herald (empty) → 0.1.0.1
raw patch · 14 files changed
+2269/−0 lines, 14 filesdep +basedep +bytestringdep +containers
Dependencies added: base, bytestring, containers, herald, mtl, process, tasty, tasty-hunit, vector
Files
- LICENSE +661/−0
- README.md +51/−0
- herald.cabal +72/−0
- src/Herald.hs +23/−0
- src/Herald/Performance.hs +280/−0
- src/Herald/Performance/Instrument.hs +67/−0
- src/Herald/Score.hs +44/−0
- src/Herald/Score/Duration.hs +42/−0
- src/Herald/Score/Dynamic.hs +24/−0
- src/Herald/Score/Pitch.hs +494/−0
- src/Herald/Sound.hs +141/−0
- src/Herald/Sound/IO.hs +80/−0
- src/Herald/Tuning.hs +44/−0
- test/Main.hs +246/−0
+ LICENSE view
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+ README.md view
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@+# herald: sheet music in Haskell++[](https://github.com/joaquin-rossi/herald/actions/workflows/ci.yml)++Haskell library for writing musical scores as code and synthesizing them into audio.++Original idea: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FYTZkE5BZ-0++## Features++- Named pitches, key signatures and accidentals that last until the bar line+- Note values, dots, ties, chords and trills+- Time signatures, with every bar checked+- Dynamics+- Equal temperament and historical tunings+- Several voices, each with its own instrument and stereo position+- Mono or stereo WAV output and playback++Instruments: `pureTone`, `additive`, `organ`, `harpsichord`.++## Example++```haskell+import Herald++melody :: Score m => m ()+melody = do+ setKey gMinor+ tellNotes quarter [g4, b4, a4, g4]+ tellBar+ tellNote whole g4++main :: IO ()+main =+ either (putStrLn . displayScoreError) (saveWav "melody.wav") $+ playScoreMono defaultConfig [(defaultVoice, melody)]+```++## Demo++```sh+cabal run herald-demo -- play little-fugue # requires ffplay+```++Little Fugue in G minor ([source](https://www.mit.edu/~jcb/little-fugue-two-violins.abc)):++https://github.com/user-attachments/assets/ad373e14-ba8c-4924-a4e0-e839ccfaa71f++Happy Birthday:++https://github.com/user-attachments/assets/da93b721-d94f-4736-bea8-e08e566b3189
+ herald.cabal view
@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@+cabal-version: 3.0+name: herald+version: 0.1.0.1+synopsis: Write sheet music as Haskell code and synthesize it+description:+ Herald synthesizes music from scores written as Haskell code, with named+ pitches, key signatures, checked bars, ties, dynamics and several voices.+ Voices are performed by simple instruments (pure tones, additive, organ+ and a Karplus-Strong harpsichord) in equal temperament or historical+ tunings, and rendered to mono or stereo WAV or played through ffplay.+ Start with the "Herald" module, which re-exports the whole library.+homepage: https://github.com/joaquin-rossi/herald+bug-reports: https://github.com/joaquin-rossi/herald/issues+license: AGPL-3.0-or-later+license-file: LICENSE+author: Joaquín Rossi+maintainer: joaquin@joaquinrossi.net+category: Sound+build-type: Simple+tested-with: GHC ==9.10.3 || ==9.12.4 || ==9.14.1+extra-doc-files: README.md++source-repository head+ type: git+ location: https://github.com/joaquin-rossi/herald.git++common common+ default-language: GHC2024+ ghc-options:+ -Wall+ -Wcompat+ -Widentities+ -Wincomplete-record-updates+ -Wmissing-export-lists+ -Wredundant-constraints+ -Wunused-packages++library+ import: common+ hs-source-dirs: src+ exposed-modules:+ Herald+ Herald.Performance+ Herald.Performance.Instrument+ Herald.Score+ Herald.Score.Duration+ Herald.Score.Dynamic+ Herald.Score.Pitch+ Herald.Sound+ Herald.Sound.IO+ Herald.Tuning++ build-depends:+ base >=4.20 && <4.23,+ bytestring >=0.12 && <0.13,+ containers >=0.7 && <0.9,+ mtl >=2.3.1 && <2.4,+ process >=1.6.19 && <1.7,+ vector >=0.13.1 && <0.14,++test-suite herald-test+ import: common+ type: exitcode-stdio-1.0+ hs-source-dirs: test+ main-is: Main.hs+ build-depends:+ base,+ bytestring,+ herald,+ tasty >=1.4.2 && <1.6,+ tasty-hunit >=0.10 && <0.11,+ vector,
+ src/Herald.hs view
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@+-- | Write sheet music as Haskell code and synthesize it.+module Herald+ ( module Herald.Score,+ module Herald.Score.Pitch,+ module Herald.Score.Duration,+ module Herald.Score.Dynamic,+ module Herald.Performance,+ module Herald.Performance.Instrument,+ module Herald.Tuning,+ module Herald.Sound,+ module Herald.Sound.IO,+ )+where++import Herald.Performance+import Herald.Performance.Instrument+import Herald.Score+import Herald.Score.Duration+import Herald.Score.Dynamic+import Herald.Score.Pitch+import Herald.Sound+import Herald.Sound.IO+import Herald.Tuning
+ src/Herald/Performance.hs view
@@ -0,0 +1,280 @@+-- | Renders "Herald.Score" voices to sound.+--+-- >>> let short = setMeter (Meter 4 4) >> tellNotes quarter [c4, d4, e4] >> tellBar+-- >>> either displayScoreError (const "ok") (playScoreMono defaultConfig [(defaultVoice, short)])+-- "voice 1, bar 1: the bar has 3.0 beats but the meter has 4.0"+module Herald.Performance+ ( Performance,+ ScoreConfig (..),+ defaultConfig,+ VoiceConfig (..),+ defaultVoice,+ playScoreMono,+ playScoreStereo,+ ScoreError (..),+ ErrorReason (..),+ displayScoreError,+ )+where++import Control.Monad (forM_, when, zipWithM)+import Control.Monad.Except (MonadError (..))+import Control.Monad.Reader+import Control.Monad.State.Strict+import Control.Monad.Writer.Strict+import Data.Map.Strict (Map)+import Data.Map.Strict qualified as Map+import Data.Vector.Unboxed qualified as V+import Herald.Performance.Instrument+import Herald.Score+import Herald.Score.Duration+import Herald.Score.Dynamic+import Herald.Score.Pitch+import Herald.Sound+import Herald.Tuning++-- | Shared by every voice.+data ScoreConfig = ScoreConfig+ { tempo :: Bpm,+ tuning :: Tuning+ }++-- | 120 bpm in equal temperament at 440 Hz.+defaultConfig :: ScoreConfig+defaultConfig =+ ScoreConfig+ { tempo = 120,+ tuning = a440+ }++-- | How a voice is performed.+data VoiceConfig = VoiceConfig+ { instrument :: Instrument,+ -- | Ignored by 'playScoreMono'.+ pan :: Pan+ }++-- | The additive instrument, centred.+defaultVoice :: VoiceConfig+defaultVoice =+ VoiceConfig+ { instrument = additive,+ pan = 0+ }++-- | Voices and bars count from 1.+data ScoreError = ScoreError+ { errorVoice :: Int,+ errorBar :: Int,+ errorReason :: ErrorReason+ }+ deriving (Show, Eq)++-- | A notation mistake in a voice.+data ErrorReason+ = -- | Actual and expected beats.+ WrongBarLength Beats Beats+ | TieToDifferentPitch+ | UnfinishedTie+ deriving (Show, Eq)++-- | As in @voice 2, bar 49: the bar has 4.25 beats but the meter has 4.0@.+displayScoreError :: ScoreError -> String+displayScoreError (ScoreError v b reason) =+ "voice " ++ show v ++ ", bar " ++ show b ++ ": " ++ case reason of+ WrongBarLength actual expected ->+ "the bar has " ++ show actual ++ " beats but the meter has " ++ show expected+ TieToDifferentPitch -> "a tie continues into a different pitch"+ UnfinishedTie -> "a tie is not followed by a note of the same pitch"++-- | Voices can only use the 'Score' operations, not its state or errors.+newtype Performance a = Performance (Perform a)+ deriving newtype (Functor, Applicative, Monad)++instance Score Performance where+ tellNote b p = Performance (noteP b p)+ tellTie b p = Performance (tieP b p)+ tellChord b ps = Performance (chordP b ps)+ tellTrill b k p q = Performance (trillP b k p q)+ tellRest b = Performance (soundP b silence)+ tellBar = Performance barP+ setKey k = Performance (modify' (\st -> st {stateKey = k}))+ setMeter m = Performance (modify' (\st -> st {stateMeter = Just m}))+ setDynamic d = Performance (modify' (\st -> st {stateDynamic = d}))++type Perform =+ ReaderT (ScoreConfig, VoiceConfig) (StateT PerformState (WriterT Track (Either ScoreError)))++data PerformState = PerformState+ { stateKey :: Key,+ stateMeter :: Maybe Meter,+ stateDynamic :: Dynamic,+ stateBarAccidentals :: Map (Letter, Octave) Accidental,+ stateBar :: Int,+ stateBarBeats :: Beats,+ stateTie :: Maybe Tie+ }++data Tie = Tie+ { tieWritten :: (Letter, Octave),+ tieSemitones :: Semitones,+ tieDynamic :: Dynamic,+ tieBeats :: Beats+ }++-- | Chunks joined once at the end: appending vectors note by note would be+-- quadratic.+newtype Track = Track [Sound]+ deriving newtype (Semigroup, Monoid)++-- | Perform the voices in mono.+playScoreMono :: ScoreConfig -> [(VoiceConfig, Performance ())] -> Either ScoreError Sound+playScoreMono config voices = balanceSound . map snd <$> performVoices config voices++-- | Perform the voices in stereo.+playScoreStereo :: ScoreConfig -> [(VoiceConfig, Performance ())] -> Either ScoreError Stereo+playScoreStereo config voices =+ balanceStereo . map (\(v, s) -> panSound (pan v) s) <$> performVoices config voices++performVoices :: ScoreConfig -> [(VoiceConfig, Performance ())] -> Either ScoreError [(VoiceConfig, Sound)]+performVoices config = zipWithM perform [1 ..]+ where+ perform k (v, Performance voice) =+ case runWriterT (execStateT (runReaderT (voice >> finishP) (config, v)) start) of+ Left e -> Left e {errorVoice = k}+ Right (_, Track chunks) -> Right (v, V.concat chunks)+ start =+ PerformState+ { stateKey = cMajor,+ stateMeter = Nothing,+ stateDynamic = mezzoForte,+ stateBarAccidentals = Map.empty,+ stateBar = 1,+ stateBarBeats = 0,+ stateTie = Nothing+ }++finishP :: Perform ()+finishP = do+ requireNoTie+ beats <- gets stateBarBeats+ when (beats > 0) checkBar++failWith :: ErrorReason -> Perform a+failWith reason = do+ b <- gets stateBar+ throwError (ScoreError 0 b reason)++barP :: Perform ()+barP = do+ checkBar+ modify' $ \st ->+ st+ { stateBar = stateBar st + 1,+ stateBarBeats = 0,+ stateBarAccidentals = Map.empty+ }++checkBar :: Perform ()+checkBar = do+ meter <- gets stateMeter+ beats <- gets stateBarBeats+ forM_ meter $ \m ->+ when (abs (beats - meterBeats m) > 1e-9) $+ failWith (WrongBarLength beats (meterBeats m))++-- | A written accidental lasts until the end of the bar for that letter and+-- octave; an unwritten one comes from earlier in the bar, else the key.+resolve :: Pitch -> Perform Semitones+resolve p = do+ k <- gets stateKey+ case accidental p of+ Just a -> do+ modify' $ \st -> st {stateBarAccidentals = Map.insert here a (stateBarAccidentals st)}+ pure (pitchSemitones k p)+ Nothing -> do+ written <- gets (Map.lookup here . stateBarAccidentals)+ pure (pitchSemitones k p {accidental = written})+ where+ here = (letter p, octave p)++-- | Like 'resolve' without recording the accidental, for trill auxiliaries.+resolveAux :: Pitch -> Perform Semitones+resolveAux p = do+ k <- gets stateKey+ written <- gets (Map.lookup (letter p, octave p) . stateBarAccidentals)+ pure (pitchSemitones k p {accidental = maybe written Just (accidental p)})++advance :: Beats -> Perform ()+advance b = modify' (\st -> st {stateBarBeats = stateBarBeats st + b})++seconds :: Beats -> Perform Seconds+seconds b = asks (\(config, _) -> b * (60.0 / tempo config))++frequency :: Semitones -> Perform Hz+frequency n = asks (\(config, _) -> tune (tuning config) n)++voiceInstrument :: Perform Instrument+voiceInstrument = asks (instrument . snd)++emit :: Dynamic -> Sound -> Perform ()+emit d s = tell $ Track [gain (dynamicGain d) s]++soundP :: Beats -> (Seconds -> Sound) -> Perform ()+soundP b sound = do+ requireNoTie+ t <- seconds b+ d <- gets stateDynamic+ emit d (sound t)+ advance b++requireNoTie :: Perform ()+requireNoTie = do+ t <- gets stateTie+ forM_ t $ \_ -> failWith UnfinishedTie++continueTie :: Beats -> Pitch -> Tie -> Perform Tie+continueTie b p t = do+ when ((letter p, octave p) /= tieWritten t) $ failWith TieToDifferentPitch+ advance b+ pure t {tieBeats = tieBeats t + b}++noteP :: Beats -> Pitch -> Perform ()+noteP b p =+ gets stateTie >>= \case+ Nothing -> do+ f <- resolve p >>= frequency+ i <- voiceInstrument+ soundP b (renderNote i f)+ Just tie -> do+ tie' <- continueTie b p tie+ modify' (\st -> st {stateTie = Nothing})+ f <- frequency (tieSemitones tie')+ t <- seconds (tieBeats tie')+ i <- voiceInstrument+ emit (tieDynamic tie') (renderNote i f t)++tieP :: Beats -> Pitch -> Perform ()+tieP b p =+ gets stateTie >>= \case+ Nothing -> do+ n <- resolve p+ d <- gets stateDynamic+ advance b+ modify' (\st -> st {stateTie = Just (Tie (letter p, octave p) n d b)})+ Just tie -> do+ tie' <- continueTie b p tie+ modify' (\st -> st {stateTie = Just tie'})++chordP :: Beats -> [Pitch] -> Perform ()+chordP b ps = do+ fs <- mapM (\p -> resolve p >>= frequency) ps+ i <- voiceInstrument+ soundP b (chord i fs)++trillP :: Beats -> Int -> Pitch -> Pitch -> Perform ()+trillP b k p q = do+ f <- resolve p >>= frequency+ g <- resolveAux q >>= frequency+ i <- voiceInstrument+ soundP b (trill i k f g)
+ src/Herald/Performance/Instrument.hs view
@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@+-- | Instruments render a note of a frequency and duration, peaking at most 1.+module Herald.Performance.Instrument+ ( Instrument (..),+ pureTone,+ additive,+ organ,+ harpsichord,+ partials,+ chord,+ trill,+ )+where++import Data.Vector.Unboxed qualified as V+import Herald.Sound++-- | Renders a note of a frequency and duration.+newtype Instrument = Instrument {renderNote :: Hz -> Seconds -> Sound}++-- | Sine partials as frequency and relative amplitude, with short attack and+-- release ramps. Partials above Nyquist are dropped to avoid aliasing.+partials :: [(Hz, Double)] -> Seconds -> Sound+partials ws t = mixSound [gain (a / total) (envelope (sine f t)) | (f, a) <- ws']+ where+ ws' = filter ((< sampleRate / 2) . fst) ws+ total = sum (snd <$> ws')+ len = sampleCount t+ ramp i = min 1.0 (fromIntegral i * 0.001)+ envelope = V.imap (\i x -> ramp i * ramp (len - 1 - i) * x)++-- | A single sine wave.+pureTone :: Instrument+pureTone = Instrument $ \f -> partials [(f, 1)]++-- | Five slightly inharmonic partials.+additive :: Instrument+additive = Instrument $ \f -> partials (take 5 $ zip (inharmonics 0.001 f) (iterate (* 0.5) 1.0))++-- | Pipe organ stops.+organ :: Instrument+organ = Instrument $ \f -> partials [(f * r, a) | (r, a) <- stops]+ where+ stops =+ [ (0.5, 0.5), -- 16'+ (1, 1), -- 8'+ (2, 0.6), -- 4'+ (3, 0.3), -- 2 2/3'+ (4, 0.4), -- 2'+ (8, 0.2) -- 1'+ ]++-- | Faded out over the last 5 ms so notes cut short don't click.+harpsichord :: Instrument+harpsichord = Instrument $ \f t ->+ let len = sampleCount t+ fade = fromIntegral (sampleCount 0.005)+ in V.imap (\i x -> min 1 (fromIntegral (len - 1 - i) / fade) * x) (pluck 0.996 f t)++-- | Notes sounding together.+chord :: Instrument -> [Hz] -> Seconds -> Sound+chord i fs t = balanceSound [renderNote i f t | f <- fs]++-- | @k@ equal notes alternating @f@ and @g@.+trill :: Instrument -> Int -> Hz -> Hz -> Seconds -> Sound+trill i k f g t = V.concat [renderNote i x (t / fromIntegral k') | x <- take k' (cycle [f, g])]+ where+ k' = max 1 k
+ src/Herald/Score.hs view
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@+-- | The language voices are written in. Interpreters are instances of+-- 'Score'; "Herald.Performance" renders to sound.+module Herald.Score+ ( Score (..),+ tellNotes,+ )+where++import Herald.Score.Duration+import Herald.Score.Dynamic+import Herald.Score.Pitch++-- | Pitches follow notation rules: an unwritten accidental comes from earlier+-- in the bar, else from the key (C major by default); a written one lasts+-- until the next 'tellBar'.+class (Monad m) => Score m where+ -- | After 'tellTie', continues the tied note instead: same letter and+ -- octave, keeping its accidental across bar lines.+ tellNote :: Beats -> Pitch -> m ()++ -- | Ties into the next note, which must have the same pitch.+ tellTie :: Beats -> Pitch -> m ()++ tellChord :: Beats -> [Pitch] -> m ()++ -- | @tellTrill b k p q@: @k@ notes alternating @p@ and @q@. The accidental+ -- of @q@ doesn't carry on through the bar.+ tellTrill :: Beats -> Int -> Pitch -> Pitch -> m ()++ tellRest :: Beats -> m ()++ -- | Ends the bar, which must add up to the meter, and clears accidentals.+ tellBar :: m ()++ setKey :: Key -> m ()++ -- | From then on, every bar must add up to it, including the last one.+ setMeter :: Meter -> m ()++ setDynamic :: Dynamic -> m ()++-- | Notes of the same length.+tellNotes :: (Score m) => Beats -> [Pitch] -> m ()+tellNotes b = mapM_ (tellNote b)
+ src/Herald/Score/Duration.hs view
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@+-- | Durations in beats, where a quarter note is one beat.+module Herald.Score.Duration+ ( Beats,+ Bpm,+ whole,+ half,+ quarter,+ eighth,+ sixteenth,+ thirtySecond,+ dotted,+ Meter (..),+ meterBeats,+ )+where++-- | A duration in beats.+type Beats = Double++-- | Beats per minute.+type Bpm = Double++-- | Note values.+whole, half, quarter, eighth, sixteenth, thirtySecond :: Beats+whole = 4+half = 2+quarter = 1+eighth = 1 / 2+sixteenth = 1 / 4+thirtySecond = 1 / 8++-- | One and a half times as long.+dotted :: Beats -> Beats+dotted = (* 1.5)++-- | Time signature, as in @Meter 6 8@.+data Meter = Meter Int Int+ deriving (Show, Eq)++-- | Beats in a bar.+meterBeats :: Meter -> Beats+meterBeats (Meter n d) = fromIntegral n * 4 / fromIntegral d
+ src/Herald/Score/Dynamic.hs view
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@+-- | Dynamics as gains relative to 'mezzoForte', where voices start.+module Herald.Score.Dynamic+ ( Dynamic (..),+ pianissimo,+ piano,+ mezzoPiano,+ mezzoForte,+ forte,+ fortissimo,+ )+where++-- | A loudness.+newtype Dynamic = Dynamic {dynamicGain :: Double}+ deriving (Show, Eq, Ord)++-- | From /pp/ to /ff/.+pianissimo, piano, mezzoPiano, mezzoForte, forte, fortissimo :: Dynamic+pianissimo = Dynamic 0.35+piano = Dynamic 0.5+mezzoPiano = Dynamic 0.7+mezzoForte = Dynamic 1+forte = Dynamic 1.4+fortissimo = Dynamic 2
+ src/Herald/Score/Pitch.hs view
@@ -0,0 +1,494 @@+-- | Written pitches and key signatures. Names are letter, @b@ (flat) or @s@+-- (sharp), and octave: @c4@ is middle C, @bb4@ is B flat.+module Herald.Score.Pitch+ ( Semitones,+ Octave,+ Letter (..),+ Accidental (..),+ Pitch (..),+ flat,+ sharp,+ natural,+ Key (..),+ keyAccidental,+ sharps,+ flats,+ cMajor,+ gMinor,+ pitchSemitones,+ cb0,+ c0,+ cs0,+ db0,+ d0,+ ds0,+ eb0,+ e0,+ es0,+ fb0,+ f0,+ fs0,+ gb0,+ g0,+ gs0,+ ab0,+ a0,+ as0,+ bb0,+ b0,+ bs0,+ cb1,+ c1,+ cs1,+ db1,+ d1,+ ds1,+ eb1,+ e1,+ es1,+ fb1,+ f1,+ fs1,+ gb1,+ g1,+ gs1,+ ab1,+ a1,+ as1,+ bb1,+ b1,+ bs1,+ cb2,+ c2,+ cs2,+ db2,+ d2,+ ds2,+ eb2,+ e2,+ es2,+ fb2,+ f2,+ fs2,+ gb2,+ g2,+ gs2,+ ab2,+ a2,+ as2,+ bb2,+ b2,+ bs2,+ cb3,+ c3,+ cs3,+ db3,+ d3,+ ds3,+ eb3,+ e3,+ es3,+ fb3,+ f3,+ fs3,+ gb3,+ g3,+ gs3,+ ab3,+ a3,+ as3,+ bb3,+ b3,+ bs3,+ cb4,+ c4,+ cs4,+ db4,+ d4,+ ds4,+ eb4,+ e4,+ es4,+ fb4,+ f4,+ fs4,+ gb4,+ g4,+ gs4,+ ab4,+ a4,+ as4,+ bb4,+ b4,+ bs4,+ cb5,+ c5,+ cs5,+ db5,+ d5,+ ds5,+ eb5,+ e5,+ es5,+ fb5,+ f5,+ fs5,+ gb5,+ g5,+ gs5,+ ab5,+ a5,+ as5,+ bb5,+ b5,+ bs5,+ cb6,+ c6,+ cs6,+ db6,+ d6,+ ds6,+ eb6,+ e6,+ es6,+ fb6,+ f6,+ fs6,+ gb6,+ g6,+ gs6,+ ab6,+ a6,+ as6,+ bb6,+ b6,+ bs6,+ cb7,+ c7,+ cs7,+ db7,+ d7,+ ds7,+ eb7,+ e7,+ es7,+ fb7,+ f7,+ fs7,+ gb7,+ g7,+ gs7,+ ab7,+ a7,+ as7,+ bb7,+ b7,+ bs7,+ cb8,+ c8,+ cs8,+ db8,+ d8,+ ds8,+ eb8,+ e8,+ es8,+ fb8,+ f8,+ fs8,+ gb8,+ g8,+ gs8,+ ab8,+ a8,+ as8,+ bb8,+ b8,+ bs8,+ )+where++import Data.Map.Strict (Map)+import Data.Map.Strict qualified as Map+import Data.Maybe++-- | A distance in semitones.+type Semitones = Int++-- | Octave 4 starts at middle C.+type Octave = Int++-- | A letter name.+data Letter = C | D | E | F | G | A | B+ deriving (Show, Eq, Ord, Enum, Bounded)++-- | A flat, natural or sharp.+data Accidental = Flat | Natural | Sharp+ deriving (Show, Eq, Ord, Enum, Bounded)++-- | A written pitch.+data Pitch = Pitch+ { letter :: Letter,+ octave :: Octave,+ -- | 'Nothing' when unwritten: the key decides.+ accidental :: Maybe Accidental+ }+ deriving (Show, Eq)++-- | Write an accidental.+flat, sharp, natural :: Pitch -> Pitch+flat p = p {accidental = Just Flat}+sharp p = p {accidental = Just Sharp}+natural p = p {accidental = Just Natural}++-- | A key signature.+newtype Key = Key (Map Letter Accidental)+ deriving (Show, Eq)++-- | The accidental a key gives a letter.+keyAccidental :: Key -> Letter -> Accidental+keyAccidental (Key as) l = Map.findWithDefault Natural l as++-- | Sharps added in the order F C G D A E B.+sharps :: Int -> Key+sharps n = Key $ Map.fromList [(l, Sharp) | l <- take n [F, C, G, D, A, E, B]]++-- | Flats added in the order B E A D G C F.+flats :: Int -> Key+flats n = Key $ Map.fromList [(l, Flat) | l <- take n [B, E, A, D, G, C, F]]++-- | Common keys.+cMajor, gMinor :: Key+cMajor = Key Map.empty+gMinor = flats 2++-- | Relative to A4.+pitchSemitones :: Key -> Pitch -> Semitones+pitchSemitones key (Pitch l o acc) = base l + offset (fromMaybe (keyAccidental key l) acc) + 12 * (o - 4) - 9+ where+ base C = 0+ base D = 2+ base E = 4+ base F = 5+ base G = 7+ base A = 9+ base B = 11+ offset Flat = -1+ offset Natural = 0+ offset Sharp = 1++-- | Octave 0.+cb0, c0, cs0, db0, d0, ds0, eb0, e0, es0, fb0, f0, fs0, gb0, g0, gs0, ab0, a0, as0, bb0, b0, bs0 :: Pitch+c0 = Pitch C 0 Nothing+d0 = Pitch D 0 Nothing+e0 = Pitch E 0 Nothing+f0 = Pitch F 0 Nothing+g0 = Pitch G 0 Nothing+a0 = Pitch A 0 Nothing+b0 = Pitch B 0 Nothing+cb0 = flat c0+db0 = flat d0+eb0 = flat e0+fb0 = flat f0+gb0 = flat g0+ab0 = flat a0+bb0 = flat b0+cs0 = sharp c0+ds0 = sharp d0+es0 = sharp e0+fs0 = sharp f0+gs0 = sharp g0+as0 = sharp a0+bs0 = sharp b0++-- | Octave 1.+cb1, c1, cs1, db1, d1, ds1, eb1, e1, es1, fb1, f1, fs1, gb1, g1, gs1, ab1, a1, as1, bb1, b1, bs1 :: Pitch+c1 = Pitch C 1 Nothing+d1 = Pitch D 1 Nothing+e1 = Pitch E 1 Nothing+f1 = Pitch F 1 Nothing+g1 = Pitch G 1 Nothing+a1 = Pitch A 1 Nothing+b1 = Pitch B 1 Nothing+cb1 = flat c1+db1 = flat d1+eb1 = flat e1+fb1 = flat f1+gb1 = flat g1+ab1 = flat a1+bb1 = flat b1+cs1 = sharp c1+ds1 = sharp d1+es1 = sharp e1+fs1 = sharp f1+gs1 = sharp g1+as1 = sharp a1+bs1 = sharp b1++-- | Octave 2.+cb2, c2, cs2, db2, d2, ds2, eb2, e2, es2, fb2, f2, fs2, gb2, g2, gs2, ab2, a2, as2, bb2, b2, bs2 :: Pitch+c2 = Pitch C 2 Nothing+d2 = Pitch D 2 Nothing+e2 = Pitch E 2 Nothing+f2 = Pitch F 2 Nothing+g2 = Pitch G 2 Nothing+a2 = Pitch A 2 Nothing+b2 = Pitch B 2 Nothing+cb2 = flat c2+db2 = flat d2+eb2 = flat e2+fb2 = flat f2+gb2 = flat g2+ab2 = flat a2+bb2 = flat b2+cs2 = sharp c2+ds2 = sharp d2+es2 = sharp e2+fs2 = sharp f2+gs2 = sharp g2+as2 = sharp a2+bs2 = sharp b2++-- | Octave 3.+cb3, c3, cs3, db3, d3, ds3, eb3, e3, es3, fb3, f3, fs3, gb3, g3, gs3, ab3, a3, as3, bb3, b3, bs3 :: Pitch+c3 = Pitch C 3 Nothing+d3 = Pitch D 3 Nothing+e3 = Pitch E 3 Nothing+f3 = Pitch F 3 Nothing+g3 = Pitch G 3 Nothing+a3 = Pitch A 3 Nothing+b3 = Pitch B 3 Nothing+cb3 = flat c3+db3 = flat d3+eb3 = flat e3+fb3 = flat f3+gb3 = flat g3+ab3 = flat a3+bb3 = flat b3+cs3 = sharp c3+ds3 = sharp d3+es3 = sharp e3+fs3 = sharp f3+gs3 = sharp g3+as3 = sharp a3+bs3 = sharp b3++-- | Octave 4.+cb4, c4, cs4, db4, d4, ds4, eb4, e4, es4, fb4, f4, fs4, gb4, g4, gs4, ab4, a4, as4, bb4, b4, bs4 :: Pitch+c4 = Pitch C 4 Nothing+d4 = Pitch D 4 Nothing+e4 = Pitch E 4 Nothing+f4 = Pitch F 4 Nothing+g4 = Pitch G 4 Nothing+a4 = Pitch A 4 Nothing+b4 = Pitch B 4 Nothing+cb4 = flat c4+db4 = flat d4+eb4 = flat e4+fb4 = flat f4+gb4 = flat g4+ab4 = flat a4+bb4 = flat b4+cs4 = sharp c4+ds4 = sharp d4+es4 = sharp e4+fs4 = sharp f4+gs4 = sharp g4+as4 = sharp a4+bs4 = sharp b4++-- | Octave 5.+cb5, c5, cs5, db5, d5, ds5, eb5, e5, es5, fb5, f5, fs5, gb5, g5, gs5, ab5, a5, as5, bb5, b5, bs5 :: Pitch+c5 = Pitch C 5 Nothing+d5 = Pitch D 5 Nothing+e5 = Pitch E 5 Nothing+f5 = Pitch F 5 Nothing+g5 = Pitch G 5 Nothing+a5 = Pitch A 5 Nothing+b5 = Pitch B 5 Nothing+cb5 = flat c5+db5 = flat d5+eb5 = flat e5+fb5 = flat f5+gb5 = flat g5+ab5 = flat a5+bb5 = flat b5+cs5 = sharp c5+ds5 = sharp d5+es5 = sharp e5+fs5 = sharp f5+gs5 = sharp g5+as5 = sharp a5+bs5 = sharp b5++-- | Octave 6.+cb6, c6, cs6, db6, d6, ds6, eb6, e6, es6, fb6, f6, fs6, gb6, g6, gs6, ab6, a6, as6, bb6, b6, bs6 :: Pitch+c6 = Pitch C 6 Nothing+d6 = Pitch D 6 Nothing+e6 = Pitch E 6 Nothing+f6 = Pitch F 6 Nothing+g6 = Pitch G 6 Nothing+a6 = Pitch A 6 Nothing+b6 = Pitch B 6 Nothing+cb6 = flat c6+db6 = flat d6+eb6 = flat e6+fb6 = flat f6+gb6 = flat g6+ab6 = flat a6+bb6 = flat b6+cs6 = sharp c6+ds6 = sharp d6+es6 = sharp e6+fs6 = sharp f6+gs6 = sharp g6+as6 = sharp a6+bs6 = sharp b6++-- | Octave 7.+cb7, c7, cs7, db7, d7, ds7, eb7, e7, es7, fb7, f7, fs7, gb7, g7, gs7, ab7, a7, as7, bb7, b7, bs7 :: Pitch+c7 = Pitch C 7 Nothing+d7 = Pitch D 7 Nothing+e7 = Pitch E 7 Nothing+f7 = Pitch F 7 Nothing+g7 = Pitch G 7 Nothing+a7 = Pitch A 7 Nothing+b7 = Pitch B 7 Nothing+cb7 = flat c7+db7 = flat d7+eb7 = flat e7+fb7 = flat f7+gb7 = flat g7+ab7 = flat a7+bb7 = flat b7+cs7 = sharp c7+ds7 = sharp d7+es7 = sharp e7+fs7 = sharp f7+gs7 = sharp g7+as7 = sharp a7+bs7 = sharp b7++-- | Octave 8.+cb8, c8, cs8, db8, d8, ds8, eb8, e8, es8, fb8, f8, fs8, gb8, g8, gs8, ab8, a8, as8, bb8, b8, bs8 :: Pitch+c8 = Pitch C 8 Nothing+d8 = Pitch D 8 Nothing+e8 = Pitch E 8 Nothing+f8 = Pitch F 8 Nothing+g8 = Pitch G 8 Nothing+a8 = Pitch A 8 Nothing+b8 = Pitch B 8 Nothing+cb8 = flat c8+db8 = flat d8+eb8 = flat e8+fb8 = flat f8+gb8 = flat g8+ab8 = flat a8+bb8 = flat b8+cs8 = sharp c8+ds8 = sharp d8+es8 = sharp e8+fs8 = sharp f8+gs8 = sharp g8+as8 = sharp a8+bs8 = sharp b8
+ src/Herald/Sound.hs view
@@ -0,0 +1,141 @@+-- | Mono signals sampled at 'sampleRate', and stereo.+module Herald.Sound+ ( Seconds,+ Hz,+ Sample,+ Sound,+ sampleRate,+ sampleCount,+ silence,+ sine,+ pluck,+ harmonics,+ inharmonics,+ gain,+ mixSound,+ balanceSound,+ Pan,+ Stereo (..),+ panSound,+ balanceStereo,+ )+where++import Control.Monad (forM_)+import Data.Vector.Unboxed (Vector)+import Data.Vector.Unboxed qualified as V+import Data.Vector.Unboxed.Mutable qualified as MV++-- | A duration in seconds.+type Seconds = Double++-- | A frequency in hertz.+type Hz = Double++-- | An audio sample.+type Sample = Double++-- | A mono signal.+type Sound = Vector Sample++-- | Samples per second.+sampleRate :: Double+sampleRate = 48000.0++-- | Samples in a duration.+sampleCount :: Seconds -> Int+sampleCount t = round (sampleRate * t)++-- | Silence.+silence :: Seconds -> Sound+silence t = V.replicate (sampleCount t) 0++-- | A sine wave.+sine :: Hz -> Seconds -> Sound+sine f t = V.generate (sampleCount t) (\i -> sin (fromIntegral i * step))+ where+ step = (f * 2 * pi) / sampleRate++-- | Deterministic white noise in @[-1, 1)@ from a linear congruential+-- generator.+noise :: Int -> [Sample]+noise = map unit . drop 1 . iterate step+ where+ step x = (1103515245 * x + 12345) `mod` 2147483648+ unit x = fromIntegral x / 1073741824 - 1++-- | Karplus-Strong plucked string. @decay@ is the gain per period.+pluck :: Double -> Hz -> Seconds -> Sound+pluck decay f t = V.create $ do+ out <- MV.new len+ forM_ (zip [0 .. len - 1] excitation) (uncurry (MV.write out))+ let go j averaged' allpassed'+ | n + j >= len = pure ()+ | otherwise = do+ x <- MV.read out j+ y <- MV.read out (j + 1)+ let averaged = decay * (x + y) / 2+ allpassed = c * averaged + averaged' - c * allpassed'+ MV.write out (n + j) allpassed+ go (j + 1) averaged allpassed+ go 0 0 0+ pure out+ where+ len = sampleCount t+ -- The loop is n samples of delay line, minus half a sample from the+ -- averaging filter, plus a fractional delay d from a first-order all-pass+ -- (Jaffe & Smith), so that its total length is exactly one period.+ period = sampleRate / f+ n = max 2 (floor (period + 0.4))+ d = period + 0.5 - fromIntegral n+ c = (1 - d) / (1 + d)+ burst = take n (noise (round f))+ mean = sum burst / fromIntegral n+ peak = maximum [abs (x - mean) | x <- burst]+ excitation = [(x - mean) / peak | x <- burst]++-- | Integer multiples of a frequency.+harmonics :: Hz -> [Hz]+harmonics f = (* f) <$> [1 ..]++-- | Harmonics stretched as in stiff strings: @n f sqrt (1 + b n^2)@.+inharmonics :: Double -> Hz -> [Hz]+inharmonics b f = zipWith stretch [1 ..] (harmonics f)+ where+ stretch n h = h * sqrt (1 + b * n ** 2)++-- | Scale every sample.+gain :: Double -> Sound -> Sound+gain g = V.map (* g)++-- | Sums sample by sample, padding shorter sounds with silence.+mixSound :: [Sound] -> Sound+mixSound xs = foldl add (V.replicate len 0) xs+ where+ len = maximum (0 : map V.length xs)+ add acc s = V.imap (\i a -> a + if i < V.length s then V.unsafeIndex s i else 0) acc++-- | Mixes dividing by the square root of the count, to keep the loudness of+-- a single sound.+balanceSound :: [Sound] -> Sound+balanceSound xs = gain (1 / sqrt (fromIntegral (max 1 (length xs)))) (mixSound xs)++-- | From -1 (left) to 1 (right).+type Pan = Double++-- | A left and a right channel.+data Stereo = Stereo+ { leftChannel :: Sound,+ rightChannel :: Sound+ }+ deriving (Show, Eq)++-- | Constant-power pan law: equally loud at any position.+panSound :: Pan -> Sound -> Stereo+panSound p s = Stereo (gain (cos theta) s) (gain (sin theta) s)+ where+ theta = (max (-1) (min 1 p) + 1) * pi / 4++-- | 'balanceSound' for each channel.+balanceStereo :: [Stereo] -> Stereo+balanceStereo xs = Stereo (balanceSound (map leftChannel xs)) (balanceSound (map rightChannel xs))
+ src/Herald/Sound/IO.hs view
@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@+-- | 16-bit PCM WAV output, and playback through @ffplay@.+module Herald.Sound.IO+ ( Audio (..),+ encodeWav,+ saveWav,+ play,+ )+where++import Control.Exception+import Control.Monad+import Data.ByteString.Builder qualified as BB+import Data.ByteString.Lazy qualified as B+import Data.Int+import Data.Vector.Unboxed qualified as V+import Data.Word+import GHC.IO.Exception (IOErrorType (..), IOException (..))+import Herald.Sound+import System.Exit+import System.IO (hClose)+import System.Process++-- | Mono or stereo audio.+class Audio a where+ channels :: a -> [Sound]++instance Audio (V.Vector Double) where+ channels s = [s]++instance Audio Stereo where+ channels s = [leftChannel s, rightChannel s]++-- | Samples outside @[-1, 1]@ are clipped.+encodeWav :: (Audio a) => a -> B.ByteString+encodeWav audio = BB.toLazyByteString (header <> samples)+ where+ chs = channels audio+ n = length chs+ frames = maximum (0 : map V.length chs)+ sample s i = if i < V.length s then V.unsafeIndex s i else 0+ samples = foldr (\i b -> foldr (\s b' -> BB.int16LE (pcm (sample s i)) <> b') b chs) mempty [0 .. frames - 1]+ rate = round sampleRate :: Word32+ blockAlign = fromIntegral (2 * n) :: Word16+ dataSize = fromIntegral (2 * n * frames) :: Word32+ header =+ mconcat+ [ BB.string7 "RIFF",+ BB.word32LE (36 + dataSize),+ BB.string7 "WAVE",+ BB.string7 "fmt ",+ BB.word32LE 16, -- fmt chunk size+ BB.word16LE 1, -- PCM+ BB.word16LE (fromIntegral n), -- channels+ BB.word32LE rate,+ BB.word32LE (rate * fromIntegral blockAlign), -- byte rate+ BB.word16LE blockAlign,+ BB.word16LE 16, -- bits per sample+ BB.string7 "data",+ BB.word32LE dataSize+ ]+ pcm x = round (32767 * max (-1) (min 1 x)) :: Int16++-- | Write a WAV file.+saveWav :: (Audio a) => FilePath -> a -> IO ()+saveWav filePath = B.writeFile filePath . encodeWav++-- | Requires @ffplay@ on the @PATH@.+play :: (Audio a) => a -> IO ()+play audio = do+ let args = ["-autoexit", "-showmode", "1", "-"]+ withCreateProcess (proc "ffplay" args) {std_in = CreatePipe} $ \stdin' _ _ ph -> do+ -- ffplay closes the pipe early if the user quits; that's not an error.+ forM_ stdin' $ \h -> ignoreBrokenPipe $ B.hPut h (encodeWav audio) >> hClose h+ code <- waitForProcess ph+ case code of+ ExitSuccess -> pure ()+ ExitFailure c -> ioError . userError $ "ffplay exited with code " ++ show c+ where+ ignoreBrokenPipe = handle $ \e ->+ unless (ioe_type e == ResourceVanished) (throwIO e)
+ src/Herald/Tuning.hs view
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@+-- | Frequencies of pitches: equal temperament and historical temperaments.+module Herald.Tuning+ ( Tuning (..),+ a440,+ equalTemperament,+ temperament,+ werckmeisterIII,+ quarterCommaMeantone,+ )+where++import Data.Map.Strict qualified as Map+import Herald.Score.Pitch (Semitones)+import Herald.Sound (Hz)++-- | Semitones are relative to A4.+newtype Tuning = Tuning {tune :: Semitones -> Hz}++-- | Equal temperament at 440 Hz.+a440 :: Tuning+a440 = equalTemperament 440++-- | Takes the frequency of A4.+equalTemperament :: Hz -> Tuning+equalTemperament ref = Tuning $ \n -> ref * 2 ** (fromIntegral n / 12)++-- | Deviations from equal temperament in cents for each pitch class from C+-- to B, anchored at the frequency of A4.+temperament :: [Double] -> Hz -> Tuning+temperament cents ref = Tuning $ \n ->+ ref * 2 ** ((fromIntegral n + (offset (n + 9) - offset 9) / 100) / 12)+ where+ deviations = Map.fromList (zip [0 .. 11] cents)+ offset n = Map.findWithDefault 0 (n `mod` 12) deviations++-- | Werckmeister III well temperament.+werckmeisterIII :: Hz -> Tuning+werckmeisterIII =+ temperament [0, -9.775, -7.82, -5.865, -9.775, -1.955, -11.73, -3.91, -7.82, -11.73, -3.91, -7.82]++-- | Quarter-comma meantone.+quarterCommaMeantone :: Hz -> Tuning+quarterCommaMeantone =+ temperament [0, -24.0, -6.8, 10.3, -13.7, 3.4, -20.5, -3.4, -27.4, -10.3, 6.8, -17.1]
+ test/Main.hs view
@@ -0,0 +1,246 @@+module Main (main) where++import Data.ByteString.Lazy qualified as B+import Data.ByteString.Lazy.Char8 qualified as BC+import Data.Vector.Unboxed qualified as V+import Herald+import Test.Tasty+import Test.Tasty.HUnit++main :: IO ()+main =+ defaultMain $+ testGroup+ "herald"+ [ pitchTests,+ tuningTests,+ soundTests,+ instrumentTests,+ scoreTests,+ tieTests,+ meterTests,+ stereoTests,+ wavTests+ ]++pitchTests :: TestTree+pitchTests =+ testGroup+ "Pitch"+ [ testCase "A4 is the reference" $ pitchSemitones cMajor a4 @?= 0,+ testCase "middle C is 9 semitones below A4" $ pitchSemitones cMajor c4 @?= -9,+ testCase "octaves are 12 semitones apart" $ pitchSemitones cMajor a5 @?= 12,+ testCase "names carry accidentals" $ do+ pitchSemitones cMajor fs4 @?= pitchSemitones cMajor (sharp f4)+ pitchSemitones cMajor bb4 @?= pitchSemitones cMajor a4 + 1,+ testCase "unwritten accidentals come from the key" $+ pitchSemitones gMinor b4 @?= pitchSemitones cMajor bb4,+ testCase "a natural sign cancels the key" $+ pitchSemitones gMinor (natural b4) @?= pitchSemitones cMajor b4,+ testCase "key signatures add accidentals in order" $ do+ map (keyAccidental (sharps 2)) [F, C, G] @?= [Sharp, Sharp, Natural]+ map (keyAccidental (flats 2)) [B, E, A] @?= [Flat, Flat, Natural]+ ]++tuningTests :: TestTree+tuningTests =+ testGroup+ "Tuning"+ [ testCase "A4 is 440 Hz" $ tune a440 0 @?= 440,+ testCase "an octave doubles the frequency" $ tune a440 12 @?= 880,+ testCase "equal temperament takes a reference pitch" $ tune (equalTemperament 415) 0 @?= 415,+ testCase "temperaments are anchored at A4" $ do+ tune (werckmeisterIII 440) 0 @?= 440+ tune (quarterCommaMeantone 440) 0 @?= 440,+ testCase "Werckmeister III raises C4 by its offset from A" $+ assertApprox "cents" 11.73 (cents (tune (werckmeisterIII 440) (-9)) (tune a440 (-9))),+ testCase "quarter-comma meantone has a pure major third on C" $+ assertApprox "cents" (cents 5 4) (cents (tune meantone (-5)) (tune meantone (-9))),+ testCase "the score uses the configured tuning" $+ playScoreMono defaultConfig {tuning = equalTemperament 220} [(defaultVoice, tellNote quarter a5)]+ @?= Right (render (tellNote quarter a4))+ ]+ where+ meantone = quarterCommaMeantone 440+ cents x y = 1200 * logBase 2 (x / y)+ assertApprox msg expected actual =+ assertBool (msg ++ ": expected " ++ show expected ++ ", got " ++ show actual) (abs (expected - actual) < 0.1)++soundTests :: TestTree+soundTests =+ testGroup+ "Sound"+ [ testCase "durations round to whole samples" $ do+ V.length (silence 1) @?= 48000+ V.length (sine 440 0.5) @?= 24000,+ testCase "mixing pads shorter sounds with silence" $+ mixSound [V.fromList [1, 2, 3], V.fromList [10]] @?= V.fromList [11, 2, 3],+ testCase "balanced mixing divides by the square root of the count" $+ balanceSound [V.fromList [1], V.fromList [1], V.fromList [1], V.fromList [1]] @?= V.fromList [2],+ testCase "a pluck starts at a peak of 1 and decays" $ do+ let s = pluck 0.996 220 1+ V.length s @?= 48000+ peak s @?= 1+ assertBool "doesn't decay" (peak (V.drop 40000 s) < 0.5)+ ]++instrumentTests :: TestTree+instrumentTests =+ testGroup "Instrument" . concat $+ [ [ testCase ("notes last exactly their duration: " ++ name) $+ V.length (renderNote i 440 0.3) @?= 14400+ | (name, i) <- instruments+ ],+ [ testCase ("notes peak at most 1: " ++ name ++ " at " ++ show f ++ " Hz") $+ assertBool "too loud" (peak (renderNote i f 0.5) <= 1)+ | (name, i) <- instruments,+ f <- [110, 440, 1760]+ ],+ [ testCase "a trill fills its duration" $+ V.length (trill additive 6 440 494 0.75) @?= 36000,+ testCase "a chord is as long as its notes" $+ V.length (chord organ [262, 330, 392] 0.5) @?= 24000+ ]+ ]+ where+ instruments = [("pure tone", pureTone), ("additive", additive), ("organ", organ), ("harpsichord", harpsichord)]++scoreTests :: TestTree+scoreTests =+ testGroup+ "Score"+ [ testCase "a quarter note at 120 bpm lasts half a second" $+ V.length (render (tellNotes quarter [c4, d4])) @?= 48000,+ testCase "rests and notes share the timeline" $+ V.length (render (tellRest half >> tellNote eighth c4)) @?= 60000,+ testCase "the tempo comes from the configuration" $+ V.length <$> playScoreMono defaultConfig {tempo = 60} [(defaultVoice, tellNote quarter c4)] @?= Right 48000,+ testCase "voices start in C major and setKey applies from then on" $+ render (tellNote quarter b4 >> setKey gMinor >> tellNote quarter b4)+ @?= render (tellNotes quarter [natural b4, bb4]),+ testCase "an accidental lasts until the end of the bar" $+ render (tellNote quarter (sharp f4) >> tellNote quarter f4)+ @?= render (tellNotes quarter [fs4, fs4]),+ testCase "a bar line cancels earlier accidentals" $+ render (tellNote quarter (sharp f4) >> tellBar >> tellNote quarter f4)+ @?= render (tellNotes quarter [fs4, natural f4]),+ testCase "a trill's auxiliary accidental doesn't carry on" $+ render (tellTrill quarter 4 e4 (sharp f4) >> tellNote quarter f4)+ @?= render (tellTrill quarter 4 e4 fs4 >> tellNote quarter (natural f4)),+ testCase "voices are rendered independently" $+ playScoreMono defaultConfig [(defaultVoice, tellNote quarter (sharp f4)), (defaultVoice, tellNote quarter f4)]+ @?= playScoreMono defaultConfig [(defaultVoice, tellNote quarter fs4), (defaultVoice, tellNote quarter (natural f4))],+ testCase "each voice plays its own instrument" $+ playScoreMono defaultConfig [(defaultVoice {instrument = organ}, tellNote quarter c4), (defaultVoice, tellNote quarter c4)]+ @?= Right (balanceSound [renderNote organ (tune a440 (-9)) 0.5, renderNote additive (tune a440 (-9)) 0.5]),+ testCase "dynamics scale notes from then on" $+ render (setDynamic forte >> tellNote quarter c4)+ @?= gain (dynamicGain forte) (render (tellNote quarter c4)),+ testCase "dynamics go from soft to loud"+ $ assertBool "out of order"+ $ and (zipWith (<) dynamics (drop 1 dynamics))+ ]+ where+ dynamics = [pianissimo, piano, mezzoPiano, mezzoForte, forte, fortissimo]++tieTests :: TestTree+tieTests =+ testGroup+ "Tie"+ [ testCase "tied notes sound as one" $+ render (tellTie quarter c4 >> tellNote quarter c4) @?= render (tellNote half c4),+ testCase "ties can be chained" $+ render (tellTie eighth c4 >> tellTie eighth c4 >> tellNote quarter c4)+ @?= render (tellNote half c4),+ testCase "a tied note keeps its accidental across the bar line" $+ render (tellTie quarter (sharp f4) >> tellBar >> tellNote quarter f4)+ @?= render (tellNote half fs4),+ testCase "a tie into a different pitch is an error" $+ result [tellTie quarter c4 >> tellNote quarter d4]+ @?= Left (ScoreError 1 1 TieToDifferentPitch),+ testCase "a tie followed by a rest is an error" $+ result [tellTie quarter c4 >> tellBar >> tellRest quarter]+ @?= Left (ScoreError 1 2 UnfinishedTie),+ testCase "a voice can't end in a tie" $+ result [tellTie quarter c4] @?= Left (ScoreError 1 1 UnfinishedTie)+ ]++meterTests :: TestTree+meterTests =+ testGroup+ "Meter"+ [ testCase "a bar lasts its time signature in beats" $ do+ meterBeats (Meter 4 4) @?= 4+ meterBeats (Meter 6 8) @?= 3,+ testCase "bars that add up are accepted" $+ result [setMeter (Meter 3 4) >> tellNotes quarter [c4, d4, e4] >> tellBar >> tellNote (dotted half) c4]+ @?= Right (),+ testCase "a short bar is an error" $+ result [setMeter (Meter 4 4) >> tellNotes quarter [c4, d4, e4] >> tellBar]+ @?= Left (ScoreError 1 1 (WrongBarLength 3 4)),+ testCase "the last bar is checked too" $+ result [setMeter (Meter 2 4) >> tellNotes quarter [c4, d4] >> tellBar >> tellNote quarter c4]+ @?= Left (ScoreError 1 2 (WrongBarLength 1 2)),+ testCase "a tie counts in each bar it crosses" $+ result [setMeter (Meter 2 4) >> tellNote quarter c4 >> tellTie quarter d4 >> tellBar >> tellNotes quarter [d4, e4]]+ @?= Right (),+ testCase "errors name the voice" $+ result [tellNote quarter c4, setMeter (Meter 2 4) >> tellNote quarter c4]+ @?= Left (ScoreError 2 1 (WrongBarLength 1 2))+ ]++stereoTests :: TestTree+stereoTests =+ testGroup+ "Stereo"+ [ testCase "the centre splits a sound at equal power" $ do+ let Stereo l r = panSound 0 (V.fromList [1])+ assertClose l (V.fromList [sqrt 0.5])+ assertClose r (V.fromList [sqrt 0.5]),+ testCase "hard left and right use a single channel" $ do+ assertClose (rightChannel (panSound (-1) (V.fromList [1]))) (V.fromList [0])+ assertClose (leftChannel (panSound 1 (V.fromList [1]))) (V.fromList [0]),+ testCase "voices go to their side" $ do+ let left = tellNote quarter c4+ right = tellNote quarter e4+ case playScoreStereo defaultConfig [(defaultVoice {pan = -1}, left), (defaultVoice {pan = 1}, right)] of+ Left err -> assertFailure (displayScoreError err)+ Right (Stereo l r) -> do+ assertClose l (gain (1 / sqrt 2) (render left))+ assertClose r (gain (1 / sqrt 2) (render right))+ ]+ where+ assertClose x y = do+ V.length x @?= V.length y+ assertBool "channels differ" (V.and (V.zipWith (\a b -> abs (a - b) < 1e-12) x y))++wavTests :: TestTree+wavTests =+ testGroup+ "WAV"+ [ testCase "header and 16-bit samples" $ do+ let wav = encodeWav (mono [0, 1, -1])+ B.length wav @?= 44 + 6+ BC.take 4 wav @?= BC.pack "RIFF"+ BC.take 4 (B.drop 8 wav) @?= BC.pack "WAVE"+ B.unpack (B.drop 44 wav) @?= [0, 0, 0xff, 0x7f, 0x01, 0x80],+ testCase "out-of-range samples are clipped" $+ B.drop 44 (encodeWav (mono [2, -2])) @?= B.drop 44 (encodeWav (mono [1, -1])),+ testCase "stereo interleaves left and right" $ do+ let wav = encodeWav (Stereo (V.fromList [1, 0]) (V.fromList [-1]))+ B.length wav @?= 44 + 8+ B.unpack (B.take 2 (B.drop 22 wav)) @?= [2, 0]+ B.unpack (B.drop 44 wav) @?= [0xff, 0x7f, 0x01, 0x80, 0, 0, 0, 0]+ ]++render :: Performance () -> Sound+render v = either (error . displayScoreError) id (playScoreMono defaultConfig [(defaultVoice, v)])++result :: [Performance ()] -> Either ScoreError ()+result vs = () <$ playScoreMono defaultConfig [(defaultVoice, v) | v <- vs]++peak :: Sound -> Double+peak = V.maximum . V.map abs++mono :: [Double] -> Sound+mono = V.fromList