diff --git a/CHANGELOG.org b/CHANGELOG.org
--- a/CHANGELOG.org
+++ b/CHANGELOG.org
@@ -1,2 +1,8 @@
-* 0.1.0.0
+* 0.1
 + Initial release
+* 0.2
++ Major changes:
+  - ~toXSampa~ and ~toXSampa'~ added to ~ReprIPA~ typeclass. Most (but not all) of the ~Segment~, ~SegmentalFeature~, and ~SuprasegmentalFeature~ values representable in IPA now have an X-SAMPA equivalent
+  - The partial ~toIPA'~ and ~toXSampa'~ methods now return the new ~IPAException~ in the event of failure, instead of simply ~error~
++ Bugfixes:
+  - There were some issues with voiced/voiceless pairs in v0.1, where the wrong variant had the voiceless diacritic
diff --git a/README.org b/README.org
--- a/README.org
+++ b/README.org
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@
   where
     syllable1 =
         WithSuprasegmentalFeature Linking
-                                  (Syllable [ WithSegmentalFeature --
+                                  (Syllable [ WithSegmentalFeature 
                                               (Length Long)
                                               (Vowel Close Back Rounded)
                                             ])
@@ -56,5 +56,7 @@
 ** TODO TODO
 - [ ] Export constant values for common segments
 - [ ] Convenience functions for wrapping IPA values in different trasncription delimiters (phonemic, phonetic, etc...)
-- [ ] Support for XSampa transcription and IPA-XSampa conversion
-- [ ] Parsing and validation of user-supplied IPA literals
+- [X] Support for X-SAMPA transcription
+- [ ] Support for IPA <-> X-SAMPA conversion
+- [ ] Parsing and validation of user-supplied IPA and XSampa literals
+- [ ] Quasi quoter for making segment construction somewhat less painful
diff --git a/ipa.cabal b/ipa.cabal
--- a/ipa.cabal
+++ b/ipa.cabal
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 cabal-version:      2.4
 name:               ipa
-version:            0.1.0.1
+version:            0.2
 synopsis:           Internal Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)
 description:
   Types and tools for working with the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)
diff --git a/src/Language/IPA.hs b/src/Language/IPA.hs
--- a/src/Language/IPA.hs
+++ b/src/Language/IPA.hs
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 {-# LANGUAGE LambdaCase #-}
+{-# LANGUAGE PatternSynonyms #-}
 {-# LANGUAGE ViewPatterns #-}
 
 -- |
@@ -17,11 +18,38 @@
     , ReprIPA(..)
     ) where
 
+import           Control.Exception  ( throw )
+
 import           Data.Char          ( digitToInt )
 import           Data.Text          ( Text )
 import qualified Data.Text          as T
 
 import           Language.IPA.Types as M
+                 ( Backness(..)
+                 , Consonant(..)
+                 , Height(..)
+                 , IPA(..)
+                 , IPAException(..)
+                 , Length(..)
+                 , LevelTone(..)
+                 , Manner(..)
+                 , Phonation(..)
+                 , Place(..)
+                 , Roundedness(..)
+                 , Segment(..)
+                 , SegmentalFeature(..)
+                 , Sibilance(..)
+                 , Stress(..)
+                 , SuprasegmentalFeature(..)
+                 , Syllable(..)
+                 , ToneContour(..)
+                 , XSampa(..)
+                 , mkIPA
+                 , pattern ClickConsonant
+                 , pattern EjectiveConsonant
+                 , pattern ImplosiveConsonant
+                 , pattern PulmonicConsonant
+                 )
 
 -- | Entities representable through IPA transcription
 class ReprIPA a where
@@ -34,34 +62,54 @@
     -- the sound in question is representable
     toIPA' :: a -> IPA
     toIPA' (toIPA -> Just x) = x
-    toIPA' _                 = error "Illegal/unrepresentable value"
+    toIPA' _                 = throw $ InvalidIPA "Illegal IPA value"
 
+    -- | Similar to 'toIPA'; produces an 'XSampa' transcription given a valid 'Segment'.
+    toXSampa :: a -> Maybe XSampa
+
+    -- | Partial function for creating an 'XSampa'. NB: Certain segments that have
+    -- a defined 'IPA' representation have no 'XSampa' equivalent
+    toXSampa' :: a -> XSampa
+    toXSampa' (toXSampa -> Just x) = x
+    toXSampa' _ = throw $ InvalidXSampa "Illegal IPA value"
+
 instance Traversable t => ReprIPA (Syllable t) where
     toIPA = \case
-        -- Syllable without any suprasegmental information
         Syllable ss
             | null ss -> Nothing
             | otherwise -> foldr1 (<>) <$> traverse toIPA ss
         WithSuprasegmentalFeature feature s ->
-            withSuprasegmentalFeature s feature
+            withSuprasegmentalFeatureIPA s feature
 
+    toXSampa = \case
+        Syllable ss
+            | null ss -> Nothing
+            | otherwise -> foldr1 (<>) <$> traverse toXSampa ss
+        WithSuprasegmentalFeature feature s ->
+            withSuprasegmentalFeatureXSampa s feature
+
 instance ReprIPA Segment where
     toIPA = \case
         Zero -> mkJustIPA "∅"
-        Consonant c -> consonant c
-        v@Vowel {} -> vowel v
-        WithSegmentalFeature feature s -> withSegmentalFeature s feature
+        Consonant c -> consonantIPA c
+        v@Vowel {} -> vowelIPA v
+        WithSegmentalFeature feature s -> withSegmentalFeatureIPA s feature
 
+    toXSampa = \case
+        Zero -> Nothing -- does not appear to have an X-SAMPA encoding
+        v@Vowel {} -> vowelXSampa v
+        Consonant c -> consonantXSampa c
+        WithSegmentalFeature feature s -> withSegmentalFeatureXSampa s feature
+
 mkJustIPA :: Text -> Maybe IPA
 mkJustIPA = Just . mkIPA
 
 mkIPAOp :: ReprIPA a => (b -> Maybe IPA) -> a -> b -> Maybe IPA
 mkIPAOp f x y = (<>) <$> toIPA x <*> f y
 
-withSuprasegmentalFeature
+withSuprasegmentalFeatureIPA
     :: Traversable t => Syllable t -> SuprasegmentalFeature -> Maybe IPA
-withSuprasegmentalFeature s = \case
-    -- Level tones, non-diacritic
+withSuprasegmentalFeatureIPA s = \case
     LevelLexicalTone tone -> mkIPAOp ipaTone s tone
       where
         ipaTone = \case
@@ -74,8 +122,6 @@
             -- diacritics, not tone characters
             _             -> Nothing
 
-    -- Level tones, diacritic. The text value inside the 'IPA' is a
-    -- combining character
     LevelLexicalToneDiacritic tone -> mkIPAOp ipaTone s tone
       where
         ipaTone = \case
@@ -87,7 +133,6 @@
             DownStep      -> mkJustIPA "ꜜ"
             UpStep        -> mkJustIPA "ꜛ"
 
-    -- Tone contours, non-diacritic
     LexicalToneContour tone -> mkIPAOp ipaToneContour s tone
       where
         ipaToneContour = \case
@@ -102,7 +147,6 @@
             GlobalRise    -> mkJustIPA "↗"
             GlobalFall    -> mkJustIPA "↙"
 
-    -- Tone contours, diacritic
     LexicalToneContourDiacritic tone -> mkIPAOp ipaToneContour s tone
       where
         ipaToneContour = \case
@@ -118,20 +162,17 @@
             -- diacritic representations
             _             -> Nothing
 
-    -- Syllable stress
     Stress stress -> mkIPAOp ipaStress s stress
       where
         ipaStress Primary   = mkJustIPA "ˈ"
         ipaStress Secondary = mkJustIPA "ˌ"
 
-    -- Explicit syllable break
     Break -> (<>) <$> toIPA s <*> mkJustIPA "."
 
-    -- Syllable non-break
     Linking -> (<>) <$> toIPA s <*> mkJustIPA "‿"
 
-withSegmentalFeature :: Segment -> SegmentalFeature -> Maybe IPA
-withSegmentalFeature s = \case
+withSegmentalFeatureIPA :: Segment -> SegmentalFeature -> Maybe IPA
+withSegmentalFeatureIPA s = \case
     Voicing v -> mkIPAOp ipaVoicing s v
       where
         ipaVoicing = \case
@@ -145,7 +186,7 @@
             Long       -> mkJustIPA "ː"
             Short      -> mkJustIPA mempty
             ExtraShort -> mkJustIPA "\x0306" -- ◌ ̆
-    SecondaryArticulation sa -> mkIPAOp secondaryArticulation s sa
+    SecondaryArticulation sa -> mkIPAOp secondaryArticulationIPA s sa
     SuperScriptNumeric ns -> (<>) <$> toIPA s <*> mkJustIPA digits
       where
         digits = T.concat $ T.pack <$> (code . digitToInt <$> show ns)
@@ -195,11 +236,13 @@
         NoAudibleRelease    -> mkJustIPA "\x031a" -- ◌̚
         _                   -> mkJustIPA "" --
 
-consonant :: Consonant -> Maybe IPA
-consonant = \case
+consonantIPA :: Consonant -> Maybe IPA
+consonantIPA = \case
     -- Pulmonic consonants
     -- Bilabials
-    Pulmonic Voiceless Bilabial Nasal -> mkJustIPA "m̥"
+    Pulmonic Voiceless Bilabial Nasal -> toIPA
+        $ WithSegmentalFeature (Voicing Voiceless)
+                               (PulmonicConsonant Voiced Bilabial Nasal)
     Pulmonic Voiced Bilabial Nasal -> mkJustIPA "m"
     Pulmonic Voiced Bilabial Plosive -> mkJustIPA "b"
     Pulmonic Voiceless Bilabial Plosive -> mkJustIPA "p"
@@ -224,14 +267,30 @@
     Pulmonic Voiced LabioDental Flap -> mkJustIPA "ⱱ"
 
     -- Linguo-labials
-    Pulmonic Voiced LinguoLabial Nasal -> mkJustIPA "n̼"
-    Pulmonic Voiceless LinguoLabial Plosive -> mkJustIPA "t̼"
-    Pulmonic Voiced LinguoLabial Plosive -> mkJustIPA "d̼"
-    Pulmonic Voiceless LinguoLabial (Fricative NonSibilant) ->
-        mkJustIPA "θ̼ "
-    Pulmonic Voiced LinguoLabial (Fricative NonSibilant) -> mkJustIPA "ð̼"
-    Pulmonic Voiced LinguoLabial Flap -> mkJustIPA "ɾ̼"
+    Pulmonic Voiced LinguoLabial Nasal -> toIPA
+        $ WithSegmentalFeature LinguoLabialized
+                               (PulmonicConsonant Voiced Alveolar Nasal)
+    Pulmonic Voiceless LinguoLabial Plosive -> toIPA
+        $ WithSegmentalFeature LinguoLabialized
+                               (PulmonicConsonant Voiceless Alveolar Plosive)
+    Pulmonic Voiced LinguoLabial Plosive -> toIPA
+        $ WithSegmentalFeature LinguoLabialized
+                               (PulmonicConsonant Voiced Alveolar Plosive)
+    Pulmonic Voiceless LinguoLabial (Fricative NonSibilant) -> toIPA
+        $ WithSegmentalFeature LinguoLabialized
+                               (PulmonicConsonant Voiceless
+                                                  Alveolar
+                                                  (Fricative NonSibilant))
 
+    Pulmonic Voiced LinguoLabial (Fricative NonSibilant) -> toIPA
+        $ WithSegmentalFeature LinguoLabialized
+                               (PulmonicConsonant Voiced
+                                                  Alveolar
+                                                  (Fricative NonSibilant))
+    Pulmonic Voiced LinguoLabial Flap -> toIPA
+        $ WithSegmentalFeature LinguoLabialized
+                               (PulmonicConsonant Voiced Alveolar Flap)
+
     -- Dentals
     Pulmonic Voiceless Dental (Affricate NonSibilant) -> mkJustIPA "t̼͡θ"
     Pulmonic Voiced Dental (Affricate NonSibilant) -> mkJustIPA "d̼͡ð"
@@ -239,7 +298,9 @@
     Pulmonic Voiced Dental (Fricative NonSibilant) -> mkJustIPA "ð"
 
     -- Alveolars
-    Pulmonic Voiceless Alveolar Nasal -> mkJustIPA "n̥"
+    Pulmonic Voiceless Alveolar Nasal -> toIPA
+        $ WithSegmentalFeature (Voicing Voiceless)
+                               (PulmonicConsonant Voiced Alveolar Nasal)
     Pulmonic Voiced Alveolar Nasal -> mkJustIPA "n"
     Pulmonic Voiceless Alveolar Plosive -> mkJustIPA "t"
     Pulmonic Voiced Alveolar Plosive -> mkJustIPA "d"
@@ -253,14 +314,18 @@
     Pulmonic Voiced Alveolar Approximant -> mkJustIPA "ɹ"
     Pulmonic Voiceless Alveolar Flap -> mkJustIPA "ɾ̥"
     Pulmonic Voiced Alveolar Flap -> mkJustIPA "ɾ"
-    Pulmonic Voiceless Alveolar Trill -> mkJustIPA "r"
-    Pulmonic Voiced Alveolar Trill -> mkJustIPA "r̥"
+    Pulmonic Voiceless Alveolar Trill -> toIPA
+        $ WithSegmentalFeature (Voicing Voiceless)
+                               (PulmonicConsonant Voiced Alveolar Trill)
+    Pulmonic Voiced Alveolar Trill -> mkJustIPA "r"
     Pulmonic Voiceless Alveolar LateralAffricate -> mkJustIPA "tɬ"
     Pulmonic Voiced Alveolar LateralAffricate -> mkJustIPA "dɮ"
     Pulmonic Voiceless Alveolar LateralFricative -> mkJustIPA "ɬ"
     Pulmonic Voiced Alveolar LateralFricative -> mkJustIPA "ɮ"
     Pulmonic Voiced Alveolar LateralApproximant -> mkJustIPA "l"
-    Pulmonic Voiceless Alveolar LateralFlap -> mkJustIPA "ɺ̥"
+    Pulmonic Voiceless Alveolar LateralFlap -> toIPA
+        $ WithSegmentalFeature (Voicing Voiceless)
+                               (PulmonicConsonant Voiced Alveolar LateralFlap)
     Pulmonic Voiced Alveolar LateralFlap -> mkJustIPA "ɺ"
 
     -- Post-alveolars
@@ -277,7 +342,9 @@
     Pulmonic Voiced PostAlveolar (Fricative NonSibilant) -> mkJustIPA "ɹ̠˔"
 
     -- Retroflexes
-    Pulmonic Voiceless Retroflex Nasal -> mkJustIPA "ɳ̊"
+    Pulmonic Voiceless Retroflex Nasal -> toIPA
+        $ WithSegmentalFeature (Voicing Voiceless)
+                               (PulmonicConsonant Voiced Retroflex Nasal)
     Pulmonic Voiced Retroflex Nasal -> mkJustIPA "ɳ"
     Pulmonic Voiceless Retroflex Plosive -> mkJustIPA "ʈ"
     Pulmonic Voiced Retroflex Plosive -> mkJustIPA "ɖ"
@@ -287,7 +354,9 @@
     Pulmonic Voiced Retroflex (Fricative Sibilant) -> mkJustIPA "ʐ"
     Pulmonic Voiced Retroflex (Fricative NonSibilant) -> mkJustIPA "ɻ˔"
     Pulmonic Voiced Retroflex Approximant -> mkJustIPA "ɻ"
-    Pulmonic Voiceless Retroflex Flap -> mkJustIPA "ɽ̊"
+    Pulmonic Voiceless Retroflex Flap -> toIPA
+        $ WithSegmentalFeature (Voicing Voiceless)
+                               (PulmonicConsonant Voiced Retroflex Flap)
     Pulmonic Voiced Retroflex Flap -> mkJustIPA "ɽ"
     Pulmonic Voiceless Retroflex Trill -> mkJustIPA "ɽ̊r̥"
     Pulmonic Voiced Retroflex Trill -> mkJustIPA "ɽr"
@@ -300,7 +369,9 @@
     Pulmonic Voiced Retroflex LateralFlap -> mkJustIPA "ɭ̆"
 
     -- Palatals
-    Pulmonic Voiceless Palatal Nasal -> mkJustIPA "ɲ̊"
+    Pulmonic Voiceless Palatal Nasal -> toIPA
+        $ WithSegmentalFeature (Voicing Voiceless)
+                               (PulmonicConsonant Voiced Palatal Nasal)
     Pulmonic Voiced Palatal Nasal -> mkJustIPA "ɲ"
     Pulmonic Voiceless Palatal Plosive -> mkJustIPA "c"
     Pulmonic Voiced Palatal Plosive -> mkJustIPA "ɟ"
@@ -321,7 +392,9 @@
     Pulmonic Voiced Palatal LateralFlap -> mkJustIPA "ʎ̆"
 
     -- Velars
-    Pulmonic Voiceless Velar Nasal -> mkJustIPA "ŋ̊"
+    Pulmonic Voiceless Velar Nasal -> toIPA
+        $ WithSegmentalFeature (Voicing Voiceless)
+                               (PulmonicConsonant Voiced Velar Nasal)
     Pulmonic Voiced Velar Nasal -> mkJustIPA "ŋ"
     Pulmonic Voiceless Velar Plosive -> mkJustIPA "k"
     Pulmonic Voiced Velar Plosive -> mkJustIPA "g"
@@ -346,8 +419,10 @@
     Pulmonic Voiceless Uvular (Fricative NonSibilant) -> mkJustIPA "χ"
     Pulmonic Voiced Uvular (Fricative NonSibilant) -> mkJustIPA "ʁ"
     Pulmonic Voiced Uvular Flap -> mkJustIPA "ɢ̆"
-    Pulmonic Voiceless Uvular Trill -> mkJustIPA "ʀ"
-    Pulmonic Voiced Uvular Trill -> mkJustIPA "ʀ̥"
+    Pulmonic Voiceless Uvular Trill -> toIPA
+        $ WithSegmentalFeature (Voicing Voiceless)
+                               (PulmonicConsonant Voiced Uvular Trill)
+    Pulmonic Voiced Uvular Trill -> mkJustIPA "ʀ"
     Pulmonic Voiced Uvular LateralApproximant -> mkJustIPA "ʟ̠"
 
     -- Pharyngeals
@@ -414,22 +489,37 @@
     Ejective Uvular (Fricative NonSibilant) -> mkJustIPA "χʼ"
 
     -- Pharyngeals
-    Ejective Pharyngeal Plosive -> mkJustIPA "ʡʼ "
+    Ejective Pharyngeal Plosive -> mkJustIPA "ʡʼ"
 
     -- Implosives
-    Implosive Voiceless Bilabial -> mkJustIPA "ƥ"
+    Implosive Voiceless Bilabial -> toIPA
+        $ WithSegmentalFeature (Voicing Voiceless)
+                               (ImplosiveConsonant Voiced Alveolar)
     Implosive Voiced Bilabial -> mkJustIPA "ɓ"
-    Implosive Voiceless Dental -> mkJustIPA "ƭ̪"
-    Implosive Voiced Dental -> mkJustIPA "ɗ̪"
-    Implosive Voiceless Alveolar -> mkJustIPA "ɗ"
-    Implosive Voiced Alveolar -> mkJustIPA "ƭ"
-    Implosive Voiceless Retroflex -> mkJustIPA "ᶑ"
-    Implosive Voiced Retroflex -> mkJustIPA "ƭ̢"
-    Implosive Voiceless Palatal -> mkJustIPA "ƈ"
+    Implosive Voiceless Dental -> toIPA
+        $ WithSegmentalFeature (Voicing Voiceless)
+                               (ImplosiveConsonant Voiced Dental)
+    Implosive Voiced Dental -> toIPA
+        $ WithSegmentalFeature Dentalized (ImplosiveConsonant Voiced Alveolar)
+    Implosive Voiced Alveolar -> mkJustIPA "ɗ"
+    Implosive Voiceless Alveolar -> toIPA
+        $ WithSegmentalFeature (Voicing Voiceless)
+                               (ImplosiveConsonant Voiced Alveolar)
+    Implosive Voiced Retroflex -> mkJustIPA "ᶑ"
+    Implosive Voiceless Retroflex -> toIPA
+        $ WithSegmentalFeature (Voicing Voiceless)
+                               (ImplosiveConsonant Voiced Retroflex)
+    Implosive Voiceless Palatal -> toIPA
+        $ WithSegmentalFeature (Voicing Voiceless)
+                               (ImplosiveConsonant Voiced Palatal)
     Implosive Voiced Palatal -> mkJustIPA "ʄ"
-    Implosive Voiceless Velar -> mkJustIPA "ƙ"
+    Implosive Voiceless Velar -> toIPA
+        $ WithSegmentalFeature (Voicing Voiceless)
+                               (ImplosiveConsonant Voiced Velar)
     Implosive Voiced Velar -> mkJustIPA "ɠ"
-    Implosive Voiceless Uvular -> mkJustIPA "ʠ"
+    Implosive Voiceless Uvular -> toIPA
+        $ WithSegmentalFeature (Voicing Voiceless)
+                               (ImplosiveConsonant Voiced Uvular)
     Implosive Voiced Uvular -> mkJustIPA "ʛ"
 
     -- Clicks
@@ -464,8 +554,8 @@
 
     _ -> Nothing
 
-vowel :: Segment -> Maybe IPA
-vowel = \case
+vowelIPA :: Segment -> Maybe IPA
+vowelIPA = \case
     Vowel Close Front Unrounded -> mkJustIPA "i"
     Vowel Close Front Rounded -> mkJustIPA "y"
     Vowel Close Central Unrounded -> mkJustIPA "ɨ"
@@ -481,12 +571,15 @@
     Vowel CloseMid Central Rounded -> mkJustIPA "ɵ"
     Vowel CloseMid Back Unrounded -> mkJustIPA "ɤ"
     Vowel CloseMid Back Rounded -> mkJustIPA "o"
-    Vowel Mid Front Unrounded -> mkJustIPA "e̞"
-    Vowel Mid Front Rounded -> mkJustIPA "ø̞"
+    Vowel Mid Front Unrounded -> toIPA
+        $ WithSegmentalFeature Lowered (Vowel CloseMid Front Unrounded)
+    Vowel Mid Front Rounded -> toIPA
+        $ WithSegmentalFeature Lowered (Vowel CloseMid Front Rounded)
     Vowel Mid Central Unrounded -> mkJustIPA "ə"
-    Vowel Mid Central Rounded -> mkJustIPA "ə"
-    Vowel Mid Back Unrounded -> mkJustIPA "ɤ̞"
-    Vowel Mid Back Rounded -> mkJustIPA "o̞"
+    Vowel Mid Back Unrounded -> toIPA
+        $ WithSegmentalFeature Lowered (Vowel CloseMid Back Unrounded)
+    Vowel Mid Back Rounded -> toIPA
+        $ WithSegmentalFeature Lowered (Vowel CloseMid Back Rounded)
     Vowel OpenMid Front Unrounded -> mkJustIPA "ɛ"
     Vowel OpenMid Front Rounded -> mkJustIPA "œ"
     Vowel OpenMid Central Unrounded -> mkJustIPA "ɜ"
@@ -502,8 +595,8 @@
     Vowel Open Back Rounded -> mkJustIPA "ɒ"
     _ -> Nothing
 
-secondaryArticulation :: Segment -> Maybe IPA
-secondaryArticulation = \case
+secondaryArticulationIPA :: Segment -> Maybe IPA
+secondaryArticulationIPA = \case
     Consonant c -> case c of
         Pulmonic Voiced Bilabial Nasal -> mkJustIPA "\x1d50"
         Pulmonic Voiced LabioDental Nasal -> mkJustIPA "\x1dac"
@@ -586,3 +679,359 @@
 
     _ -> Nothing
 
+mkJustXSampa :: Text -> Maybe XSampa
+mkJustXSampa = Just . XSampa
+
+mkXSampaOp :: ReprIPA a => (b -> Maybe XSampa) -> a -> b -> Maybe XSampa
+mkXSampaOp f x y = (<>) <$> toXSampa x <*> f y
+
+vowelXSampa :: Segment -> Maybe XSampa
+vowelXSampa = \case
+    Vowel Close Front Unrounded -> mkJustXSampa "i"
+    Vowel Close Front Rounded -> mkJustXSampa "y"
+    Vowel Close Central Unrounded -> mkJustXSampa "1"
+    Vowel Close Central Rounded -> mkJustXSampa "}"
+    Vowel Close Back Unrounded -> mkJustXSampa "M"
+    Vowel Close Back Rounded -> mkJustXSampa "u"
+    Vowel NearClose Front Unrounded -> mkJustXSampa "I"
+    Vowel NearClose Front Rounded -> mkJustXSampa "Y"
+    Vowel NearClose Back Rounded -> mkJustXSampa "U"
+    Vowel CloseMid Front Unrounded -> mkJustXSampa "e"
+    Vowel CloseMid Front Rounded -> mkJustXSampa "2"
+    Vowel CloseMid Central Unrounded -> mkJustXSampa "@\\"
+    Vowel CloseMid Central Rounded -> mkJustXSampa "8"
+    Vowel CloseMid Back Unrounded -> mkJustXSampa "7"
+    Vowel CloseMid Back Rounded -> mkJustXSampa "o"
+    Vowel Mid Front Unrounded -> toXSampa
+        $ WithSegmentalFeature Lowered (Vowel CloseMid Front Unrounded)
+    Vowel Mid Front Rounded -> toXSampa
+        $ WithSegmentalFeature Lowered (Vowel CloseMid Front Rounded)
+    Vowel Mid Central Unrounded -> mkJustXSampa "@"
+    Vowel Mid Back Unrounded -> toXSampa
+        $ WithSegmentalFeature Lowered (Vowel CloseMid Back Unrounded)
+    Vowel Mid Back Rounded -> toXSampa
+        $ WithSegmentalFeature Lowered (Vowel CloseMid Back Unrounded)
+    Vowel OpenMid Front Unrounded -> mkJustXSampa "E"
+    Vowel OpenMid Front Rounded -> mkJustXSampa "9"
+    Vowel OpenMid Central Unrounded -> mkJustXSampa "3"
+    Vowel OpenMid Central Rounded -> mkJustXSampa "3\\"
+    Vowel OpenMid Back Unrounded -> mkJustXSampa "V"
+    Vowel OpenMid Back Rounded -> mkJustXSampa "O"
+    Vowel NearOpen Front Unrounded -> mkJustXSampa "{"
+    Vowel NearOpen Central Unrounded -> mkJustXSampa "6"
+    Vowel Open Front Unrounded -> mkJustXSampa "a"
+    Vowel Open Front Rounded -> mkJustXSampa "&"
+    Vowel Open Back Unrounded -> mkJustXSampa "A"
+    Vowel Open Back Rounded -> mkJustXSampa "Q"
+    _ -> Nothing
+
+consonantXSampa :: Consonant -> Maybe XSampa
+consonantXSampa = \case
+    -- Pulmonic consonants
+    -- Bilabials
+    Pulmonic Voiceless Bilabial Nasal -> toXSampa
+        $ WithSegmentalFeature (Voicing Voiceless)
+                               (PulmonicConsonant Voiced Bilabial Nasal)
+    Pulmonic Voiced Bilabial Nasal -> mkJustXSampa "m"
+    Pulmonic Voiced Bilabial Plosive -> mkJustXSampa "b"
+    Pulmonic Voiceless Bilabial Plosive -> mkJustXSampa "p"
+    Pulmonic Voiceless Bilabial (Fricative NonSibilant) -> mkJustXSampa "p\\"
+    Pulmonic Voiced Bilabial (Fricative NonSibilant) -> mkJustXSampa "B"
+    Pulmonic Voiced Bilabial Trill -> mkJustXSampa "B\\"
+
+    -- Labio-dentals
+    Pulmonic Voiced LabioDental Nasal -> mkJustXSampa "F"
+    Pulmonic Voiceless LabioDental (Fricative NonSibilant) -> mkJustXSampa "f"
+    Pulmonic Voiced LabioDental (Fricative NonSibilant) -> mkJustXSampa "v"
+    Pulmonic Voiced LabioDental Approximant -> mkJustXSampa "P"
+
+    -- Dentals
+    Pulmonic Voiceless Dental (Fricative NonSibilant) -> mkJustXSampa "T"
+    Pulmonic Voiced Dental (Fricative NonSibilant) -> mkJustXSampa "D"
+
+    -- Alveolars
+    Pulmonic Voiceless Alveolar Nasal -> toXSampa
+        $ WithSegmentalFeature (Voicing Voiceless)
+                               (PulmonicConsonant Voiced Alveolar Nasal)
+    Pulmonic Voiced Alveolar Nasal -> mkJustXSampa "n"
+    Pulmonic Voiceless Alveolar Plosive -> mkJustXSampa "t"
+    Pulmonic Voiced Alveolar Plosive -> mkJustXSampa "d"
+    Pulmonic Voiceless Alveolar (Affricate Sibilant) -> mkJustXSampa "t_s"
+    Pulmonic Voiced Alveolar (Affricate Sibilant) -> mkJustXSampa "d_z"
+    Pulmonic Voiceless Alveolar (Fricative Sibilant) -> mkJustXSampa "s"
+    Pulmonic Voiced Alveolar (Fricative Sibilant) -> mkJustXSampa "z"
+    Pulmonic Voiced Alveolar Approximant -> mkJustXSampa "r\\"
+    Pulmonic Voiceless Alveolar Flap -> toXSampa
+        $ WithSegmentalFeature (Voicing Voiceless)
+                               (PulmonicConsonant Voiced Alveolar Flap)
+    Pulmonic Voiced Alveolar Flap -> mkJustXSampa "4"
+    Pulmonic Voiced Alveolar Trill -> mkJustXSampa "r"
+    Pulmonic Voiceless Alveolar Trill -> toXSampa
+        $ WithSegmentalFeature (Voicing Voiceless)
+                               (PulmonicConsonant Voiced Alveolar Trill)
+    Pulmonic Voiceless Alveolar LateralFricative -> mkJustXSampa "K"
+    Pulmonic Voiced Alveolar LateralFricative -> mkJustXSampa "K\\"
+    Pulmonic Voiced Alveolar LateralApproximant -> mkJustXSampa "l"
+
+    -- Post-alveolars
+    Pulmonic Voiceless PostAlveolar (Affricate Sibilant) -> mkJustXSampa "t_S"
+    Pulmonic Voiced PostAlveolar (Affricate Sibilant) -> mkJustXSampa "d_Z"
+    Pulmonic Voiceless PostAlveolar (Fricative Sibilant) -> mkJustXSampa "S"
+    Pulmonic Voiced PostAlveolar (Fricative Sibilant) -> mkJustXSampa "Z"
+
+    -- Retroflexes
+    Pulmonic Voiceless Retroflex Nasal -> toXSampa
+        $ WithSegmentalFeature (Voicing Voiceless)
+                               (PulmonicConsonant Voiced Retroflex Nasal)
+    Pulmonic Voiced Retroflex Nasal -> mkJustXSampa "n`"
+    Pulmonic Voiceless Retroflex Plosive -> mkJustXSampa "t`"
+    Pulmonic Voiced Retroflex Plosive -> mkJustXSampa "d`"
+    Pulmonic Voiceless Retroflex (Affricate Sibilant) -> mkJustXSampa "t`_s`"
+    Pulmonic Voiced Retroflex (Affricate Sibilant) -> mkJustXSampa "d`_z`"
+    Pulmonic Voiceless Retroflex (Fricative Sibilant) -> mkJustXSampa "s`"
+    Pulmonic Voiced Retroflex (Fricative Sibilant) -> mkJustXSampa "z`"
+    Pulmonic Voiced Retroflex Approximant -> mkJustXSampa "r\\`"
+    Pulmonic Voiceless Retroflex Flap -> toXSampa
+        $ WithSegmentalFeature (Voicing Voiceless)
+                               (PulmonicConsonant Voiced Retroflex Nasal)
+    Pulmonic Voiced Retroflex Flap -> mkJustXSampa "r`"
+    Pulmonic Voiceless Retroflex LateralApproximant -> toXSampa
+        $ WithSegmentalFeature (Voicing Voiceless)
+                               (PulmonicConsonant Voiced Retroflex Nasal)
+    Pulmonic Voiced Retroflex LateralApproximant -> mkJustXSampa "l`"
+
+    -- Palatals
+    Pulmonic Voiced Palatal Nasal -> mkJustXSampa "J"
+    Pulmonic Voiceless Palatal Plosive -> mkJustXSampa "c"
+    Pulmonic Voiced Palatal Plosive -> mkJustXSampa "J\\"
+    Pulmonic Voiceless Palatal (Affricate Sibilant) -> mkJustXSampa "t_s\\"
+    Pulmonic Voiced Palatal (Affricate Sibilant) -> mkJustXSampa "d_z\\"
+    Pulmonic Voiceless Palatal (Fricative Sibilant) -> mkJustXSampa "s\\"
+    Pulmonic Voiced Palatal (Fricative Sibilant) -> mkJustXSampa "z\\"
+    Pulmonic Voiceless Palatal (Fricative NonSibilant) -> mkJustXSampa "C"
+    Pulmonic Voiced Palatal (Fricative NonSibilant) -> mkJustXSampa "j\\"
+    Pulmonic Voiced Palatal Approximant -> mkJustXSampa "j"
+    Pulmonic Voiced Palatal LateralApproximant -> mkJustXSampa "L"
+
+    -- Velars
+    Pulmonic Voiceless Velar Nasal -> toXSampa
+        $ WithSegmentalFeature (Voicing Voiceless)
+                               (PulmonicConsonant Voiced Velar Nasal)
+    Pulmonic Voiced Velar Nasal -> mkJustXSampa "N"
+    Pulmonic Voiceless Velar Plosive -> mkJustXSampa "k"
+    Pulmonic Voiced Velar Plosive -> mkJustXSampa "g"
+    Pulmonic Voiceless Velar (Affricate NonSibilant) -> mkJustXSampa "k_x"
+    Pulmonic Voiced Velar (Affricate NonSibilant) -> mkJustXSampa "g_G"
+    Pulmonic Voiceless Velar (Fricative NonSibilant) -> mkJustXSampa "x"
+    Pulmonic Voiced Velar (Fricative NonSibilant) -> mkJustXSampa "G"
+    Pulmonic Voiced Velar Approximant -> mkJustXSampa "m\\"
+    Pulmonic Voiced Velar LateralApproximant -> mkJustXSampa "L\\"
+
+    -- Uvulars
+    Pulmonic Voiced Uvular Nasal -> mkJustXSampa "N\\"
+    Pulmonic Voiceless Uvular Plosive -> mkJustXSampa "q"
+    Pulmonic Voiced Uvular Plosive -> mkJustXSampa "G\\"
+    Pulmonic Voiceless Uvular (Affricate NonSibilant) -> mkJustXSampa "q_X"
+    Pulmonic Voiced Uvular (Affricate NonSibilant) -> mkJustXSampa "G\\_R"
+    Pulmonic Voiceless Uvular (Fricative NonSibilant) -> mkJustXSampa "X"
+    Pulmonic Voiced Uvular (Fricative NonSibilant) -> mkJustXSampa "R"
+    Pulmonic Voiceless Uvular Trill -> toXSampa
+        $ WithSegmentalFeature (Voicing Voiceless)
+                               (PulmonicConsonant Voiced Uvular Trill)
+    Pulmonic Voiced Uvular Trill -> mkJustXSampa "R\\"
+
+    -- Pharyngeals
+    Pulmonic Voiceless Pharyngeal (Fricative NonSibilant) -> mkJustXSampa "X\\"
+    Pulmonic Voiced Pharyngeal (Fricative NonSibilant) -> mkJustXSampa "?\\"
+
+    -- Glottals
+    Pulmonic Voiceless Glottal Plosive -> mkJustXSampa "?"
+    Pulmonic Voiceless Glottal (Affricate NonSibilant) -> mkJustXSampa "?_h\\"
+    Pulmonic Voiceless Glottal (Fricative NonSibilant) -> mkJustXSampa "h"
+    Pulmonic Voiced Glottal (Fricative NonSibilant) -> mkJustXSampa "h\\"
+
+    -- Ejectives
+    -- Bilabials
+    Ejective Bilabial Plosive -> mkJustXSampa "p_>"
+    Ejective Bilabial (Fricative NonSibilant) -> mkJustXSampa "p\\_>"
+
+    -- Dentals
+    Ejective Dental (Fricative NonSibilant) -> mkJustXSampa "T_>"
+
+    -- Alveolars
+    Ejective Alveolar Plosive -> mkJustXSampa "t_>"
+    Ejective Alveolar (Affricate Sibilant) -> mkJustXSampa "t_s_>"
+    Ejective Alveolar (Fricative Sibilant) -> mkJustXSampa "s_>"
+
+    -- Post-alveolars
+    Ejective PostAlveolar (Affricate Sibilant) -> mkJustXSampa "t_S_>"
+    Ejective PostAlveolar (Fricative Sibilant) -> mkJustXSampa "S_>"
+
+    -- Retroflexes
+    Ejective Retroflex Plosive -> mkJustXSampa "t`_>"
+    Ejective Retroflex (Affricate Sibilant) -> mkJustXSampa "t`_s`_>"
+    Ejective Retroflex (Fricative Sibilant) -> mkJustXSampa "s`_>"
+
+    -- Palatals
+    Ejective Palatal Plosive -> mkJustXSampa "c_>"
+    Ejective Palatal (Affricate Sibilant) -> mkJustXSampa "t_s\\_>"
+    Ejective Palatal (Fricative Sibilant) -> mkJustXSampa "s\\_>"
+
+    -- Velars
+    Ejective Velar Plosive -> mkJustXSampa "k_>"
+    Ejective Velar (Affricate NonSibilant) -> mkJustXSampa "k_x_>"
+    Ejective Velar (Fricative NonSibilant) -> mkJustXSampa "x_>"
+
+    -- Uvulars
+    Ejective Uvular Plosive -> mkJustXSampa "q_>"
+    Ejective Uvular (Affricate NonSibilant) -> mkJustXSampa "q_X_>"
+    Ejective Uvular (Fricative NonSibilant) -> mkJustXSampa "X_>"
+
+    -- Implosives
+    Implosive Voiceless Bilabial -> toXSampa
+        $ WithSegmentalFeature (Voicing Voiceless)
+                               (ImplosiveConsonant Voiced Bilabial)
+    Implosive Voiced Bilabial -> mkJustXSampa "b_<"
+    Implosive Voiceless Alveolar -> toXSampa
+        $ WithSegmentalFeature (Voicing Voiceless)
+                               (ImplosiveConsonant Voiced Alveolar)
+    Implosive Voiced Alveolar -> mkJustXSampa "d_<"
+    Implosive Voiceless Retroflex -> toXSampa
+        $ WithSegmentalFeature (Voicing Voiceless)
+                               (ImplosiveConsonant Voiced Retroflex)
+    Implosive Voiced Retroflex -> mkJustXSampa "d`_<"
+    Implosive Voiceless Palatal -> toXSampa
+        $ WithSegmentalFeature (Voicing Voiceless)
+                               (ImplosiveConsonant Voiced Palatal)
+    Implosive Voiced Palatal -> mkJustXSampa "f_<"
+    Implosive Voiceless Velar -> toXSampa
+        $ WithSegmentalFeature (Voicing Voiceless)
+                               (ImplosiveConsonant Voiced Palatal)
+    Implosive Voiced Velar -> mkJustXSampa "g_<"
+    Implosive Voiceless Uvular -> toXSampa
+        $ WithSegmentalFeature (Voicing Voiceless)
+                               (ImplosiveConsonant Voiced Uvular)
+    Implosive Voiced Uvular -> mkJustXSampa "G_<"
+
+    -- Clicks
+    Click Bilabial -> mkJustXSampa "O\\"
+    Click Dental -> mkJustXSampa "|\\"
+    Click Alveolar -> mkJustXSampa "ǃ\\"
+    Click PostAlveolar -> mkJustXSampa "|\\|\\" -- lateral click
+    Click Palatal -> mkJustXSampa "=\\"
+
+    -- Double articulation
+    DoublyArticulated Voiced Bilabial Alveolar Nasal -> mkJustXSampa "n_m"
+    DoublyArticulated Voiceless Bilabial Alveolar Plosive -> mkJustXSampa "t_p"
+    DoublyArticulated Voiced Bilabial Alveolar Plosive -> mkJustXSampa "d_b"
+    DoublyArticulated Voiced Bilabial Velar Nasal -> mkJustXSampa "N_m"
+    DoublyArticulated Voiceless Bilabial Velar Plosive -> mkJustXSampa "k_p"
+    DoublyArticulated Voiced Bilabial Velar Plosive -> mkJustXSampa "g_b"
+    DoublyArticulated Voiceless Bilabial Palatal (Fricative NonSibilant) ->
+        toXSampa
+        $ WithSegmentalFeature (Voicing Voiceless)
+                               (Consonant (DoublyArticulated Voiced
+                                                             Bilabial
+                                                             Palatal
+                                                             Approximant))
+    DoublyArticulated Voiced Bilabial Palatal Approximant -> mkJustXSampa "H"
+    DoublyArticulated Voiceless Bilabial Velar (Fricative NonSibilant) ->
+        mkJustXSampa "W"
+    DoublyArticulated Voiced Bilabial Velar Approximant -> mkJustXSampa "w"
+    DoublyArticulated Voiceless PostAlveolar Velar (Fricative Sibilant) ->
+        mkJustXSampa "x\\"
+    DoublyArticulated Voiceless LabioDental Velar (Fricative Sibilant) ->
+        mkJustXSampa "x\\"
+
+    _ -> Nothing
+
+withSegmentalFeatureXSampa :: Segment -> SegmentalFeature -> Maybe XSampa
+withSegmentalFeatureXSampa s = \case
+    Voicing v -> mkXSampaOp xSampaVoicing s v
+      where
+        xSampaVoicing = \case
+            Voiceless -> mkJustXSampa "_0"
+            Voiced    -> mkJustXSampa "_v"
+    Length l -> mkXSampaOp xSampaLength s l
+      where
+        xSampaLength = \case
+            OverLong   -> mkJustXSampa "::"
+            Long       -> mkJustXSampa ":"
+            HalfLong   -> mkJustXSampa ":\\"
+            Short      -> mkJustXSampa mempty
+            ExtraShort -> mkJustXSampa "_X"
+    SecondaryArticulation _ -> Nothing
+    SuperScriptNumeric _ -> Nothing
+    feature -> (<>) <$> toXSampa s <*> case feature of
+        Aspirated           -> mkJustXSampa "_h"
+        MoreRounded         -> mkJustXSampa "_O"
+        LessRounded         -> mkJustXSampa "_c"
+        Advanced            -> mkJustXSampa "_+"
+        Retracted           -> mkJustXSampa "_-"
+        Centralized         -> mkJustXSampa "_\""
+        MidCentralized      -> mkJustXSampa "_x"
+        Syllabic            -> mkJustXSampa "="
+        NonSyllabic         -> mkJustXSampa "_^"
+        Rhotacized          -> mkJustXSampa "`"
+        BreathyVoice        -> mkJustXSampa "_t"
+        CreakyVoice         -> mkJustXSampa "_k"
+        Labialized          -> mkJustXSampa "_w"
+        Palatalized         -> mkJustXSampa "'"
+        Velarized           -> mkJustXSampa "_G"
+        Pharyngealized      -> mkJustXSampa "_?\\"
+        Raised              -> mkJustXSampa "_r"
+        Lowered             -> mkJustXSampa "_o"
+        AdvancedTongueRoot  -> mkJustXSampa "_A"
+        RetractedTongueRoot -> mkJustXSampa "_q"
+        Dentalized          -> mkJustXSampa "_d"
+        Apical              -> mkJustXSampa "_a"
+        Laminal             -> mkJustXSampa "_m"
+        Nasalized           -> mkJustXSampa "~"
+        LateralRelease      -> mkJustXSampa "_l"
+        NoAudibleRelease    -> mkJustXSampa "_}"
+        _                   -> Nothing
+
+withSuprasegmentalFeatureXSampa
+    :: Traversable t => Syllable t -> SuprasegmentalFeature -> Maybe XSampa
+withSuprasegmentalFeatureXSampa s = \case
+    LevelLexicalTone tone -> mkXSampaOp ipaTone s tone
+      where
+        ipaTone = \case
+            ExtraHighTone -> mkJustXSampa "_T"
+            HighTone      -> mkJustXSampa "_H"
+            MidTone       -> mkJustXSampa "_M"
+            LowTone       -> mkJustXSampa "_L"
+            ExtraLowTone  -> mkJustXSampa "_B"
+            DownStep      -> mkJustXSampa "!"
+            UpStep        -> mkJustXSampa "^"
+
+    LevelLexicalToneDiacritic tone -> toXSampa
+        $ WithSuprasegmentalFeature (LevelLexicalTone tone) s
+
+    LexicalToneContour tone -> mkXSampaOp ipaToneContour s tone
+      where
+        ipaToneContour = \case
+            Rising        -> mkJustXSampa "_R"
+            Falling       -> mkJustXSampa "_F"
+            HighRising    -> mkJustXSampa "_H_T"
+            LowRising     -> mkJustXSampa "_B_L"
+            HighFalling   -> mkJustXSampa "_H_F"
+            LowFalling    -> mkJustXSampa "_L_B"
+            RisingFalling -> mkJustXSampa "_R_F"
+            FallingRising -> mkJustXSampa "_F_R"
+            GlobalRise    -> mkJustXSampa "<R>"
+            GlobalFall    -> mkJustXSampa "<F>"
+
+    LexicalToneContourDiacritic tone -> toXSampa
+        $ WithSuprasegmentalFeature (LexicalToneContour tone) s
+
+    Stress stress -> mkXSampaOp ipaStress s stress
+      where
+        ipaStress Primary   = mkJustXSampa "\""
+        ipaStress Secondary = mkJustXSampa "%"
+
+    -- Explicit syllable break
+    Break -> (<>) <$> toXSampa s <*> mkJustXSampa "."
+
+    -- Syllable non-break
+    Linking -> (<>) <$> toXSampa s <*> mkJustXSampa "-\\"
diff --git a/src/Language/IPA/Types.hs b/src/Language/IPA/Types.hs
--- a/src/Language/IPA/Types.hs
+++ b/src/Language/IPA/Types.hs
@@ -49,8 +49,12 @@
       -- ** Segmental articulatory features
     , Length(..)
     , SegmentalFeature(..)
+      -- * Errors
+    , IPAException(..)
     ) where
 
+import           Control.Exception   ( Exception )
+
 import           Data.Text           ( Text )
 import           Data.Text.Normalize ( NormalizationMode(NFC), normalize )
 
@@ -60,16 +64,26 @@
 -- zero or more articulatory features; encoded in IPA transcription. Note this
 -- has a 'Semigroup' instance, so various 'IPA's can conveniently be concatenated
 -- with @<>@
-newtype IPA = IPA { unIPA :: Text }
+newtype IPA = IPA
+    { unIPA :: Text
+      -- ^ The 'Text' value should be 'normalize'd to 'NFC'
+    }
     deriving ( Show, Eq, Generic, Semigroup )
 
--- | Normalizes text value to NFC before wrapping it in 'IPA'. This is to ensure
--- the comparability of 'IPA' values
+-- | 'normalize's 'Text' value to 'NFC' before wrapping it in 'IPA'. This is to
+-- ensure the comparability of 'IPA' values
 mkIPA :: Text -> IPA
 mkIPA = IPA . normalize NFC
 
-newtype XSampa = XSampa Text
-    deriving ( Show, Eq, Generic )
+-- | X-SAMPA is an ASCII encoding of the IPA (ca. 1993). Note that fewer
+-- transcriptions are possible using X-SAMPA than the IPA, so certain valid
+-- 'IPA' 'Segments's have no direct equivalence using 'XSampa'. As with 'IPA',
+-- 'XSampa' is an instance of 'Semigroup'
+newtype XSampa = XSampa
+    { unXSampa :: Text
+      -- ^ The wrapped 'Text' should only contained 7-bit ASCII characters
+    }
+    deriving ( Show, Eq, Generic, Semigroup )
 
 -- | A single segment, or combination of a segment and articulatory feature
 data Segment
@@ -82,7 +96,8 @@
 -- | Multiple segments, or combination of multiple segments with
 -- suprasegmental feature
 data Syllable t
-    = Syllable (t Segment) -- ^ A grouping of segments
+    = Syllable (t Segment)
+      -- ^ A grouping of segments without extra suprasegmental information
     | WithSuprasegmentalFeature SuprasegmentalFeature (Syllable t)
       -- ^ Articulatory features that affect/encompass the entire syllable
     deriving ( Generic )
@@ -250,14 +265,21 @@
     deriving ( Show, Eq, Generic, Ord )
 
 data SuprasegmentalFeature
-    = LevelLexicalTone LevelTone -- ^ Level lexical tone
+    = LevelLexicalTone LevelTone
+      -- ^ Level lexical tones in Chao letters
     | LevelLexicalToneDiacritic LevelTone
-      -- ^ Level lexical tone, diactritic notation
-    | LexicalToneContour ToneContour-- ^ Lexical tone as a contour
+      -- ^ Level lexical tones, diacritic. The tone is a combining character
+    | LexicalToneContour ToneContour
+      -- ^ Lexical tone contours in Chao letters
     | LexicalToneContourDiacritic ToneContour
-      -- ^ Lexical tone as a contour, diacritic notation
-    | Stress Stress
-    | Break
-    | Linking
+      -- ^ Lexical tone contours, as diacritics. Each contour is a combining
+      -- character
+    | Stress Stress -- ^ Syllable stress
+    | Break -- ^ Explicit syllable break
+    | Linking -- ^ Absence of a break
     deriving ( Show, Eq, Generic )
 
+data IPAException = InvalidIPA Text | InvalidXSampa Text
+    deriving ( Show, Eq, Generic )
+
+instance Exception IPAException
diff --git a/test/Main.hs b/test/Main.hs
--- a/test/Main.hs
+++ b/test/Main.hs
@@ -3,11 +3,10 @@
 -- |
 module Main where
 
-import           Data.Foldable      ( traverse_ )
-import           Data.Maybe         ( isNothing )
+import           Data.Foldable ( traverse_ )
+import           Data.Maybe    ( isNothing )
 
-import           Language.IPA       ( ReprIPA(toIPA', toIPA) )
-import           Language.IPA.Types
+import           Language.IPA
                  ( Backness(..)
                  , Height(..)
                  , IPA(IPA)
@@ -15,6 +14,7 @@
                  , Manner(..)
                  , Phonation(..)
                  , Place(..)
+                 , ReprIPA(toIPA', toIPA, toXSampa', toXSampa)
                  , Roundedness(..)
                  , Segment(..)
                  , SegmentalFeature(..)
@@ -23,21 +23,25 @@
                  , SuprasegmentalFeature(..)
                  , Syllable(..)
                  , ToneContour(..)
+                 , XSampa(XSampa)
+                 , mkIPA
                  , pattern ImplosiveConsonant
                  , pattern PulmonicConsonant
                  )
 
-import           Test.Hspec
-                 ( describe
-                 , hspec
-                 , it
-                 , shouldBe
-                 , shouldSatisfy
-                 )
+import           Test.Hspec    ( describe
+                               , hspec
+                               , it
+                               , shouldBe
+                               , shouldSatisfy
+                               )
 
 {- HLINT ignore "Redundant do" -}
 main :: IO ()
-main = hspec $ do
+main = ipa >> xsampa
+
+ipa :: IO ()
+ipa = hspec $ do
     describe "Segments" $ do
         it "Rejects nonsense segments" $ do
             let phones = toIPA
@@ -88,3 +92,61 @@
                     (Stress Primary)
                     (WithSuprasegmentalFeature tone syllable)
             chained `shouldBe` "do˩˥ˈ"
+
+    describe "IPA normalization" $ do
+        it "Normalizes IPA values to NFC" $ do
+            let oRisingNFD     = "o\x0301" -- decomposed form
+                IPA oRisingIPA = mkIPA oRisingNFD
+            oRisingIPA `shouldBe` "\x00f3"
+
+xsampa :: IO ()
+xsampa = hspec $ do
+    describe "Suprasegmentals" $ do
+        it "Preserves individual segments and order" $ do
+            let segments        = [ ImplosiveConsonant Voiced Bilabial
+                                  , Vowel CloseMid Back Unrounded
+                                  ]
+                XSampa syllable = toXSampa' $ Syllable segments
+            syllable `shouldBe` "b_<7"
+
+    describe "Segmental features" $ do
+        it "Correctly makes 'Short' a noop" $ do
+            let vcfu   = Vowel Close Front Unrounded
+                i      = toXSampa' vcfu
+                iShort = toXSampa' $ WithSegmentalFeature (Length Short) vcfu
+
+            i `shouldBe` iShort
+
+        it "Chains articulatory features" $ do
+            let vowel          = Vowel Close Back Unrounded
+                XSampa chained = toXSampa'
+                    $ WithSegmentalFeature (Length OverLong)
+                                           (WithSegmentalFeature Lowered vowel)
+            chained `shouldBe` "M_o::"
+
+    describe "Segments" $ do
+        it "Rejects nonsense segments" $ do
+            let phones = toXSampa
+                    <$> [ PulmonicConsonant Voiceless
+                                            Uvular
+                                            (Fricative Sibilant)
+                        , PulmonicConsonant Voiced Velar Flap
+                        , PulmonicConsonant Voiced Pharyngeal Plosive
+                        , PulmonicConsonant Voiceless Glottal Trill
+                        , Vowel NearClose Central Unrounded
+                        , Vowel NearOpen Back Rounded
+                        ]
+            traverse_ (`shouldSatisfy` isNothing) phones
+
+    describe "Suprasegmental features" $ do
+        it "Chains articulatory features" $ do
+            let segments       = [ PulmonicConsonant Voiced Alveolar Plosive
+                                 , Vowel CloseMid Back Rounded
+                                 ]
+                syllable       = Syllable segments
+                tone           = LexicalToneContour Rising
+                XSampa chained = toXSampa'
+                    $ WithSuprasegmentalFeature --
+                    (Stress Primary)
+                    (WithSuprasegmentalFeature tone syllable)
+            chained `shouldBe` "do_R\""