packages feed

memoize (empty) → 0.1

raw patch · 6 files changed

+659/−0 lines, 6 filesdep +basedep +haskell98dep +template-haskellsetup-changed

Dependencies added: base, haskell98, template-haskell

Files

+ Data/Function/Memoize.hs view
@@ -0,0 +1,328 @@+{-# LANGUAGE+      DeriveFunctor,+      GeneralizedNewtypeDeriving,+      TemplateHaskell,+      UnicodeSyntax+  #-}+{- |+  A function memoization library.++  This includes a class for memoizable argument types and a Template+  Haskell expander for deriving instances of the class.++  Note that most memoization in this style relies on assumptions about+  the implementation of non-strictness (as laziness) that are not+  guaranteed by the semantics. However, it appears to work.+-}+module Data.Function.Memoize (+  -- * Memoization class+  Memoizable(..),+  -- ** Operations+  -- *** Higher-arity memoize+  memoize2, memoize3, memoize4, memoize5, memoize6, memoize7,+  -- *** Memoizing open recursion+  memoFix, memoFix2, memoFix3, memoFix4, memoFix5, memoFix6, memoFix7,+  -- *** Tracing memoization+  traceMemoize,++  -- * For making instances for finite types+  memoizeFinite,++  -- * Deriving 'Memoizable'+  deriveMemoizable, deriveMemoizableParams, deriveMemoize,+) where++import Control.Applicative+import Control.Monad+import Debug.Trace++import Data.Function.Memoize.Class+import Data.Function.Memoize.TH++-- | Memoize a two argument function+memoize2 ∷ (Memoizable a, Memoizable b) ⇒+           (a → b → v) → a → b → v+memoize2 v = memoize (memoize . v)++-- | Memoize a three argument function+memoize3 ∷ (Memoizable a, Memoizable b, Memoizable c) ⇒+           (a → b → c → v) → a → b → c → v+memoize3 v = memoize (memoize2 . v)++-- | Memoize a four argument function+memoize4 ∷ (Memoizable a, Memoizable b, Memoizable c, Memoizable d) ⇒+           (a → b → c → d → v) →+           a → b → c → d → v+memoize4 v = memoize (memoize3 . v)++-- | Memoize a five argument function+memoize5 ∷ (Memoizable a, Memoizable b, Memoizable c, Memoizable d,+            Memoizable e) ⇒+           (a → b → c → d → e → v) →+           a → b → c → d → e → v+memoize5 v = memoize (memoize4 . v)++-- | Memoize a six argument function+memoize6 ∷ (Memoizable a, Memoizable b, Memoizable c, Memoizable d,+            Memoizable e, Memoizable f) ⇒+           (a → b → c → d → e → f → v) →+           a → b → c → d → e → f → v+memoize6 v = memoize (memoize5 . v)++-- | Memoize a seven argument function+memoize7 ∷ (Memoizable a, Memoizable b, Memoizable c, Memoizable d,+            Memoizable e, Memoizable f, Memoizable g) ⇒+           (a → b → c → d → e → f → g → v) →+           a → b → c → d → e → f → g → v+memoize7 v = memoize (memoize6 . v)++-- | Memoizes the least fixed point of a function. This is like+-- 'Data.Function.fix', but it passes the fixed function a memoized+-- version of itself, so this memoizes using all recursive calls as well.+memoFix ∷ Memoizable a ⇒ ((a → v) → a → v) → a → v+memoFix ff = f where f = memoize (ff f)++-- | Two argument version of 'memoFix'.+memoFix2 ∷ (Memoizable a, Memoizable b) ⇒+           ((a → b → v) → a → b → v) → a → b → v+memoFix2 ff = f where f = memoize2 (ff f)++-- | Three argument version of 'memoFix'.+memoFix3 ∷ (Memoizable a, Memoizable b, Memoizable c) ⇒+           ((a → b → c → v) → a → b → c → v) → a → b → c → v+memoFix3 ff = f where f = memoize3 (ff f)++-- | Four argument version of 'memoFix'.+memoFix4 ∷ (Memoizable a, Memoizable b, Memoizable c, Memoizable d) ⇒+           ((a → b → c → d → v) → (a → b → c → d → v)) →+           a → b → c → d → v+memoFix4 ff = f where f = memoize4 (ff f)++-- | Five argument version of 'memoFix'.+memoFix5 ∷ (Memoizable a, Memoizable b, Memoizable c, Memoizable d,+            Memoizable e) ⇒+           ((a → b → c → d → e → v) → (a → b → c → d → e → v)) →+           a → b → c → d → e → v+memoFix5 ff = f where f = memoize5 (ff f)++-- | Six argument version of 'memoFix'.+memoFix6 ∷ (Memoizable a, Memoizable b, Memoizable c, Memoizable d,+            Memoizable e, Memoizable f) ⇒+           ((a → b → c → d → e → f → v) → (a → b → c → d → e → f → v)) →+           a → b → c → d → e → f → v+memoFix6 ff = f where f = memoize6 (ff f)++-- | Seven argument version of 'memoFix'.+memoFix7 ∷ (Memoizable a, Memoizable b, Memoizable c, Memoizable d,+            Memoizable e, Memoizable f, Memoizable g) ⇒+           ((a → b → c → d → e → f → g → v) → (a → b → c → d → e → f → g → v)) →+           a → b → c → d → e → f → g → v+memoFix7 ff = f where f = memoize7 (ff f)++-- | Give a one-argument function whose argument satisfies 'Show',+--   this memoizes the function such that the argument is shown (using+--   'Debug.Trace.trace') only when the function has to be applied, as+--   opposed to when the answer is available in the memo cache.+traceMemoize ∷ (Memoizable a, Show a) ⇒ (a → b) → a → b+traceMemoize f = memoize (\a → traceShow a (f a))++---+--- Derived instances+---++deriveMemoizable ''()+deriveMemoizable ''Bool+deriveMemoizable ''Ordering+deriveMemoizable ''Maybe+deriveMemoizable ''Either+deriveMemoizable ''[]++deriveMemoizable ''(,)+deriveMemoizable ''(,,)+deriveMemoizable ''(,,,)+deriveMemoizable ''(,,,,)+deriveMemoizable ''(,,,,,)+deriveMemoizable ''(,,,,,,)+deriveMemoizable ''(,,,,,,,)+deriveMemoizable ''(,,,,,,,,)+deriveMemoizable ''(,,,,,,,,,)+deriveMemoizable ''(,,,,,,,,,,)+deriveMemoizable ''(,,,,,,,,,,,)++---+--- Binary-tree based memo caches+---++-- Used for both 'Integer' and arbitrary 'Int'-like types.++data BinaryTreeCache v+ = BinaryTreeCache {+    btValue         ∷ v,+    btLeft, btRight ∷ BinaryTreeCache v+   }+   deriving Functor++---+--- 'Integer' memoization+---++instance Memoizable Integer where+  memoize f = integerLookup (f <$> theIntegers)++-- | An integer cache stores a value for 0 and separate caches for the+--   positive and negative integers.+data IntegerCache v+  = IntegerCache {+      icZero                 ∷ v,+      icNegative, icPositive ∷ PosIntCache v+    }+  deriving Functor++-- | A positive integer cache is represented as a little-ending bitwise+--   trie+type PosIntCache v = BinaryTreeCache v++theIntegers ∷ IntegerCache Integer+theIntegers+  = IntegerCache {+      icZero     = 0,+      icNegative = negate <$> thePosInts,+      icPositive = thePosInts+    }++thePosInts ∷ PosIntCache Integer+thePosInts =+  BinaryTreeCache {+   btValue = 1,+   btLeft  = fmap (* 2) thePosInts,+   btRight = fmap (succ . (* 2)) thePosInts+ }++integerLookup ∷ IntegerCache v → Integer → v+integerLookup cache n =+  case n `compare` 0 of+    EQ → icZero cache+    GT → posIntLookup (icPositive cache) n+    LT → posIntLookup (icNegative cache) (negate n)++-- PRECONDITION: @n@ is a positive 'Integer'+posIntLookup ∷ PosIntCache v → Integer → v+posIntLookup cache 1 = btValue cache+posIntLookup cache n+  | even n    = posIntLookup (btLeft cache) (n `div` 2)+  | otherwise = posIntLookup (btRight cache) (n `div` 2)++---+--- Enumerable types using binary search trees+---++newtype Finite a = ToFinite { fromFinite ∷ a }+  deriving (Eq, Bounded, Enum)++instance (Bounded a, Enum a) ⇒ Memoizable (Finite a) where+  memoize f = finiteLookup (f <$> theFinites)++-- | For finite 'Int'-like types, we use a balanced binary search tree+--   indexed to every element from 'minBound' to 'maxBound'+theFinites ∷ (Bounded a, Enum a) ⇒ BinaryTreeCache a+theFinites = loop minBound maxBound where+  loop start stop =+    BinaryTreeCache {+      btValue = mean,+      btLeft  = loop start (pred mean),+      btRight = loop (succ mean) stop+    }+    where mean = meanFinite start stop++finiteLookup ∷ (Bounded a, Enum a) ⇒ BinaryTreeCache v → a → v+finiteLookup cache0 a0 =+  loop start0 stop0 cache0 where+    start0 = fromEnum (minBound `asTypeOf` a0)+    stop0  = fromEnum (maxBound `asTypeOf` a0)+    a      = fromEnum a0+    loop start stop cache =+      let mean = meanFinite start stop in+        case a `compare` mean of+          EQ → btValue cache+          LT → loop start (pred mean) (btLeft cache)+          GT → loop (succ mean) stop (btRight cache)++meanFinite     ∷ (Bounded a, Enum a) ⇒ a → a → a+meanFinite a b = toEnum (ia + (ib - ia) `div` 2)+  where+    ia = fromEnum a+    ib = fromEnum b++-- | Can be used to memoize over any "finite" type satisfying+-- 'Enum' and 'Bounded'.  This builds a binary search tree, treating+-- the memoized type as isomorphic to a range of 'Int', so it will be+-- only as efficient as 'toEnum', 'fromEnum', 'succ', and 'pred'.+--+-- This can be used to make instances for finite types. For example, the+-- instances for 'Int' and 'Char' are declared as:+--+-- @+--   instance Memoizable Int where memoize = memoizeFinite+--   instance Memoizable Char where memoize = memoizeFinite+-- @+memoizeFinite   ∷ (Enum a, Bounded a) ⇒ (a → v) → a → v+memoizeFinite f = memoize (f . fromFinite) . ToFinite++instance Memoizable Int where memoize = memoizeFinite+instance Memoizable Char where memoize = memoizeFinite++---+--- Functions+---++instance (Eq a, Bounded a, Enum a, Memoizable b) ⇒ Memoizable (a → b) where+  memoize = functionLookup . theFunctions++functionLookup ∷ (Eq a, Bounded a, Enum a, Memoizable b) ⇒+                 FunctionCache b v → (a → b) → v+functionLookup cache f =+  fcNil (foldl fcCons cache (f <$> [minBound .. maxBound]))++theFunctions ∷ (Eq a, Bounded a, Enum a, Memoizable b) ⇒+               ((a → b) → v) → FunctionCache b v+theFunctions f =+  FunctionCache {+    fcNil  = f undefined,+    fcCons = memoize (\b → theFunctions (f . extend b))+  }+    where+      extend b g a+        | a == minBound = b+        | otherwise     = g (pred a)++data FunctionCache b v+  = FunctionCache {+      fcNil  ∷ v,+      fcCons ∷ b → FunctionCache b v+    }++---+--- Example functions+---++-- Memoize on 'Integer'. If memoization doesn't work, this will be+-- horribly slow.+_fib ∷ Integer → Integer+_fib = memoFix $ \fib n → case n of+  0 → 1+  1 → 1+  _ → fib (n - 1) + fib (n - 2)++-- Memoize on a function.  The use of 'trace' will indicate when+-- the function is called to fill in the memo cache.+_isNot       ∷ (Bool → Bool) → Bool+_isNot       = memoize $ \f →+  trace "_isNot" $+    f True == False && f False == True++-- Memoize on a curried function!+_countTrue ∷ (Bool → Bool → Bool) → Integer+_countTrue = memoize $ \f →+  trace "_countTrue" $+    toInteger (length (f <$> [False,True] <*> [False,True] >>= guard))+
+ Data/Function/Memoize/Class.hs view
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@+{-# LANGUAGE+      UnicodeSyntax+    #-}+{- |+  The 'Memoizable' type class.+-}+module Data.Function.Memoize.Class (+  Memoizable(..)+) where++-- | A memoization class.  An instance @'Memoizable' T@ for some+--   type @T@ means that that 'memoize' method can memoize for+--   parameters of type @T@.+class Memoizable a where+  memoize ∷ (a → v) → a → v
+ Data/Function/Memoize/TH.hs view
@@ -0,0 +1,247 @@+{-# LANGUAGE+      TemplateHaskell,+      UnicodeSyntax+    #-}+{- |+    Exports functions for deriving instances of 'Memoizable' using+    Template Haskell.  The @TemplateHaskell@ language extension must be+    enabled to use the functions exported from this module.+-}+module Data.Function.Memoize.TH (+  deriveMemoizable, deriveMemoizableParams, deriveMemoize,+) where++import Control.Applicative+import Control.Monad+import Language.Haskell.TH++import Data.Function.Memoize.Class++-- |+-- To derive 'Memoizable' instances for the given data types.+-- In the simplest usage, to derive 'Memoizable' for an algebraic+-- datatype named @T@, write:+--+-- @+--   deriveMemoizable ''T+-- @+--+-- This assumes that all the type parameters of @T@ that are not+-- annotated with a kind other than @*@ should be listed as requiring+-- 'Memoizable' instances in the instance context.  For example, given+-- a data type declared as+--+-- @+--   data T a (b :: * -> *) c = ...+-- @+--+-- the generated instance will look like+--+-- @+--   instance ('Memoizable' a, 'Memoizable' c) =>+--            'Memoizable' (T a b c) where ...+-- @+--+-- For more precise control over the context, use+-- 'deriveMemoizableParams'.+--+-- N.B.: The @TemplateHaskell@ language extension must be enabled to use+-- this function.+deriveMemoizable ∷ Name → Q [Dec]+deriveMemoizable n = deriveMemoizable' n Nothing++-- |+-- Like 'deriveMemoizable' but takes a second argument, which is a list+-- of 'Int's to specify which type parameters of the type should be+-- mentioned in the context.  For example, given the same definition for+-- @T@ as above, we can write+--+-- @+--    deriveMemoizableParams ''T [3]+-- @+--+-- to leave the first parameter of @T@ out of the context and show+-- only the third, yielding the instance+--+-- @+--   instance 'Memoizable' c => 'Memoizable' (T a b c) where ...+-- @+--+-- N.B.: The @TemplateHaskell@ language extension must be enabled to use+-- this function.+deriveMemoizableParams ∷ Name → [Int] → Q [Dec]+deriveMemoizableParams n indices = deriveMemoizable' n (Just indices)++-- | In cases where neither 'deriveMemoizable' nor+-- 'deriveMemoizableParams' can figure out the right context for an+-- instance declaration, one can declare the instance manually and use+-- this function to derive the method body for 'memoize'. For example,+-- suppose that a data type @T@ is defined as:+--+-- @+--   data T a b = T (a -> Bool) b+-- @+--+-- For @T a b@ to be memoizable, @a -> Bool@ must be, and based on the+-- instance for '(->)', this means that @a@ must satisfy+-- 'Bounded' and 'Enum', so 'deriveMemoizable' cannot build the right+-- context for the 'Memoizable' instance.  Instead, one can write:+--+-- @+--   instance ('Enum' a, 'Bounded' a, 'Memoizable' b) =>+--            'Memoizable' (T a b) where+--     memoize = $(deriveMemoize ''T)+-- @+deriveMemoize ∷ Name → ExpQ+deriveMemoize name0 = do+  (_, _, cons) ← checkName name0+  buildMethodExp cons++-- | The main entry point delegates to check given type name, renames type+--   parameters, and generates the instance.+deriveMemoizable' ∷ Name → Maybe [Int] → Q [Dec]+deriveMemoizable' name0 mindices = do+  (name, tvbs, cons) ← checkName name0+  let tvs = freshNames tvbs+  inst ← instanceD+           (buildContext mindices tvbs tvs)+           (buildHead name tvs)+           [buildMethodDec cons]+  return [inst]++-- | Given the type name for the requested instance, checks if it+--   corresponds to a @data@ or @newtype@, and if so, returns the name,+--   a list of its parameters, and a list of constructor names with+--   their arities.+checkName ∷ Name → Q (Name, [TyVarBndr], [(Name, Int)])+checkName name0 = do+  info            ← reify name0+  case info of+    TyConI (DataD _ name tvbs cons _)+               → return (name, tvbs, stdizeCon <$> cons)+    TyConI (NewtypeD _ name tvbs con _)+               → return (name, tvbs, [stdizeCon con])+    _          → fail $+      "deriveMemoizable: Can't derive a Memoizable instance for `" +++      show name0 ++ "' because it isn't a type constructor."+  where+    stdizeCon (NormalC name params) = (name, length params)+    stdizeCon (RecC name fields)    = (name, length fields)+    stdizeCon (InfixC _ name _)     = (name, 2)+    stdizeCon (ForallC _ _ con)     = stdizeCon con++-- | Given a list, produces a list of nicely printable, distinct names.+--   Used so that instances print with nice parameters names, like+--+-- @+--    instance Memoizable (T a b c) where+-- @+--+-- instead of+--+-- @+--    instance Memoizable (T a[1] b[2] c32424534) where+-- @+freshNames ∷ [a] → [Name]+freshNames xs = take (length xs) alphabet+  where+  alphabet = [ mkName (c:s)+             | s ← "" : (show <$> [1 ∷ Integer ..])+             , c ← ['a' .. 'z'] ]++-- | Build the type class instance context, give the necessary+-- information to select which parameters to include.  If the first+-- argument is @Just ixs@, then there should be 'Memoizable' instances+-- for exactly those parameters, by index, in the context. Otherwise,+-- choose the parameters that have no explicit kind or kind @*@ from the+-- list of binders. The third argument gives the actual type variable+-- names to use.+buildContext ∷ Maybe [Int] → [TyVarBndr] → [Name] → CxtQ+buildContext mindices tvbs tvs =+  cxt (classP ''Memoizable . (:[]) . varT <$> cxttvs)+  where+  cxttvs = case mindices of+    Just ixs → filterBy (`elem` ixs) [1 ..] tvs+    Nothing  → filterBy isStar       tvbs   tvs+  --+  isStar (PlainTV _) = True+  isStar (KindedTV _ StarK) = True+  isStar (KindedTV _ _) = False+  --+  filterBy ∷ (a → Bool) → [a] → [b] → [b]+  filterBy p xs ys = snd <$> filter (p . fst) (zip xs ys)++-- | Build the 'Memoizable' instance head for the given type name+--   and parameter type variables.+buildHead ∷ Name → [Name] → TypeQ+buildHead name tvs = +  appT (conT ''Memoizable) (foldl appT (conT name) (varT <$> tvs))++-- | Build the 'memoize' method. The form of 'memoize' is always+--+-- @+--      memoize f = lookup where+--        cache1 = memoize $ \x1 -> ... memoize $ \x(a1) -> f (C1 x1 ...)+--        ...+--        cacheN = memoize $ \x1 -> ... memoize $ \x(aN) -> f (CN x1 ...)+--        lookup (C1 x1 ...) = cache1 x1 ...+--        ...+--        lookup (CN xN ...) = cacheN xN ...+-- @+--+-- where @C1@ ... @CN@ are the constructors of the data type and+-- @aj@ is the arity of constructor @Cj@.+--+-- In this method, we allocate fresh names for the parameter @f@, the+-- lookup function, and the @N@ caches.  We then delegate to build+-- the definitions of @look@ and the caches.+buildMethodDec ∷ [(Name, Int)] → DecQ+buildMethodDec cons = do+  valD (varP 'memoize)+    (normalB (buildMethodExp cons))+    []++-- | Build the body of the 'memoize' method, as described in the comment+-- above 'buildMethodDec'+buildMethodExp ∷ [(Name, Int)] → ExpQ+buildMethodExp cons = do+  f      ← newName "f"+  look   ← newName "look"+  caches ← mapM (newName . ("cache"++) . nameBase . fst) cons+  lam1E (varP f)+    (letE+      (buildLookup look cons caches+        : zipWith (buildCache f) cons caches)+      (varE look))++-- | Build the look function by building a clause for each constructor+--   of the datatype.+buildLookup ∷ Name → [(Name, Int)] → [Name] → DecQ+buildLookup look cons caches =+  funD look (zipWith buildLookupClause cons caches)++-- | Build a lookup clause for one constructor.  We lookup a value+--   by matching that constructor and then passing its parameters to+--   the cache for that constructor.+buildLookupClause ∷ (Name, Int) → Name → ClauseQ+buildLookupClause (con, arity) cache = do+  params ← replicateM arity (newName "a")+  clause [conP con (varP <$> params)]+         (normalB (foldl appE (varE cache) (varE <$> params)))+         []++-- | Build the definition of a cache for the given constructor.  We do+--   this by binding the cache name to a cascading sequence of+--   memoizations for each component in the constructor's arity.+buildCache ∷ Name → (Name, Int) → Name → DecQ+buildCache f (con, arity) cache =+  valD (varP cache) (normalB (composeMemos arity f (conE con))) []++-- | Given the remaining arity to memoize, the name of the function to+--   memoize, and the accumulated parameter so far, build the+--   memoization chain.+composeMemos ∷ Int → Name → ExpQ → ExpQ+composeMemos 0     f arg = [| $(varE f) $arg |]+composeMemos arity f arg = do+  [| memoize $ \b -> $(composeMemos (arity - 1) f [| $arg b |]) |]+
+ LICENSE view
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@+Copyright (c) 2011, Jesse A. Tov+All rights reserved.++Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without+modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:+    * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright+      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.+    * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright+      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the+      documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.+    * Neither the name of the <organization> nor the+      names of its contributors may be used to endorse or promote products+      derived from this software without specific prior written permission.++THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" AND+ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED+WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE+DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL <COPYRIGHT HOLDER> BE LIABLE FOR ANY+DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES+(INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES;+LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND+ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT+(INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS+SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.+
+ Setup.hs view
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@+#!/usr/bin/env runhaskell++import Distribution.Simple+main = defaultMain
+ memoize.cabal view
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@+name:           memoize+version:        0.1+cabal-version:  >= 1.6+license:        BSD3+license-file:   LICENSE+stability:      experimental+author:         Jesse A. Tov <tov@ccs.neu.edu>+maintainer:     tov@ccs.neu.edu+category:       Data+synopsis:       A memoization library+build-type:     Simple+tested-with:    GHC == 7.0.2, GHC == 6.12.3++description:+        This library provides a type class 'Memoizable' for memoizing+        functions, along with instances for a variety of argument types.+        It includes a Template Haskell function for deriving+        'Memoizable' instances for arbitrary algebraic datatypes.+        .+        The library constructs pure memo caches without the use of+        'unsafePerformIO'.  This technique relies on implementation+        assumptions that, while not guaranteed by the semantics of+        Haskell, appear to be true.++library+  build-depends:        haskell98 >=1 && <2,+                        base >=3 && <5,+                        template-haskell >=2++  ghc-options:          -Wall -fno-warn-orphans++  exposed-modules:+    Data.Function.Memoize+  other-modules:+    Data.Function.Memoize.TH+    Data.Function.Memoize.Class++source-repository head+  type:                 git+  location:             git://github.com/tov/memoize.git