diff --git a/changelog b/changelog
--- a/changelog
+++ b/changelog
@@ -1,3 +1,10 @@
+texmath (0.11.0.1)
+
+  * OMML writer: use zero-width space to avoid dashed box (#118).
+    In Word, a dashed box shows up for empty text runs in
+    exponents and bases, or empty exponents and bases.  So
+    we use a zero-width space in these contexts.
+
 texmath (0.11)
 
   * Changed treatment of non-ASCII characters.
diff --git a/src/Text/TeXMath/Writers/OMML.hs b/src/Text/TeXMath/Writers/OMML.hs
--- a/src/Text/TeXMath/Writers/OMML.hs
+++ b/src/Text/TeXMath/Writers/OMML.hs
@@ -180,6 +180,7 @@
      [makeNary props "undOvr" s y z w]
    EGrouped [ESubsup (ESymbol Op s) y z, w] ->
      [makeNary props "subSup" s y z w]
+   EGrouped []      -> [str props "\x200B"] -- avoid dashed box, see #118
    EGrouped xs      -> concatMap (showExp props) xs
    EDelimited start end xs ->
                        [mnode "d" [ mnode "dPr"
@@ -190,6 +191,8 @@
                                     (either ((:[]) . str props) (showExp props)) xs
                                   ] ]
 
+   EIdentifier ""   -> [str props "\x200B"]  -- 0-width space
+                       -- to avoid the dashed box we get otherwise; see #118
    EIdentifier x    -> [str props x]
    EMathOperator x  -> [makeText TextNormal x]  -- TODO revisit, use props?
    ESymbol _ [c]
@@ -211,7 +214,7 @@
      | n > 0.28 && n <= 0.5  -> [str props "\x2004"]
      | n > 0.5 && n <= 1.8   -> [str props "\x2001"]
      | n > 1.8               -> [str props "\x2001\x2001"]
-     | otherwise             -> []
+     | otherwise             -> [str props "\x200B"]
        -- this is how the xslt sheet handles all spaces
    EUnder _ x (ESymbol _ [c]) | isBarChar c ->
                        [mnode "bar" [ mnode "barPr" $
diff --git a/tests/writers/05.omml b/tests/writers/05.omml
--- a/tests/writers/05.omml
+++ b/tests/writers/05.omml
@@ -21,8 +21,18 @@
           <m:t>x</m:t>
         </m:r>
       </m:sup>
-      <m:e />
+      <m:e>
+        <m:r>
+          <m:t>&#8203;</m:t>
+        </m:r>
+      </m:e>
     </m:nary>
+    <m:r>
+      <m:t>&#8203;</m:t>
+    </m:r>
+    <m:r>
+      <m:t>&#8203;</m:t>
+    </m:r>
     <m:nary>
       <m:naryPr>
         <m:chr m:val="∫" />
diff --git a/tests/writers/13.omml b/tests/writers/13.omml
--- a/tests/writers/13.omml
+++ b/tests/writers/13.omml
@@ -5,7 +5,11 @@
   </m:oMathParaPr>
   <m:oMath>
     <m:sSub>
-      <m:e />
+      <m:e>
+        <m:r>
+          <m:t>&#8203;</m:t>
+        </m:r>
+      </m:e>
       <m:sub>
         <m:r>
           <m:t>p</m:t>
diff --git a/tests/writers/badAttribsGlyph4.omml b/tests/writers/badAttribsGlyph4.omml
--- a/tests/writers/badAttribsGlyph4.omml
+++ b/tests/writers/badAttribsGlyph4.omml
@@ -8,13 +8,22 @@
       <m:t></m:t>
     </m:r>
     <m:r>
-      <m:t></m:t>
+      <m:t>&#8203;</m:t>
     </m:r>
     <m:r>
-      <m:t></m:t>
+      <m:t>&#8203;</m:t>
     </m:r>
     <m:r>
+      <m:t>&#8203;</m:t>
+    </m:r>
+    <m:r>
       <m:t></m:t>
+    </m:r>
+    <m:r>
+      <m:t>&#8203;</m:t>
+    </m:r>
+    <m:r>
+      <m:t>&#8203;</m:t>
     </m:r>
   </m:oMath>
 </m:oMathPara>
diff --git a/tests/writers/binomial_coefficient.omml b/tests/writers/binomial_coefficient.omml
--- a/tests/writers/binomial_coefficient.omml
+++ b/tests/writers/binomial_coefficient.omml
@@ -52,7 +52,11 @@
       <m:t>=</m:t>
     </m:r>
     <m:sSub>
-      <m:e />
+      <m:e>
+        <m:r>
+          <m:t>&#8203;</m:t>
+        </m:r>
+      </m:e>
       <m:sub>
         <m:r>
           <m:t>n</m:t>
diff --git a/tests/writers/complex1.omml b/tests/writers/complex1.omml
--- a/tests/writers/complex1.omml
+++ b/tests/writers/complex1.omml
@@ -78,7 +78,11 @@
                 <m:t>p</m:t>
               </m:r>
             </m:e>
-            <m:sub />
+            <m:sub>
+              <m:r>
+                <m:t>&#8203;</m:t>
+              </m:r>
+            </m:sub>
             <m:sup>
               <m:r>
                 <m:t>k</m:t>
@@ -103,7 +107,11 @@
                 <m:t>)</m:t>
               </m:r>
             </m:e>
-            <m:sub />
+            <m:sub>
+              <m:r>
+                <m:t>&#8203;</m:t>
+              </m:r>
+            </m:sub>
             <m:sup>
               <m:r>
                 <m:t>n</m:t>
@@ -172,7 +180,11 @@
                             <m:t>k</m:t>
                           </m:r>
                         </m:sub>
-                        <m:sup />
+                        <m:sup>
+                          <m:r>
+                            <m:t>&#8203;</m:t>
+                          </m:r>
+                        </m:sup>
                       </m:sSubSup>
                     </m:e>
                   </m:nary>
@@ -187,12 +199,20 @@
                         <m:t>k</m:t>
                       </m:r>
                     </m:sub>
-                    <m:sup />
+                    <m:sup>
+                      <m:r>
+                        <m:t>&#8203;</m:t>
+                      </m:r>
+                    </m:sup>
                   </m:sSubSup>
                 </m:e>
               </m:d>
             </m:e>
-            <m:sub />
+            <m:sub>
+              <m:r>
+                <m:t>&#8203;</m:t>
+              </m:r>
+            </m:sub>
             <m:sup>
               <m:r>
                 <m:t>2</m:t>
@@ -347,7 +367,11 @@
                 <m:t>γ</m:t>
               </m:r>
             </m:sub>
-            <m:sup />
+            <m:sup>
+              <m:r>
+                <m:t>&#8203;</m:t>
+              </m:r>
+            </m:sup>
           </m:sSubSup>
           <m:r>
             <m:t>(</m:t>
@@ -394,7 +418,11 @@
                 <m:t>γ</m:t>
               </m:r>
             </m:sub>
-            <m:sup />
+            <m:sup>
+              <m:r>
+                <m:t>&#8203;</m:t>
+              </m:r>
+            </m:sup>
             <m:e>
               <m:f>
                 <m:fPr>
@@ -460,7 +488,11 @@
                 <m:t>1</m:t>
               </m:r>
             </m:sub>
-            <m:sup />
+            <m:sup>
+              <m:r>
+                <m:t>&#8203;</m:t>
+              </m:r>
+            </m:sup>
           </m:sSubSup>
           <m:r>
             <m:t>×</m:t>
@@ -476,7 +508,11 @@
                 <m:t>2</m:t>
               </m:r>
             </m:sub>
-            <m:sup />
+            <m:sup>
+              <m:r>
+                <m:t>&#8203;</m:t>
+              </m:r>
+            </m:sup>
           </m:sSubSup>
           <m:r>
             <m:t>=</m:t>
@@ -724,7 +760,11 @@
                           <m:t>1</m:t>
                         </m:r>
                       </m:sub>
-                      <m:sup />
+                      <m:sup>
+                        <m:r>
+                          <m:t>&#8203;</m:t>
+                        </m:r>
+                      </m:sup>
                     </m:sSubSup>
                   </m:e>
                   <m:e>
@@ -739,7 +779,11 @@
                           <m:t>2</m:t>
                         </m:r>
                       </m:sub>
-                      <m:sup />
+                      <m:sup>
+                        <m:r>
+                          <m:t>&#8203;</m:t>
+                        </m:r>
+                      </m:sup>
                     </m:sSubSup>
                   </m:e>
                   <m:e>
@@ -759,7 +803,11 @@
                           <m:t>n</m:t>
                         </m:r>
                       </m:sub>
-                      <m:sup />
+                      <m:sup>
+                        <m:r>
+                          <m:t>&#8203;</m:t>
+                        </m:r>
+                      </m:sup>
                     </m:sSubSup>
                   </m:e>
                 </m:mr>
@@ -967,7 +1015,11 @@
                 <m:t>n</m:t>
               </m:r>
             </m:sub>
-            <m:sup />
+            <m:sup>
+              <m:r>
+                <m:t>&#8203;</m:t>
+              </m:r>
+            </m:sup>
             <m:e>
               <m:r>
                 <m:t>(</m:t>
@@ -985,7 +1037,11 @@
                 <m:t>j</m:t>
               </m:r>
             </m:sub>
-            <m:sup />
+            <m:sup>
+              <m:r>
+                <m:t>&#8203;</m:t>
+              </m:r>
+            </m:sup>
           </m:sSubSup>
           <m:r>
             <m:t>-</m:t>
@@ -1001,7 +1057,11 @@
                 <m:t>i</m:t>
               </m:r>
             </m:sub>
-            <m:sup />
+            <m:sup>
+              <m:r>
+                <m:t>&#8203;</m:t>
+              </m:r>
+            </m:sup>
           </m:sSubSup>
           <m:r>
             <m:t>)</m:t>
@@ -1060,7 +1120,11 @@
                       </m:e>
                     </m:groupChr>
                   </m:e>
-                  <m:lim />
+                  <m:lim>
+                    <m:r>
+                      <m:t>&#8203;</m:t>
+                    </m:r>
+                  </m:lim>
                 </m:limLow>
               </m:e>
               <m:e>
@@ -1106,7 +1170,11 @@
                       </m:e>
                     </m:groupChr>
                   </m:e>
-                  <m:lim />
+                  <m:lim>
+                    <m:r>
+                      <m:t>&#8203;</m:t>
+                    </m:r>
+                  </m:lim>
                 </m:limLow>
               </m:e>
               <m:e>
@@ -1155,7 +1223,11 @@
                       </m:e>
                     </m:groupChr>
                   </m:e>
-                  <m:lim />
+                  <m:lim>
+                    <m:r>
+                      <m:t>&#8203;</m:t>
+                    </m:r>
+                  </m:lim>
                 </m:limLow>
               </m:e>
               <m:e>
@@ -1235,6 +1307,9 @@
                       <m:t>∇</m:t>
                     </m:r>
                     <m:r>
+                      <m:t>&#8203;</m:t>
+                    </m:r>
+                    <m:r>
                       <m:t>×</m:t>
                     </m:r>
                     <m:limLow>
@@ -1252,7 +1327,11 @@
                           </m:e>
                         </m:groupChr>
                       </m:e>
-                      <m:lim />
+                      <m:lim>
+                        <m:r>
+                          <m:t>&#8203;</m:t>
+                        </m:r>
+                      </m:lim>
                     </m:limLow>
                     <m:r>
                       <m:t>-</m:t>
@@ -1286,6 +1365,9 @@
                         <m:r>
                           <m:t>∂</m:t>
                         </m:r>
+                        <m:r>
+                          <m:t>&#8203;</m:t>
+                        </m:r>
                         <m:limLow>
                           <m:e>
                             <m:groupChr>
@@ -1301,7 +1383,11 @@
                               </m:e>
                             </m:groupChr>
                           </m:e>
-                          <m:lim />
+                          <m:lim>
+                            <m:r>
+                              <m:t>&#8203;</m:t>
+                            </m:r>
+                          </m:lim>
                         </m:limLow>
                       </m:num>
                       <m:den>
@@ -1309,6 +1395,9 @@
                           <m:t>∂</m:t>
                         </m:r>
                         <m:r>
+                          <m:t>&#8203;</m:t>
+                        </m:r>
+                        <m:r>
                           <m:t>t</m:t>
                         </m:r>
                       </m:den>
@@ -1356,7 +1445,11 @@
                           </m:e>
                         </m:groupChr>
                       </m:e>
-                      <m:lim />
+                      <m:lim>
+                        <m:r>
+                          <m:t>&#8203;</m:t>
+                        </m:r>
+                      </m:lim>
                     </m:limLow>
                   </m:e>
                 </m:mr>
@@ -1366,6 +1459,9 @@
                       <m:t>∇</m:t>
                     </m:r>
                     <m:r>
+                      <m:t>&#8203;</m:t>
+                    </m:r>
+                    <m:r>
                       <m:t>·</m:t>
                     </m:r>
                     <m:limLow>
@@ -1383,7 +1479,11 @@
                           </m:e>
                         </m:groupChr>
                       </m:e>
-                      <m:lim />
+                      <m:lim>
+                        <m:r>
+                          <m:t>&#8203;</m:t>
+                        </m:r>
+                      </m:lim>
                     </m:limLow>
                   </m:e>
                   <m:e>
@@ -1409,6 +1509,9 @@
                       <m:t>∇</m:t>
                     </m:r>
                     <m:r>
+                      <m:t>&#8203;</m:t>
+                    </m:r>
+                    <m:r>
                       <m:t>×</m:t>
                     </m:r>
                     <m:limLow>
@@ -1426,7 +1529,11 @@
                           </m:e>
                         </m:groupChr>
                       </m:e>
-                      <m:lim />
+                      <m:lim>
+                        <m:r>
+                          <m:t>&#8203;</m:t>
+                        </m:r>
+                      </m:lim>
                     </m:limLow>
                     <m:r>
                       <m:t> </m:t>
@@ -1463,6 +1570,9 @@
                         <m:r>
                           <m:t>∂</m:t>
                         </m:r>
+                        <m:r>
+                          <m:t>&#8203;</m:t>
+                        </m:r>
                         <m:limLow>
                           <m:e>
                             <m:groupChr>
@@ -1478,7 +1588,11 @@
                               </m:e>
                             </m:groupChr>
                           </m:e>
-                          <m:lim />
+                          <m:lim>
+                            <m:r>
+                              <m:t>&#8203;</m:t>
+                            </m:r>
+                          </m:lim>
                         </m:limLow>
                       </m:num>
                       <m:den>
@@ -1486,6 +1600,9 @@
                           <m:t>∂</m:t>
                         </m:r>
                         <m:r>
+                          <m:t>&#8203;</m:t>
+                        </m:r>
+                        <m:r>
                           <m:t>t</m:t>
                         </m:r>
                       </m:den>
@@ -1512,7 +1629,11 @@
                           </m:e>
                         </m:groupChr>
                       </m:e>
-                      <m:lim />
+                      <m:lim>
+                        <m:r>
+                          <m:t>&#8203;</m:t>
+                        </m:r>
+                      </m:lim>
                     </m:limLow>
                   </m:e>
                 </m:mr>
@@ -1522,6 +1643,9 @@
                       <m:t>∇</m:t>
                     </m:r>
                     <m:r>
+                      <m:t>&#8203;</m:t>
+                    </m:r>
+                    <m:r>
                       <m:t>·</m:t>
                     </m:r>
                     <m:limLow>
@@ -1539,7 +1663,11 @@
                           </m:e>
                         </m:groupChr>
                       </m:e>
-                      <m:lim />
+                      <m:lim>
+                        <m:r>
+                          <m:t>&#8203;</m:t>
+                        </m:r>
+                      </m:lim>
                     </m:limLow>
                   </m:e>
                   <m:e>
@@ -1582,7 +1710,11 @@
                 <m:t>ν</m:t>
               </m:r>
             </m:sub>
-            <m:sup />
+            <m:sup>
+              <m:r>
+                <m:t>&#8203;</m:t>
+              </m:r>
+            </m:sup>
           </m:sSubSup>
           <m:r>
             <m:t>-</m:t>
@@ -1619,7 +1751,11 @@
                 <m:t>ν</m:t>
               </m:r>
             </m:sub>
-            <m:sup />
+            <m:sup>
+              <m:r>
+                <m:t>&#8203;</m:t>
+              </m:r>
+            </m:sup>
           </m:sSubSup>
           <m:r>
             <m:t> </m:t>
@@ -1652,7 +1788,11 @@
                     <m:t>c</m:t>
                   </m:r>
                 </m:e>
-                <m:sub />
+                <m:sub>
+                  <m:r>
+                    <m:t>&#8203;</m:t>
+                  </m:r>
+                </m:sub>
                 <m:sup>
                   <m:r>
                     <m:t>4</m:t>
@@ -1678,7 +1818,11 @@
                 <m:t>ν</m:t>
               </m:r>
             </m:sub>
-            <m:sup />
+            <m:sup>
+              <m:r>
+                <m:t>&#8203;</m:t>
+              </m:r>
+            </m:sup>
           </m:sSubSup>
         </m:e>
       </m:mr>
@@ -1742,7 +1886,11 @@
                     <m:t>e</m:t>
                   </m:r>
                 </m:e>
-                <m:sub />
+                <m:sub>
+                  <m:r>
+                    <m:t>&#8203;</m:t>
+                  </m:r>
+                </m:sub>
                 <m:sup>
                   <m:f>
                     <m:fPr>
@@ -1783,7 +1931,11 @@
                     <m:t>e</m:t>
                   </m:r>
                 </m:e>
-                <m:sub />
+                <m:sub>
+                  <m:r>
+                    <m:t>&#8203;</m:t>
+                  </m:r>
+                </m:sub>
                 <m:sup>
                   <m:r>
                     <m:t>-</m:t>
@@ -1815,7 +1967,11 @@
                         <m:t>e</m:t>
                       </m:r>
                     </m:e>
-                    <m:sub />
+                    <m:sub>
+                      <m:r>
+                        <m:t>&#8203;</m:t>
+                      </m:r>
+                    </m:sub>
                     <m:sup>
                       <m:r>
                         <m:t>-</m:t>
@@ -1847,7 +2003,11 @@
                             <m:t>e</m:t>
                           </m:r>
                         </m:e>
-                        <m:sub />
+                        <m:sub>
+                          <m:r>
+                            <m:t>&#8203;</m:t>
+                          </m:r>
+                        </m:sub>
                         <m:sup>
                           <m:r>
                             <m:t>-</m:t>
@@ -1879,7 +2039,11 @@
                                 <m:t>e</m:t>
                               </m:r>
                             </m:e>
-                            <m:sub />
+                            <m:sub>
+                              <m:r>
+                                <m:t>&#8203;</m:t>
+                              </m:r>
+                            </m:sub>
                             <m:sup>
                               <m:r>
                                 <m:t>-</m:t>
@@ -1963,7 +2127,11 @@
                         <m:t>2</m:t>
                       </m:r>
                     </m:e>
-                    <m:sub />
+                    <m:sub>
+                      <m:r>
+                        <m:t>&#8203;</m:t>
+                      </m:r>
+                    </m:sub>
                     <m:sup>
                       <m:r>
                         <m:t>⌊</m:t>
@@ -1975,6 +2143,9 @@
                         <m:t>·</m:t>
                       </m:r>
                       <m:r>
+                        <m:t>&#8203;</m:t>
+                      </m:r>
+                      <m:r>
                         <m:t>φ</m:t>
                       </m:r>
                       <m:r>
@@ -2005,7 +2176,11 @@
                     <m:t>2</m:t>
                   </m:r>
                 </m:e>
-                <m:sub />
+                <m:sub>
+                  <m:r>
+                    <m:t>&#8203;</m:t>
+                  </m:r>
+                </m:sub>
                 <m:sup>
                   <m:r>
                     <m:t>0</m:t>
@@ -2031,7 +2206,11 @@
                         <m:t>2</m:t>
                       </m:r>
                     </m:e>
-                    <m:sub />
+                    <m:sub>
+                      <m:r>
+                        <m:t>&#8203;</m:t>
+                      </m:r>
+                    </m:sub>
                     <m:sup>
                       <m:r>
                         <m:t>1</m:t>
@@ -2101,7 +2280,11 @@
                         <m:t>q</m:t>
                       </m:r>
                     </m:e>
-                    <m:sub />
+                    <m:sub>
+                      <m:r>
+                        <m:t>&#8203;</m:t>
+                      </m:r>
+                    </m:sub>
                     <m:sup>
                       <m:sSubSup>
                         <m:e>
@@ -2109,7 +2292,11 @@
                             <m:t>k</m:t>
                           </m:r>
                         </m:e>
-                        <m:sub />
+                        <m:sub>
+                          <m:r>
+                            <m:t>&#8203;</m:t>
+                          </m:r>
+                        </m:sub>
                         <m:sup>
                           <m:r>
                             <m:t>2</m:t>
@@ -2156,7 +2343,11 @@
                         <m:t>q</m:t>
                       </m:r>
                     </m:e>
-                    <m:sub />
+                    <m:sub>
+                      <m:r>
+                        <m:t>&#8203;</m:t>
+                      </m:r>
+                    </m:sub>
                     <m:sup>
                       <m:r>
                         <m:t>2</m:t>
@@ -2184,7 +2375,11 @@
                         <m:t>q</m:t>
                       </m:r>
                     </m:e>
-                    <m:sub />
+                    <m:sub>
+                      <m:r>
+                        <m:t>&#8203;</m:t>
+                      </m:r>
+                    </m:sub>
                     <m:sup>
                       <m:r>
                         <m:t>k</m:t>
@@ -2250,7 +2445,11 @@
                         <m:t>q</m:t>
                       </m:r>
                     </m:e>
-                    <m:sub />
+                    <m:sub>
+                      <m:r>
+                        <m:t>&#8203;</m:t>
+                      </m:r>
+                    </m:sub>
                     <m:sup>
                       <m:r>
                         <m:t>5</m:t>
@@ -2284,7 +2483,11 @@
                         <m:t>q</m:t>
                       </m:r>
                     </m:e>
-                    <m:sub />
+                    <m:sub>
+                      <m:r>
+                        <m:t>&#8203;</m:t>
+                      </m:r>
+                    </m:sub>
                     <m:sup>
                       <m:r>
                         <m:t>5</m:t>
@@ -2412,7 +2615,11 @@
                   <m:t>↓</m:t>
                 </m:r>
               </m:e>
-              <m:e />
+              <m:e>
+                <m:r>
+                  <m:t>&#8203;</m:t>
+                </m:r>
+              </m:e>
               <m:e>
                 <m:r>
                   <m:t>↑</m:t>
diff --git a/tests/writers/complex2.omml b/tests/writers/complex2.omml
--- a/tests/writers/complex2.omml
+++ b/tests/writers/complex2.omml
@@ -65,7 +65,11 @@
                         <m:t>b</m:t>
                       </m:r>
                     </m:e>
-                    <m:sub />
+                    <m:sub>
+                      <m:r>
+                        <m:t>&#8203;</m:t>
+                      </m:r>
+                    </m:sub>
                     <m:sup>
                       <m:r>
                         <m:t>2</m:t>
@@ -140,7 +144,11 @@
                         <m:t>b</m:t>
                       </m:r>
                     </m:e>
-                    <m:sub />
+                    <m:sub>
+                      <m:r>
+                        <m:t>&#8203;</m:t>
+                      </m:r>
+                    </m:sub>
                     <m:sup>
                       <m:r>
                         <m:t>2</m:t>
@@ -215,7 +223,11 @@
                     <m:t>x</m:t>
                   </m:r>
                 </m:e>
-                <m:sub />
+                <m:sub>
+                  <m:r>
+                    <m:t>&#8203;</m:t>
+                  </m:r>
+                </m:sub>
                 <m:sup>
                   <m:r>
                     <m:t>2</m:t>
@@ -236,7 +248,11 @@
                     <m:t>x</m:t>
                   </m:r>
                 </m:e>
-                <m:sub />
+                <m:sub>
+                  <m:r>
+                    <m:t>&#8203;</m:t>
+                  </m:r>
+                </m:sub>
                 <m:sup>
                   <m:r>
                     <m:t>3</m:t>
@@ -292,7 +308,11 @@
                     <m:t>x</m:t>
                   </m:r>
                 </m:e>
-                <m:sub />
+                <m:sub>
+                  <m:r>
+                    <m:t>&#8203;</m:t>
+                  </m:r>
+                </m:sub>
                 <m:sup>
                   <m:r>
                     <m:t>2</m:t>
@@ -308,7 +328,11 @@
                     <m:t>x</m:t>
                   </m:r>
                 </m:e>
-                <m:sub />
+                <m:sub>
+                  <m:r>
+                    <m:t>&#8203;</m:t>
+                  </m:r>
+                </m:sub>
                 <m:sup>
                   <m:r>
                     <m:t>3</m:t>
@@ -329,7 +353,11 @@
                     <m:t>x</m:t>
                   </m:r>
                 </m:e>
-                <m:sub />
+                <m:sub>
+                  <m:r>
+                    <m:t>&#8203;</m:t>
+                  </m:r>
+                </m:sub>
                 <m:sup>
                   <m:r>
                     <m:t>3</m:t>
@@ -385,7 +413,11 @@
                     <m:t>x</m:t>
                   </m:r>
                 </m:e>
-                <m:sub />
+                <m:sub>
+                  <m:r>
+                    <m:t>&#8203;</m:t>
+                  </m:r>
+                </m:sub>
                 <m:sup>
                   <m:r>
                     <m:t>2</m:t>
@@ -404,7 +436,11 @@
                     <m:t>x</m:t>
                   </m:r>
                 </m:e>
-                <m:sub />
+                <m:sub>
+                  <m:r>
+                    <m:t>&#8203;</m:t>
+                  </m:r>
+                </m:sub>
                 <m:sup>
                   <m:r>
                     <m:t>3</m:t>
@@ -437,7 +473,11 @@
                     <m:t>x</m:t>
                   </m:r>
                 </m:e>
-                <m:sub />
+                <m:sub>
+                  <m:r>
+                    <m:t>&#8203;</m:t>
+                  </m:r>
+                </m:sub>
                 <m:sup>
                   <m:r>
                     <m:t>3</m:t>
@@ -492,7 +532,11 @@
                     <m:t>i</m:t>
                   </m:r>
                 </m:sub>
-                <m:sup />
+                <m:sup>
+                  <m:r>
+                    <m:t>&#8203;</m:t>
+                  </m:r>
+                </m:sup>
               </m:sSubSup>
               <m:r>
                 <m:t>-</m:t>
@@ -503,7 +547,11 @@
                     <m:t>x</m:t>
                   </m:r>
                 </m:e>
-                <m:sub />
+                <m:sub>
+                  <m:r>
+                    <m:t>&#8203;</m:t>
+                  </m:r>
+                </m:sub>
                 <m:sup>
                   <m:r>
                     <m:t>2</m:t>
@@ -516,7 +564,11 @@
                     <m:t>)</m:t>
                   </m:r>
                 </m:e>
-                <m:sub />
+                <m:sub>
+                  <m:r>
+                    <m:t>&#8203;</m:t>
+                  </m:r>
+                </m:sub>
                 <m:sup>
                   <m:r>
                     <m:t>5</m:t>
@@ -537,7 +589,11 @@
                     <m:t>x</m:t>
                   </m:r>
                 </m:e>
-                <m:sub />
+                <m:sub>
+                  <m:r>
+                    <m:t>&#8203;</m:t>
+                  </m:r>
+                </m:sub>
                 <m:sup>
                   <m:r>
                     <m:t>3</m:t>
@@ -579,7 +635,11 @@
                 <m:t>e</m:t>
               </m:r>
             </m:e>
-            <m:sub />
+            <m:sub>
+              <m:r>
+                <m:t>&#8203;</m:t>
+              </m:r>
+            </m:sub>
             <m:sup>
               <m:r>
                 <m:t>-</m:t>
@@ -590,7 +650,11 @@
                     <m:t>x</m:t>
                   </m:r>
                 </m:e>
-                <m:sub />
+                <m:sub>
+                  <m:r>
+                    <m:t>&#8203;</m:t>
+                  </m:r>
+                </m:sub>
                 <m:sup>
                   <m:r>
                     <m:t>2</m:t>
@@ -632,7 +696,11 @@
                 <m:t>e</m:t>
               </m:r>
             </m:e>
-            <m:sub />
+            <m:sub>
+              <m:r>
+                <m:t>&#8203;</m:t>
+              </m:r>
+            </m:sub>
             <m:sup>
               <m:r>
                 <m:t>-</m:t>
@@ -655,7 +723,11 @@
                     <m:t>)</m:t>
                   </m:r>
                 </m:e>
-                <m:sub />
+                <m:sub>
+                  <m:r>
+                    <m:t>&#8203;</m:t>
+                  </m:r>
+                </m:sub>
                 <m:sup>
                   <m:r>
                     <m:t>2</m:t>
@@ -697,7 +769,11 @@
                 <m:t>e</m:t>
               </m:r>
             </m:e>
-            <m:sub />
+            <m:sub>
+              <m:r>
+                <m:t>&#8203;</m:t>
+              </m:r>
+            </m:sub>
             <m:sup>
               <m:r>
                 <m:t>-</m:t>
@@ -780,7 +856,11 @@
                 <m:t>e</m:t>
               </m:r>
             </m:e>
-            <m:sub />
+            <m:sub>
+              <m:r>
+                <m:t>&#8203;</m:t>
+              </m:r>
+            </m:sub>
             <m:sup>
               <m:r>
                 <m:t>-</m:t>
@@ -863,7 +943,11 @@
                 <m:t>e</m:t>
               </m:r>
             </m:e>
-            <m:sub />
+            <m:sub>
+              <m:r>
+                <m:t>&#8203;</m:t>
+              </m:r>
+            </m:sub>
             <m:sup>
               <m:r>
                 <m:t>-</m:t>
@@ -898,7 +982,11 @@
                         <m:t>z</m:t>
                       </m:r>
                     </m:e>
-                    <m:sub />
+                    <m:sub>
+                      <m:r>
+                        <m:t>&#8203;</m:t>
+                      </m:r>
+                    </m:sub>
                     <m:sup>
                       <m:f>
                         <m:fPr>
@@ -955,7 +1043,11 @@
                     <m:t>1</m:t>
                   </m:r>
                 </m:sub>
-                <m:sup />
+                <m:sup>
+                  <m:r>
+                    <m:t>&#8203;</m:t>
+                  </m:r>
+                </m:sup>
               </m:sSubSup>
               <m:r>
                 <m:t>-</m:t>
@@ -971,7 +1063,11 @@
                     <m:t>2</m:t>
                   </m:r>
                 </m:sub>
-                <m:sup />
+                <m:sup>
+                  <m:r>
+                    <m:t>&#8203;</m:t>
+                  </m:r>
+                </m:sup>
               </m:sSubSup>
             </m:num>
             <m:den>
@@ -986,7 +1082,11 @@
                     <m:t>3</m:t>
                   </m:r>
                 </m:sub>
-                <m:sup />
+                <m:sup>
+                  <m:r>
+                    <m:t>&#8203;</m:t>
+                  </m:r>
+                </m:sup>
               </m:sSubSup>
               <m:r>
                 <m:t>-</m:t>
@@ -1002,7 +1102,11 @@
                     <m:t>4</m:t>
                   </m:r>
                 </m:sub>
-                <m:sup />
+                <m:sup>
+                  <m:r>
+                    <m:t>&#8203;</m:t>
+                  </m:r>
+                </m:sup>
               </m:sSubSup>
             </m:den>
           </m:f>
@@ -1022,7 +1126,11 @@
                     <m:t>1</m:t>
                   </m:r>
                 </m:sub>
-                <m:sup />
+                <m:sup>
+                  <m:r>
+                    <m:t>&#8203;</m:t>
+                  </m:r>
+                </m:sup>
               </m:sSubSup>
               <m:r>
                 <m:t>-</m:t>
@@ -1038,7 +1146,11 @@
                     <m:t>4</m:t>
                   </m:r>
                 </m:sub>
-                <m:sup />
+                <m:sup>
+                  <m:r>
+                    <m:t>&#8203;</m:t>
+                  </m:r>
+                </m:sup>
               </m:sSubSup>
             </m:num>
             <m:den>
@@ -1053,7 +1165,11 @@
                     <m:t>2</m:t>
                   </m:r>
                 </m:sub>
-                <m:sup />
+                <m:sup>
+                  <m:r>
+                    <m:t>&#8203;</m:t>
+                  </m:r>
+                </m:sup>
               </m:sSubSup>
               <m:r>
                 <m:t>-</m:t>
@@ -1069,7 +1185,11 @@
                     <m:t>3</m:t>
                   </m:r>
                 </m:sub>
-                <m:sup />
+                <m:sup>
+                  <m:r>
+                    <m:t>&#8203;</m:t>
+                  </m:r>
+                </m:sup>
               </m:sSubSup>
             </m:den>
           </m:f>
@@ -1104,7 +1224,11 @@
                     <m:t>1</m:t>
                   </m:r>
                 </m:sub>
-                <m:sup />
+                <m:sup>
+                  <m:r>
+                    <m:t>&#8203;</m:t>
+                  </m:r>
+                </m:sup>
               </m:sSubSup>
               <m:r>
                 <m:t>-</m:t>
@@ -1120,7 +1244,11 @@
                     <m:t>2</m:t>
                   </m:r>
                 </m:sub>
-                <m:sup />
+                <m:sup>
+                  <m:r>
+                    <m:t>&#8203;</m:t>
+                  </m:r>
+                </m:sup>
               </m:sSubSup>
             </m:num>
             <m:den>
@@ -1135,7 +1263,11 @@
                     <m:t>3</m:t>
                   </m:r>
                 </m:sub>
-                <m:sup />
+                <m:sup>
+                  <m:r>
+                    <m:t>&#8203;</m:t>
+                  </m:r>
+                </m:sup>
               </m:sSubSup>
               <m:r>
                 <m:t>-</m:t>
@@ -1151,7 +1283,11 @@
                     <m:t>4</m:t>
                   </m:r>
                 </m:sub>
-                <m:sup />
+                <m:sup>
+                  <m:r>
+                    <m:t>&#8203;</m:t>
+                  </m:r>
+                </m:sup>
               </m:sSubSup>
             </m:den>
           </m:f>
@@ -1177,7 +1313,11 @@
                     <m:t>1</m:t>
                   </m:r>
                 </m:sub>
-                <m:sup />
+                <m:sup>
+                  <m:r>
+                    <m:t>&#8203;</m:t>
+                  </m:r>
+                </m:sup>
               </m:sSubSup>
               <m:r>
                 <m:t>-</m:t>
@@ -1193,7 +1333,11 @@
                     <m:t>4</m:t>
                   </m:r>
                 </m:sub>
-                <m:sup />
+                <m:sup>
+                  <m:r>
+                    <m:t>&#8203;</m:t>
+                  </m:r>
+                </m:sup>
               </m:sSubSup>
             </m:num>
             <m:den>
@@ -1208,7 +1352,11 @@
                     <m:t>2</m:t>
                   </m:r>
                 </m:sub>
-                <m:sup />
+                <m:sup>
+                  <m:r>
+                    <m:t>&#8203;</m:t>
+                  </m:r>
+                </m:sup>
               </m:sSubSup>
               <m:r>
                 <m:t>-</m:t>
@@ -1224,7 +1372,11 @@
                     <m:t>3</m:t>
                   </m:r>
                 </m:sub>
-                <m:sup />
+                <m:sup>
+                  <m:r>
+                    <m:t>&#8203;</m:t>
+                  </m:r>
+                </m:sup>
               </m:sSubSup>
             </m:den>
           </m:f>
@@ -1266,7 +1418,11 @@
                         <m:t>1</m:t>
                       </m:r>
                     </m:sub>
-                    <m:sup />
+                    <m:sup>
+                      <m:r>
+                        <m:t>&#8203;</m:t>
+                      </m:r>
+                    </m:sup>
                   </m:sSubSup>
                   <m:r>
                     <m:t>-</m:t>
@@ -1282,7 +1438,11 @@
                         <m:t>2</m:t>
                       </m:r>
                     </m:sub>
-                    <m:sup />
+                    <m:sup>
+                      <m:r>
+                        <m:t>&#8203;</m:t>
+                      </m:r>
+                    </m:sup>
                   </m:sSubSup>
                 </m:num>
                 <m:den>
@@ -1297,7 +1457,11 @@
                         <m:t>3</m:t>
                       </m:r>
                     </m:sub>
-                    <m:sup />
+                    <m:sup>
+                      <m:r>
+                        <m:t>&#8203;</m:t>
+                      </m:r>
+                    </m:sup>
                   </m:sSubSup>
                   <m:r>
                     <m:t>-</m:t>
@@ -1313,7 +1477,11 @@
                         <m:t>4</m:t>
                       </m:r>
                     </m:sub>
-                    <m:sup />
+                    <m:sup>
+                      <m:r>
+                        <m:t>&#8203;</m:t>
+                      </m:r>
+                    </m:sup>
                   </m:sSubSup>
                 </m:den>
               </m:f>
@@ -1342,7 +1510,11 @@
                         <m:t>1</m:t>
                       </m:r>
                     </m:sub>
-                    <m:sup />
+                    <m:sup>
+                      <m:r>
+                        <m:t>&#8203;</m:t>
+                      </m:r>
+                    </m:sup>
                   </m:sSubSup>
                   <m:r>
                     <m:t>-</m:t>
@@ -1358,7 +1530,11 @@
                         <m:t>4</m:t>
                       </m:r>
                     </m:sub>
-                    <m:sup />
+                    <m:sup>
+                      <m:r>
+                        <m:t>&#8203;</m:t>
+                      </m:r>
+                    </m:sup>
                   </m:sSubSup>
                 </m:num>
                 <m:den>
@@ -1373,7 +1549,11 @@
                         <m:t>2</m:t>
                       </m:r>
                     </m:sub>
-                    <m:sup />
+                    <m:sup>
+                      <m:r>
+                        <m:t>&#8203;</m:t>
+                      </m:r>
+                    </m:sup>
                   </m:sSubSup>
                   <m:r>
                     <m:t>-</m:t>
@@ -1389,7 +1569,11 @@
                         <m:t>3</m:t>
                       </m:r>
                     </m:sub>
-                    <m:sup />
+                    <m:sup>
+                      <m:r>
+                        <m:t>&#8203;</m:t>
+                      </m:r>
+                    </m:sup>
                   </m:sSubSup>
                 </m:den>
               </m:f>
@@ -1426,7 +1610,11 @@
                     <m:t>1</m:t>
                   </m:r>
                 </m:sub>
-                <m:sup />
+                <m:sup>
+                  <m:r>
+                    <m:t>&#8203;</m:t>
+                  </m:r>
+                </m:sup>
               </m:sSubSup>
               <m:r>
                 <m:t>-</m:t>
@@ -1442,7 +1630,11 @@
                     <m:t>2</m:t>
                   </m:r>
                 </m:sub>
-                <m:sup />
+                <m:sup>
+                  <m:r>
+                    <m:t>&#8203;</m:t>
+                  </m:r>
+                </m:sup>
               </m:sSubSup>
               <m:r>
                 <m:t>)</m:t>
@@ -1461,7 +1653,11 @@
                     <m:t>3</m:t>
                   </m:r>
                 </m:sub>
-                <m:sup />
+                <m:sup>
+                  <m:r>
+                    <m:t>&#8203;</m:t>
+                  </m:r>
+                </m:sup>
               </m:sSubSup>
               <m:r>
                 <m:t>-</m:t>
@@ -1477,7 +1673,11 @@
                     <m:t>4</m:t>
                   </m:r>
                 </m:sub>
-                <m:sup />
+                <m:sup>
+                  <m:r>
+                    <m:t>&#8203;</m:t>
+                  </m:r>
+                </m:sup>
               </m:sSubSup>
               <m:r>
                 <m:t>)</m:t>
@@ -1498,7 +1698,11 @@
                     <m:t>1</m:t>
                   </m:r>
                 </m:sub>
-                <m:sup />
+                <m:sup>
+                  <m:r>
+                    <m:t>&#8203;</m:t>
+                  </m:r>
+                </m:sup>
               </m:sSubSup>
               <m:r>
                 <m:t>-</m:t>
@@ -1514,7 +1718,11 @@
                     <m:t>4</m:t>
                   </m:r>
                 </m:sub>
-                <m:sup />
+                <m:sup>
+                  <m:r>
+                    <m:t>&#8203;</m:t>
+                  </m:r>
+                </m:sup>
               </m:sSubSup>
               <m:r>
                 <m:t>)</m:t>
@@ -1533,7 +1741,11 @@
                     <m:t>2</m:t>
                   </m:r>
                 </m:sub>
-                <m:sup />
+                <m:sup>
+                  <m:r>
+                    <m:t>&#8203;</m:t>
+                  </m:r>
+                </m:sup>
               </m:sSubSup>
               <m:r>
                 <m:t>-</m:t>
@@ -1549,7 +1761,11 @@
                     <m:t>3</m:t>
                   </m:r>
                 </m:sub>
-                <m:sup />
+                <m:sup>
+                  <m:r>
+                    <m:t>&#8203;</m:t>
+                  </m:r>
+                </m:sup>
               </m:sSubSup>
               <m:r>
                 <m:t>)</m:t>
diff --git a/tests/writers/complex3.omml b/tests/writers/complex3.omml
--- a/tests/writers/complex3.omml
+++ b/tests/writers/complex3.omml
@@ -253,7 +253,11 @@
             </m:dPr>
             <m:e>
               <m:sSub>
-                <m:e />
+                <m:e>
+                  <m:r>
+                    <m:t>&#8203;</m:t>
+                  </m:r>
+                </m:e>
                 <m:sub>
                   <m:r>
                     <m:t>C</m:t>
@@ -383,7 +387,11 @@
                 </m:dPr>
                 <m:e>
                   <m:sSub>
-                    <m:e />
+                    <m:e>
+                      <m:r>
+                        <m:t>&#8203;</m:t>
+                      </m:r>
+                    </m:e>
                     <m:sub>
                       <m:r>
                         <m:t>C</m:t>
@@ -456,7 +464,11 @@
                 </m:dPr>
                 <m:e>
                   <m:sSub>
-                    <m:e />
+                    <m:e>
+                      <m:r>
+                        <m:t>&#8203;</m:t>
+                      </m:r>
+                    </m:e>
                     <m:sub>
                       <m:r>
                         <m:t>C</m:t>
@@ -2276,7 +2288,11 @@
             <m:t>10</m:t>
           </m:r>
           <m:sSup>
-            <m:e />
+            <m:e>
+              <m:r>
+                <m:t>&#8203;</m:t>
+              </m:r>
+            </m:e>
             <m:sup>
               <m:r>
                 <m:rPr>
@@ -2305,7 +2321,11 @@
             <m:t>10</m:t>
           </m:r>
           <m:sSup>
-            <m:e />
+            <m:e>
+              <m:r>
+                <m:t>&#8203;</m:t>
+              </m:r>
+            </m:e>
             <m:sup>
               <m:r>
                 <m:rPr>
@@ -4835,8 +4855,16 @@
               <m:subHide m:val="0" />
               <m:supHide m:val="0" />
             </m:naryPr>
-            <m:sub />
-            <m:sup />
+            <m:sub>
+              <m:r>
+                <m:t>&#8203;</m:t>
+              </m:r>
+            </m:sub>
+            <m:sup>
+              <m:r>
+                <m:t>&#8203;</m:t>
+              </m:r>
+            </m:sup>
             <m:e>
               <m:r>
                 <m:t>x</m:t>
@@ -4909,7 +4937,11 @@
                 </m:mr>
               </m:m>
             </m:sub>
-            <m:sup />
+            <m:sup>
+              <m:r>
+                <m:t>&#8203;</m:t>
+              </m:r>
+            </m:sup>
             <m:e>
               <m:sSup>
                 <m:e>
@@ -5017,7 +5049,11 @@
                                   </m:sup>
                                 </m:sSup>
                               </m:sub>
-                              <m:sup />
+                              <m:sup>
+                                <m:r>
+                                  <m:t>&#8203;</m:t>
+                                </m:r>
+                              </m:sup>
                             </m:sSubSup>
                           </m:e>
                         </m:mr>
@@ -5068,7 +5104,11 @@
                                   </m:sup>
                                 </m:sSup>
                               </m:sub>
-                              <m:sup />
+                              <m:sup>
+                                <m:r>
+                                  <m:t>&#8203;</m:t>
+                                </m:r>
+                              </m:sup>
                             </m:sSubSup>
                           </m:e>
                         </m:mr>
@@ -5076,7 +5116,11 @@
                     </m:sup>
                   </m:sSup>
                 </m:sub>
-                <m:sup />
+                <m:sup>
+                  <m:r>
+                    <m:t>&#8203;</m:t>
+                  </m:r>
+                </m:sup>
               </m:sSubSup>
             </m:sub>
             <m:sup>
@@ -15449,7 +15493,11 @@
                     <m:t>→</m:t>
                   </m:r>
                 </m:e>
-                <m:lim />
+                <m:lim>
+                  <m:r>
+                    <m:t>&#8203;</m:t>
+                  </m:r>
+                </m:lim>
               </m:limUpp>
               <m:r>
                 <m:t>a</m:t>
@@ -18468,7 +18516,11 @@
             </m:dPr>
             <m:e>
               <m:sSub>
-                <m:e />
+                <m:e>
+                  <m:r>
+                    <m:t>&#8203;</m:t>
+                  </m:r>
+                </m:e>
                 <m:sub>
                   <m:sSup>
                     <m:e>
@@ -22764,7 +22816,11 @@
                     <m:t>2</m:t>
                   </m:r>
                 </m:sup>
-                <m:e />
+                <m:e>
+                  <m:r>
+                    <m:t>&#8203;</m:t>
+                  </m:r>
+                </m:e>
               </m:nary>
             </m:e>
           </m:d>
@@ -22839,7 +22895,11 @@
                     <m:t>2</m:t>
                   </m:r>
                 </m:sup>
-                <m:e />
+                <m:e>
+                  <m:r>
+                    <m:t>&#8203;</m:t>
+                  </m:r>
+                </m:e>
               </m:nary>
             </m:e>
           </m:d>
@@ -22914,7 +22974,11 @@
                     <m:t>2</m:t>
                   </m:r>
                 </m:sup>
-                <m:e />
+                <m:e>
+                  <m:r>
+                    <m:t>&#8203;</m:t>
+                  </m:r>
+                </m:e>
               </m:nary>
             </m:e>
           </m:d>
@@ -22999,7 +23063,11 @@
                         <m:t>2</m:t>
                       </m:r>
                     </m:sup>
-                    <m:e />
+                    <m:e>
+                      <m:r>
+                        <m:t>&#8203;</m:t>
+                      </m:r>
+                    </m:e>
                   </m:nary>
                 </m:e>
               </m:d>
diff --git a/tests/writers/invChars.omml b/tests/writers/invChars.omml
--- a/tests/writers/invChars.omml
+++ b/tests/writers/invChars.omml
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@
       <m:t></m:t>
     </m:r>
     <m:r>
-      <m:t></m:t>
+      <m:t>&#8203;</m:t>
     </m:r>
     <m:r>
       <m:t>&#8290;</m:t>
@@ -24,6 +24,9 @@
     </m:r>
     <m:r>
       <m:t>&#8289;</m:t>
+    </m:r>
+    <m:r>
+      <m:t>&#8203;</m:t>
     </m:r>
   </m:oMath>
 </m:oMathPara>
diff --git a/tests/writers/mfenced1.omml b/tests/writers/mfenced1.omml
--- a/tests/writers/mfenced1.omml
+++ b/tests/writers/mfenced1.omml
@@ -10,7 +10,11 @@
         <m:endChr m:val=")" />
         <m:grow />
       </m:dPr>
-      <m:e />
+      <m:e>
+        <m:r>
+          <m:t>&#8203;</m:t>
+        </m:r>
+      </m:e>
     </m:d>
   </m:oMath>
 </m:oMathPara>
diff --git a/tests/writers/mfrac-11.omml b/tests/writers/mfrac-11.omml
--- a/tests/writers/mfrac-11.omml
+++ b/tests/writers/mfrac-11.omml
@@ -74,6 +74,9 @@
           </m:e>
         </m:phant>
         <m:r>
+          <m:t>&#8203;</m:t>
+        </m:r>
+        <m:r>
           <m:t>A</m:t>
         </m:r>
       </m:num>
@@ -112,6 +115,9 @@
               <m:den>
                 <m:r>
                   <m:t>F</m:t>
+                </m:r>
+                <m:r>
+                  <m:t>&#8203;</m:t>
                 </m:r>
                 <m:phant>
                   <m:phantPr>
diff --git a/tests/writers/mfrac-12.omml b/tests/writers/mfrac-12.omml
--- a/tests/writers/mfrac-12.omml
+++ b/tests/writers/mfrac-12.omml
@@ -38,12 +38,18 @@
           </m:e>
         </m:phant>
         <m:r>
+          <m:t>&#8203;</m:t>
+        </m:r>
+        <m:r>
           <m:t>1</m:t>
         </m:r>
       </m:num>
       <m:den>
         <m:r>
           <m:t>2</m:t>
+        </m:r>
+        <m:r>
+          <m:t>&#8203;</m:t>
         </m:r>
         <m:phant>
           <m:phantPr>
diff --git a/tests/writers/mfracZcomp-33.omml b/tests/writers/mfracZcomp-33.omml
--- a/tests/writers/mfracZcomp-33.omml
+++ b/tests/writers/mfracZcomp-33.omml
@@ -103,7 +103,11 @@
           <m:t>C</m:t>
         </m:r>
       </m:sub>
-      <m:sup />
+      <m:sup>
+        <m:r>
+          <m:t>&#8203;</m:t>
+        </m:r>
+      </m:sup>
       <m:e>
         <m:f>
           <m:fPr>
diff --git a/tests/writers/moAmovable15.omml b/tests/writers/moAmovable15.omml
--- a/tests/writers/moAmovable15.omml
+++ b/tests/writers/moAmovable15.omml
@@ -136,7 +136,11 @@
           <m:t>0</m:t>
         </m:r>
       </m:sup>
-      <m:e />
+      <m:e>
+        <m:r>
+          <m:t>&#8203;</m:t>
+        </m:r>
+      </m:e>
     </m:nary>
   </m:oMath>
 </m:oMathPara>
diff --git a/tests/writers/mrowBinferred2.omml b/tests/writers/mrowBinferred2.omml
--- a/tests/writers/mrowBinferred2.omml
+++ b/tests/writers/mrowBinferred2.omml
@@ -28,6 +28,9 @@
       </m:e>
     </m:rad>
     <m:r>
+      <m:t>&#8203;</m:t>
+    </m:r>
+    <m:r>
       <m:t>2</m:t>
     </m:r>
     <m:r>
diff --git a/tests/writers/mspace-01.omml b/tests/writers/mspace-01.omml
--- a/tests/writers/mspace-01.omml
+++ b/tests/writers/mspace-01.omml
@@ -11,6 +11,9 @@
       <m:t>First line</m:t>
     </m:r>
     <m:r>
+      <m:t>&#8203;</m:t>
+    </m:r>
+    <m:r>
       <m:rPr>
         <m:sty m:val="p" />
       </m:rPr>
diff --git a/tests/writers/mspace-02.omml b/tests/writers/mspace-02.omml
--- a/tests/writers/mspace-02.omml
+++ b/tests/writers/mspace-02.omml
@@ -11,30 +11,45 @@
       <m:t>2</m:t>
     </m:r>
     <m:r>
+      <m:t>&#8203;</m:t>
+    </m:r>
+    <m:r>
       <m:t>3</m:t>
     </m:r>
     <m:r>
       <m:t>4</m:t>
     </m:r>
     <m:r>
+      <m:t>&#8203;</m:t>
+    </m:r>
+    <m:r>
       <m:t>5</m:t>
     </m:r>
     <m:r>
       <m:t>6</m:t>
     </m:r>
     <m:r>
+      <m:t>&#8203;</m:t>
+    </m:r>
+    <m:r>
       <m:t>7</m:t>
     </m:r>
     <m:r>
       <m:t>8</m:t>
     </m:r>
     <m:r>
+      <m:t>&#8203;</m:t>
+    </m:r>
+    <m:r>
       <m:t>9</m:t>
     </m:r>
     <m:r>
       <m:t>10</m:t>
     </m:r>
     <m:r>
+      <m:t>&#8203;</m:t>
+    </m:r>
+    <m:r>
       <m:t>11</m:t>
     </m:r>
     <m:r>
@@ -47,42 +62,63 @@
       <m:t>12</m:t>
     </m:r>
     <m:r>
+      <m:t>&#8203;</m:t>
+    </m:r>
+    <m:r>
       <m:t>13</m:t>
     </m:r>
     <m:r>
       <m:t>14</m:t>
     </m:r>
     <m:r>
+      <m:t>&#8203;</m:t>
+    </m:r>
+    <m:r>
       <m:t>15</m:t>
     </m:r>
     <m:r>
       <m:t>16</m:t>
     </m:r>
     <m:r>
+      <m:t>&#8203;</m:t>
+    </m:r>
+    <m:r>
       <m:t>17</m:t>
     </m:r>
     <m:r>
       <m:t>18</m:t>
     </m:r>
     <m:r>
+      <m:t>&#8203;</m:t>
+    </m:r>
+    <m:r>
       <m:t>19</m:t>
     </m:r>
     <m:r>
       <m:t>20</m:t>
     </m:r>
     <m:r>
+      <m:t>&#8203;</m:t>
+    </m:r>
+    <m:r>
       <m:t>21</m:t>
     </m:r>
     <m:r>
       <m:t>22</m:t>
     </m:r>
     <m:r>
+      <m:t>&#8203;</m:t>
+    </m:r>
+    <m:r>
       <m:t>21</m:t>
     </m:r>
     <m:r>
       <m:t>22</m:t>
     </m:r>
     <m:r>
+      <m:t>&#8203;</m:t>
+    </m:r>
+    <m:r>
       <m:t>23</m:t>
     </m:r>
     <m:r>
@@ -95,18 +131,27 @@
       <m:t>26</m:t>
     </m:r>
     <m:r>
+      <m:t>&#8203;</m:t>
+    </m:r>
+    <m:r>
       <m:t>27</m:t>
     </m:r>
     <m:r>
       <m:t>28</m:t>
     </m:r>
     <m:r>
+      <m:t>&#8203;</m:t>
+    </m:r>
+    <m:r>
       <m:t>29</m:t>
     </m:r>
     <m:r>
       <m:t>30</m:t>
     </m:r>
     <m:r>
+      <m:t>&#8203;</m:t>
+    </m:r>
+    <m:r>
       <m:t>31</m:t>
     </m:r>
     <m:r>
@@ -119,112 +164,169 @@
       <m:t>32</m:t>
     </m:r>
     <m:r>
+      <m:t>&#8203;</m:t>
+    </m:r>
+    <m:r>
       <m:t>33</m:t>
     </m:r>
     <m:r>
       <m:t>34</m:t>
     </m:r>
     <m:r>
+      <m:t>&#8203;</m:t>
+    </m:r>
+    <m:r>
       <m:t>35</m:t>
     </m:r>
     <m:r>
       <m:t>36</m:t>
     </m:r>
     <m:r>
+      <m:t>&#8203;</m:t>
+    </m:r>
+    <m:r>
       <m:t>37</m:t>
     </m:r>
     <m:r>
       <m:t>38</m:t>
     </m:r>
     <m:r>
+      <m:t>&#8203;</m:t>
+    </m:r>
+    <m:r>
       <m:t>39</m:t>
     </m:r>
     <m:r>
       <m:t>40</m:t>
     </m:r>
     <m:r>
+      <m:t>&#8203;</m:t>
+    </m:r>
+    <m:r>
       <m:t>41</m:t>
     </m:r>
     <m:r>
       <m:t>42</m:t>
     </m:r>
     <m:r>
+      <m:t>&#8203;</m:t>
+    </m:r>
+    <m:r>
       <m:t>41</m:t>
     </m:r>
     <m:r>
       <m:t>42</m:t>
     </m:r>
     <m:r>
+      <m:t>&#8203;</m:t>
+    </m:r>
+    <m:r>
       <m:t>43</m:t>
     </m:r>
     <m:r>
       <m:t>44</m:t>
     </m:r>
     <m:r>
+      <m:t>&#8203;</m:t>
+    </m:r>
+    <m:r>
       <m:t>45</m:t>
     </m:r>
     <m:r>
       <m:t>46</m:t>
     </m:r>
     <m:r>
+      <m:t>&#8203;</m:t>
+    </m:r>
+    <m:r>
       <m:t>47</m:t>
     </m:r>
     <m:r>
       <m:t>48</m:t>
     </m:r>
     <m:r>
+      <m:t>&#8203;</m:t>
+    </m:r>
+    <m:r>
       <m:t>49</m:t>
     </m:r>
     <m:r>
       <m:t>50</m:t>
     </m:r>
     <m:r>
+      <m:t>&#8203;</m:t>
+    </m:r>
+    <m:r>
       <m:t>51</m:t>
     </m:r>
     <m:r>
       <m:t>52</m:t>
     </m:r>
     <m:r>
+      <m:t>&#8203;</m:t>
+    </m:r>
+    <m:r>
       <m:t>51</m:t>
     </m:r>
     <m:r>
       <m:t>52</m:t>
     </m:r>
     <m:r>
+      <m:t>&#8203;</m:t>
+    </m:r>
+    <m:r>
       <m:t>53</m:t>
     </m:r>
     <m:r>
       <m:t>54</m:t>
     </m:r>
     <m:r>
+      <m:t>&#8203;</m:t>
+    </m:r>
+    <m:r>
       <m:t>55</m:t>
     </m:r>
     <m:r>
       <m:t>56</m:t>
     </m:r>
     <m:r>
+      <m:t>&#8203;</m:t>
+    </m:r>
+    <m:r>
       <m:t>57</m:t>
     </m:r>
     <m:r>
       <m:t>58</m:t>
     </m:r>
     <m:r>
+      <m:t>&#8203;</m:t>
+    </m:r>
+    <m:r>
       <m:t>59</m:t>
     </m:r>
     <m:r>
       <m:t>60</m:t>
     </m:r>
     <m:r>
+      <m:t>&#8203;</m:t>
+    </m:r>
+    <m:r>
       <m:t>61</m:t>
     </m:r>
     <m:r>
       <m:t>62</m:t>
     </m:r>
     <m:r>
+      <m:t>&#8203;</m:t>
+    </m:r>
+    <m:r>
       <m:t>61</m:t>
     </m:r>
     <m:r>
       <m:t>62</m:t>
+    </m:r>
+    <m:r>
+      <m:t>&#8203;</m:t>
     </m:r>
     <m:r>
       <m:t>63</m:t>
diff --git a/tests/writers/mspace1.omml b/tests/writers/mspace1.omml
--- a/tests/writers/mspace1.omml
+++ b/tests/writers/mspace1.omml
@@ -19,5 +19,8 @@
     <m:r>
       <m:t>x</m:t>
     </m:r>
+    <m:r>
+      <m:t>&#8203;</m:t>
+    </m:r>
   </m:oMath>
 </m:oMathPara>
diff --git a/tests/writers/mspace2.omml b/tests/writers/mspace2.omml
--- a/tests/writers/mspace2.omml
+++ b/tests/writers/mspace2.omml
@@ -8,6 +8,9 @@
       <m:t>H</m:t>
     </m:r>
     <m:r>
+      <m:t>&#8203;</m:t>
+    </m:r>
+    <m:r>
       <m:t>H</m:t>
     </m:r>
   </m:oMath>
diff --git a/tests/writers/mspaceAbreak3.omml b/tests/writers/mspaceAbreak3.omml
--- a/tests/writers/mspaceAbreak3.omml
+++ b/tests/writers/mspaceAbreak3.omml
@@ -11,34 +11,52 @@
       <m:t>+</m:t>
     </m:r>
     <m:r>
+      <m:t>&#8203;</m:t>
+    </m:r>
+    <m:r>
       <m:t>bbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbb</m:t>
     </m:r>
     <m:r>
       <m:t>+</m:t>
     </m:r>
     <m:r>
+      <m:t>&#8203;</m:t>
+    </m:r>
+    <m:r>
       <m:t>cccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc</m:t>
     </m:r>
     <m:r>
       <m:t>+</m:t>
     </m:r>
     <m:r>
+      <m:t>&#8203;</m:t>
+    </m:r>
+    <m:r>
       <m:t>dddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd</m:t>
     </m:r>
     <m:r>
       <m:t>+</m:t>
     </m:r>
     <m:r>
+      <m:t>&#8203;</m:t>
+    </m:r>
+    <m:r>
       <m:t>eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee</m:t>
     </m:r>
     <m:r>
       <m:t>+</m:t>
     </m:r>
     <m:r>
+      <m:t>&#8203;</m:t>
+    </m:r>
+    <m:r>
       <m:t>fffffffffffffffffffffffffff</m:t>
     </m:r>
     <m:r>
       <m:t>+</m:t>
+    </m:r>
+    <m:r>
+      <m:t>&#8203;</m:t>
     </m:r>
     <m:r>
       <m:t>gggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggg</m:t>
diff --git a/tests/writers/mspacestruts2.omml b/tests/writers/mspacestruts2.omml
--- a/tests/writers/mspacestruts2.omml
+++ b/tests/writers/mspacestruts2.omml
@@ -42,6 +42,9 @@
           <m:t>x</m:t>
         </m:r>
         <m:r>
+          <m:t>&#8203;</m:t>
+        </m:r>
+        <m:r>
           <m:t>y</m:t>
         </m:r>
       </m:den>
@@ -56,6 +59,9 @@
       <m:num>
         <m:r>
           <m:t>x</m:t>
+        </m:r>
+        <m:r>
+          <m:t>&#8203;</m:t>
         </m:r>
         <m:r>
           <m:t>y</m:t>
diff --git a/tests/writers/msqrtBimplied8.omml b/tests/writers/msqrtBimplied8.omml
--- a/tests/writers/msqrtBimplied8.omml
+++ b/tests/writers/msqrtBimplied8.omml
@@ -49,7 +49,11 @@
         <m:degHide m:val="1" />
       </m:radPr>
       <m:deg />
-      <m:e />
+      <m:e>
+        <m:r>
+          <m:t>&#8203;</m:t>
+        </m:r>
+      </m:e>
     </m:rad>
   </m:oMath>
 </m:oMathPara>
diff --git a/tests/writers/msubsupBsize2.omml b/tests/writers/msubsupBsize2.omml
--- a/tests/writers/msubsupBsize2.omml
+++ b/tests/writers/msubsupBsize2.omml
@@ -108,7 +108,11 @@
           <m:t>a</m:t>
         </m:r>
       </m:sup>
-      <m:e />
+      <m:e>
+        <m:r>
+          <m:t>&#8203;</m:t>
+        </m:r>
+      </m:e>
     </m:nary>
   </m:oMath>
 </m:oMathPara>
diff --git a/tests/writers/msupBsize3.omml b/tests/writers/msupBsize3.omml
--- a/tests/writers/msupBsize3.omml
+++ b/tests/writers/msupBsize3.omml
@@ -11,7 +11,11 @@
         <m:subHide m:val="1" />
         <m:supHide m:val="0" />
       </m:naryPr>
-      <m:sub />
+      <m:sub>
+        <m:r>
+          <m:t>&#8203;</m:t>
+        </m:r>
+      </m:sub>
       <m:sup>
         <m:r>
           <m:t>1</m:t>
@@ -84,7 +88,11 @@
         <m:subHide m:val="1" />
         <m:supHide m:val="0" />
       </m:naryPr>
-      <m:sub />
+      <m:sub>
+        <m:r>
+          <m:t>&#8203;</m:t>
+        </m:r>
+      </m:sub>
       <m:sup>
         <m:r>
           <m:t>a</m:t>
@@ -103,13 +111,21 @@
         <m:subHide m:val="1" />
         <m:supHide m:val="0" />
       </m:naryPr>
-      <m:sub />
+      <m:sub>
+        <m:r>
+          <m:t>&#8203;</m:t>
+        </m:r>
+      </m:sub>
       <m:sup>
         <m:r>
           <m:t>a</m:t>
         </m:r>
       </m:sup>
-      <m:e />
+      <m:e>
+        <m:r>
+          <m:t>&#8203;</m:t>
+        </m:r>
+      </m:e>
     </m:nary>
   </m:oMath>
 </m:oMathPara>
diff --git a/tests/writers/mtable-14.omml b/tests/writers/mtable-14.omml
--- a/tests/writers/mtable-14.omml
+++ b/tests/writers/mtable-14.omml
@@ -45,7 +45,13 @@
             </m:e>
           </m:phant>
           <m:r>
+            <m:t>&#8203;</m:t>
+          </m:r>
+          <m:r>
             <m:t>HT</m:t>
+          </m:r>
+          <m:r>
+            <m:t>&#8203;</m:t>
           </m:r>
           <m:phant>
             <m:phantPr>
diff --git a/tests/writers/mtable-15.omml b/tests/writers/mtable-15.omml
--- a/tests/writers/mtable-15.omml
+++ b/tests/writers/mtable-15.omml
@@ -45,7 +45,13 @@
             </m:e>
           </m:phant>
           <m:r>
+            <m:t>&#8203;</m:t>
+          </m:r>
+          <m:r>
             <m:t>HT</m:t>
+          </m:r>
+          <m:r>
+            <m:t>&#8203;</m:t>
           </m:r>
           <m:phant>
             <m:phantPr>
diff --git a/tests/writers/mtable-16.omml b/tests/writers/mtable-16.omml
--- a/tests/writers/mtable-16.omml
+++ b/tests/writers/mtable-16.omml
@@ -45,7 +45,13 @@
             </m:e>
           </m:phant>
           <m:r>
+            <m:t>&#8203;</m:t>
+          </m:r>
+          <m:r>
             <m:t>HT</m:t>
+          </m:r>
+          <m:r>
+            <m:t>&#8203;</m:t>
           </m:r>
           <m:phant>
             <m:phantPr>
diff --git a/tests/writers/mtableBspan3.omml b/tests/writers/mtableBspan3.omml
--- a/tests/writers/mtableBspan3.omml
+++ b/tests/writers/mtableBspan3.omml
@@ -109,6 +109,9 @@
         <m:e />
       </m:mr>
     </m:m>
+    <m:r>
+      <m:t>&#8203;</m:t>
+    </m:r>
     <m:m>
       <m:mPr>
         <m:baseJc m:val="center" />
diff --git a/tests/writers/sphere_volume.omml b/tests/writers/sphere_volume.omml
--- a/tests/writers/sphere_volume.omml
+++ b/tests/writers/sphere_volume.omml
@@ -150,8 +150,16 @@
                 <m:t>S</m:t>
               </m:r>
             </m:sub>
-            <m:sup />
-            <m:e />
+            <m:sup>
+              <m:r>
+                <m:t>&#8203;</m:t>
+              </m:r>
+            </m:sup>
+            <m:e>
+              <m:r>
+                <m:t>&#8203;</m:t>
+              </m:r>
+            </m:e>
           </m:nary>
           <m:sSup>
             <m:e>
@@ -238,7 +246,11 @@
                 <m:t>π</m:t>
               </m:r>
             </m:sup>
-            <m:e />
+            <m:e>
+              <m:r>
+                <m:t>&#8203;</m:t>
+              </m:r>
+            </m:e>
           </m:nary>
           <m:r>
             <m:rPr>
@@ -269,7 +281,11 @@
                 <m:t>π</m:t>
               </m:r>
             </m:sup>
-            <m:e />
+            <m:e>
+              <m:r>
+                <m:t>&#8203;</m:t>
+              </m:r>
+            </m:e>
           </m:nary>
           <m:r>
             <m:rPr>
@@ -312,7 +328,11 @@
                 <m:t>R</m:t>
               </m:r>
             </m:sup>
-            <m:e />
+            <m:e>
+              <m:r>
+                <m:t>&#8203;</m:t>
+              </m:r>
+            </m:e>
           </m:nary>
           <m:sSup>
             <m:e>
diff --git a/tests/writers/substack.omml b/tests/writers/substack.omml
--- a/tests/writers/substack.omml
+++ b/tests/writers/substack.omml
@@ -65,7 +65,11 @@
           </m:mr>
         </m:m>
       </m:sub>
-      <m:sup />
+      <m:sup>
+        <m:r>
+          <m:t>&#8203;</m:t>
+        </m:r>
+      </m:sup>
       <m:e>
         <m:r>
           <m:t>P</m:t>
diff --git a/tests/writers/white9.omml b/tests/writers/white9.omml
--- a/tests/writers/white9.omml
+++ b/tests/writers/white9.omml
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@
       <m:t>α</m:t>
     </m:r>
     <m:r>
-      <m:t></m:t>
+      <m:t>&#8203;</m:t>
     </m:r>
     <m:r>
       <m:t>α</m:t>
diff --git a/texmath.cabal b/texmath.cabal
--- a/texmath.cabal
+++ b/texmath.cabal
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 Name:                texmath
-Version:             0.11
+Version:             0.11.0.1
 Cabal-Version:       >= 1.10
 Build-type:          Simple
 Synopsis:            Conversion between formats used to represent mathematics.
