_I a) = S_I . CVar $ printf "(pchoct(%s))" (getLbl a)
+  pchcps (S_I a) = S_I . CVar $ printf "(pchcps(%s))" (getLbl a)
+
 -- ---------------------------------
 -- ---------------------------------
 -- Numeric support for signals
@@ -520,7 +562,7 @@
   (S_A a) + (S_A b) = S_A . CVar $ printf "(%s + %s)" (getLbl a) (getLbl b)
   (S_A a) - (S_A b) = S_A . CVar $ printf "(%s - %s)" (getLbl a) (getLbl b)
   (S_A a) * (S_A b) = S_A . CVar $ printf "(%s * %s)" (getLbl a) (getLbl b)
-  abs _       = error "abs called on (ASig (S n))"
+  abs (S_A a)       = S_A . CVar $ printf "(abs %s)" (getLbl a)
   signum      = error "signum called on (ASig (S n))"
   fromInteger = S_A . Cnst . fromInteger
 
@@ -538,7 +580,7 @@
   (S_K a) + (S_K b) = S_K . CVar $ printf "(%s + %s)" (getLbl a) (getLbl b)
   (S_K a) - (S_K b) = S_K . CVar $ printf "(%s - %s)" (getLbl a) (getLbl b)
   (S_K a) * (S_K b) = S_K . CVar $ printf "(%s * %s)" (getLbl a) (getLbl b)
-  abs _       = error "abs called on (KSig (S n))"
+  abs (S_K a)       = S_K . CVar $ printf "(abs %s)" (getLbl a)
   signum      = error "signum called on (KSig (S n))"
   fromInteger = S_K . Cnst . fromInteger
 
@@ -547,26 +589,26 @@
   fromRational = S_K . Cnst . fromRational
 
 instance Show (INum (S n)) where
-  show (S_IN s) = show s
+  show (S_I s) = show s
 
 instance Eq (INum (S n)) where
-  (S_IN a) == (S_IN b) = a == b
+  (S_I a) == (S_I b) = a == b
 
 instance Num (INum (S n)) where
-  (S_IN (Cnst a)) + (S_IN (Cnst b)) = S_IN $ Cnst (a+b)
-  (S_IN a) + (S_IN b) = S_IN . CVar $ printf "(%s + %s)" (getLbl a) (getLbl b)
-  (S_IN (Cnst a)) - (S_IN (Cnst b)) = S_IN $ Cnst (a-b)
-  (S_IN a) - (S_IN b) = S_IN . CVar $ printf "(%s - %s)" (getLbl a) (getLbl b)
-  (S_IN (Cnst a)) * (S_IN (Cnst b)) = S_IN $ Cnst (a*b)
-  (S_IN a) * (S_IN b) = S_IN . CVar $ printf "(%s * %s)" (getLbl a) (getLbl b)
-  abs _       = error "abs called on (INum (S n))"
+  (S_I (Cnst a)) + (S_I (Cnst b)) = S_I $ Cnst (a+b)
+  (S_I a) + (S_I b) = S_I . CVar $ printf "(%s + %s)" (getLbl a) (getLbl b)
+  (S_I (Cnst a)) - (S_I (Cnst b)) = S_I $ Cnst (a-b)
+  (S_I a) - (S_I b) = S_I . CVar $ printf "(%s - %s)" (getLbl a) (getLbl b)
+  (S_I (Cnst a)) * (S_I (Cnst b)) = S_I $ Cnst (a*b)
+  (S_I a) * (S_I b) = S_I . CVar $ printf "(%s * %s)" (getLbl a) (getLbl b)
+  abs (S_I a)        = S_I . CVar $ printf "(abs %s)" (getLbl a)
   signum      = error "signum called on (INum (S n))"
-  fromInteger = S_IN . Cnst . fromInteger
+  fromInteger = S_I . Cnst . fromInteger
 
 instance Fractional (INum (S n)) where
-  (S_IN (Cnst a)) / (S_IN (Cnst b)) = S_IN . Cnst $ a/b
-  (S_IN a) / (S_IN b) = S_IN . CVar $ printf "(%s / %s)" (getLbl a) (getLbl b)
-  fromRational = S_IN . Cnst . fromRational
+  (S_I (Cnst a)) / (S_I (Cnst b)) = S_I . Cnst $ a/b
+  (S_I a) / (S_I b) = S_I . CVar $ printf "(%s / %s)" (getLbl a) (getLbl b)
+  fromRational = S_I . Cnst . fromRational
 
 instance Show s => Show ((S n) s) where
   show s = show $ evalS s defaultRType
@@ -589,6 +631,11 @@
 
 -- ---------------------------------
 -- ---------------------------------
+-- Csound functions
+
+
+-- ---------------------------------
+-- ---------------------------------
 -- core language extensions
 
 -- | supports assignment
@@ -628,21 +675,66 @@
   vbuf lbl sz = do
     (SState cmap gen imap) <- get
     case M.lookup (CKC $ cacheBuf lbl sz) cmap of
-      Just nm -> return $ S_IN nm
+      Just nm -> return $ S_I nm
       Nothing -> do
         bufNum <- mkName T
         mkScoreBuf bufNum sz
         tellHost . HostOut (TblBus sz) lbl $ show bufNum
         let res = Cnst $ fromIntegral bufNum
         cache (CKC $ cacheBuf lbl sz) res
-        return $ S_IN res
+        return $ S_I res
 
+mkOp str l r = printf ("(%s " ++ str ++ " %s)") (getLbl l) (getLbl r)
+
+instance RCmpr (KSig (S n)) where
+  data RBool (KSig (S n)) = K_Bool String
+  req (S_K l) (S_K r) = K_Bool $ mkOp "==" l r
+  rne (S_K l) (S_K r) = K_Bool $ mkOp "!=" l r
+  rlt (S_K l) (S_K r) = K_Bool $ mkOp "<" l r
+  rle (S_K l) (S_K r) = K_Bool $ mkOp "<=" l r
+  rgt (S_K l) (S_K r) = K_Bool $ mkOp ">" l r
+  rge (S_K l) (S_K r) = K_Bool $ mkOp ">=" l r
+
+instance RCmpr (INum (S n)) where
+  data RBool (INum (S n)) = I_Bool String
+  req (S_I l) (S_I r) = I_Bool $ mkOp "==" l r
+  rne (S_I l) (S_I r) = I_Bool $ mkOp "!=" l r
+  rlt (S_I l) (S_I r) = I_Bool $ mkOp "<" l r
+  rle (S_I l) (S_I r) = I_Bool $ mkOp "<=" l r
+  rgt (S_I l) (S_I r) = I_Bool $ mkOp ">" l r
+  rge (S_I l) (S_I r) = I_Bool $ mkOp ">=" l r
+
+instance Varable a => RCtrl (S n) (KSig (S n)) a where
+  rIf (K_Bool b) m = runIf1 b m
+  rIfElse (K_Bool b) m1 m2 = runIf b m1 m2
+
+instance Varable a => RCtrl (S n) (INum (S n)) a where
+  rIf (I_Bool b) m = runIf1 b m
+  rIfElse (I_Bool b) m1 m2 = runIf b m1 m2
+
+runIf1 test m1 = do
+  tellOrc $ printf "if %s then\n" test
+  a <- m1
+  tellOrc "endif\n"
+  return a
+
+runIf test m1 m2 = do
+  tellOrc $ printf "if %s then\n" test
+  a <- m1
+  let aLbl = getVarRep a
+  tellOrc "else\n"
+  b <- m2
+  let bLbl = getVarRep b
+  tellOrc $ printf "%s = %s\n" aLbl bLbl
+  tellOrc "endif\n"
+  return a
+
 -- ---------------------------------
 -- ---------------------------------
 -- Instruments
 
 instance (Nat m, Nat n, Show n, m :>=: n) => NumArgs S m n where
-  getArg n = return . S_IN . CVar $ 'p': show n
+  getArg n = return . S_I . CVar $ 'p': show n
 
 -- | Labelled blocks (basic instrument creation)
 instance LblBlock (S n) where
@@ -708,6 +800,31 @@
 
 setSR n       = tellOrc (printf "sr = %i\n" n) >> return n
 setKSmps n    = tellOrc (printf "ksmps = %i\n" n) >> return n
+
+-- ---------------------------------
+-- ---------------------------------
+-- Math ops
+
+instance Math (S n) (ASig (S n)) where
+  log2  (S_A a) = asn $ S_A . CVar $ printf "(logbtwo(%s))" (getLbl a)
+  sqrt  (S_A a) = asn $ S_A . CVar $ printf "(sqrt(%s))" (getLbl a)
+  int   (S_A a) = asn $ S_A . CVar $ printf "(int(%s))" (getLbl a)
+  frac  (S_A a) = asn $ S_A . CVar $ printf "(frac(%s))" (getLbl a)
+  floor (S_A a) = asn $ S_A . CVar $ printf "(floor(%s))" (getLbl a)
+
+instance Math (S n) (KSig (S n)) where
+  log2  (S_K a) = asn $ S_K . CVar $ printf "(logbtwo(%s))" (getLbl a)
+  sqrt  (S_K a) = asn $ S_K . CVar $ printf "(sqrt(%s))" (getLbl a)
+  int   (S_K a) = asn $ S_K . CVar $ printf "(int(%s))" (getLbl a)
+  frac  (S_K a) = asn $ S_K . CVar $ printf "(frac(%s))" (getLbl a)
+  floor (S_K a) = asn $ S_K . CVar $ printf "(floor(%s))" (getLbl a)
+
+instance Math (S n) (INum (S n)) where
+  log2  (S_I a) = asn $ S_I . CVar $ printf "(logbtwo(%s))" (getLbl a)
+  sqrt  (S_I a) = asn $ S_I . CVar $ printf "(sqrt(%s))" (getLbl a)
+  int   (S_I a) = asn $ S_I . CVar $ printf "(int(%s))" (getLbl a)
+  frac  (S_I a) = asn $ S_I . CVar $ printf "(frac(%s))" (getLbl a)
+  floor (S_I a) = asn $ S_I . CVar $ printf "(floor(%s))" (getLbl a)
 
 -- ---------------------------------
 -- ---------------------------------
diff --git a/x-dsp.cabal b/x-dsp.cabal
--- a/x-dsp.cabal
+++ b/x-dsp.cabal
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 Name:                x-dsp
-Version:             0.2
+Version:             0.2.3
 Synopsis:            A embedded DSL for manipulating DSP languages in Haskell
 Description:         Provides a tagless-final language family for manipulating
                      audio programming languages (e.g. Csound, Supercollider).
@@ -27,18 +27,20 @@
                      Language.XDsp.Semantics.CsoundExt
                      Language.XDsp.Semantics.CsoundExt.All
                      Language.XDsp.Semantics.CsoundExt.Core
+                     Language.XDsp.Semantics.CtrlExtensions
                      Language.XDsp.Semantics.Extras
                      Language.XDsp.Semantics.Extras.Delay
                      Language.XDsp.Semantics.Extras.FSig
+                     Language.XDsp.Semantics.Math
                      Language.XDsp.Implementations.Csound
                      Language.XDsp.Implementations.HaskellNative
   Build-depends:     base             >= 3   && < 5
-                    ,array            >= 0.2 && < 0.4
+                    ,array            >= 0.2 && < 0.5
                     ,bytestring       >= 0.9 && < 0.10
                     ,containers       >= 0.2 && < 0.5
                     ,monads-tf        >= 0.1 && < 0.2
                     ,text             >= 0.7 && < 0.13
-                    ,transformers     >= 0.2 && < 0.3
+                    ,transformers     >= 0.2 && < 0.4
                     ,type-level       >= 0.2 && < 0.3
 
 source-repository head