diff --git a/Data/Vector/Groan.hs b/Data/Vector/Groan.hs
new file mode 100644
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Data/Vector/Groan.hs
@@ -0,0 +1,249 @@
+{-# LANGUAGE Strict #-}
+
+module Data.Vector.Groan (
+  Buffer,
+
+  -- * Running computations that allocate to a buffer
+  run,
+  runPrim,
+
+  -- * Creating buffers
+  new,
+  replicate,
+  thaw,
+
+  -- * Reading
+  read,
+
+  -- ** Size and capacity
+  size,
+  capacity,
+
+  -- * Mutable operations
+
+  -- ** Pop
+  popBack,
+
+  -- ** Writes
+  write,
+
+  -- *** Appends
+  pushBack,
+  pushAllBack,
+  pushFoldableBack,
+
+  -- * Conversion
+  freeze,
+  unsafeFreeze,
+  unsafeFreezeVector,
+) where
+
+import Control.Monad (forM_)
+import Control.Monad.Primitive
+import Control.Monad.ST.Strict
+import Control.Monad.Trans.State.Strict
+import Data.Primitive.Array
+import Data.Primitive.Contiguous qualified as C
+import Data.Primitive.MutVar
+import Data.Vector (Vector)
+import Data.Vector qualified as V
+import Prelude hiding (read, replicate)
+
+-- | Single-threaded buffer
+newtype Buffer s a = Buffer (MutVar s (BufferRep s a))
+
+data BufferRep s a = BufferRep
+  { length :: {-# UNPACK #-} !Int
+  , buffer :: {-# UNPACK #-} !(MutableArray s a)
+  }
+
+{-# INLINE run #-}
+run :: Int -> (forall s. Buffer s a -> ST s ()) -> Vector a
+run initialCapacity fn = runST do
+  buffer <- new initialCapacity
+  fn buffer
+  unsafeFreezeVector buffer
+
+{-# INLINE runPrim #-}
+runPrim :: (PrimMonad m) => Int -> (Buffer (PrimState m) a -> m ()) -> m (Vector a)
+runPrim initialCapacity fn = do
+  buffer <- new initialCapacity
+  fn buffer
+  unsafeFreezeVector buffer
+
+-- | Create a buffer with an initial (unfilled) capacity
+{-# INLINE new #-}
+new :: forall a m. (PrimMonad m) => Int -> m (Buffer (PrimState m) a)
+new initialCapacity = do
+  buffer <- newArray initialCapacity uninitialisedElement
+  Buffer <$> newMutVar (BufferRep 0 buffer)
+
+-- | Create a buffer with n initial elements
+{-# INLINE replicate #-}
+replicate :: (PrimMonad m) => Int -> a -> m (Buffer (PrimState m) a)
+replicate size initialElem = do
+  buffer <- newArray size initialElem
+  Buffer <$> newMutVar (BufferRep size buffer)
+
+-- | Create a buffer from an array, copying its elements
+{-# INLINE thaw #-}
+thaw :: (PrimMonad m) => Array a -> m (Buffer (PrimState m) a)
+thaw input = do
+  buffer <- thawArray input 0 (sizeofArray input)
+  Buffer <$> newMutVar (BufferRep (sizeofArray input) buffer)
+
+{-# INLINE read #-}
+
+-- | Read an item from a buffer
+read :: (PrimMonad m) => Buffer (PrimState m) a -> Int -> m a
+read (Buffer ref) i = do
+  BufferRep len buf <- readMutVar ref
+  if i < len
+    then readArray buf i
+    else error ("index: out of range " <> show (i, len))
+
+{-# INLINE write #-}
+
+-- | Write an item to a buffer
+--
+-- The index given must be within the buffer's existing *length* - not capacity.
+write :: (PrimMonad m) => Buffer (PrimState m) a -> Int -> a -> m ()
+write (Buffer ref) i a = do
+  BufferRep len buf <- readMutVar ref
+  if i < len
+    then writeArray buf i a
+    else error ("index: out of range " <> show (i, len))
+
+{-# INLINE pushBack #-}
+
+-- | Push an element to end of the buffer, returning the new length
+pushBack :: (PrimMonad m) => Buffer (PrimState m) a -> a -> m Int
+pushBack (Buffer ref) a = do
+  BufferRep len dest <- readMutVar ref
+  let capacity = sizeofMutableArray dest
+  if len < capacity
+    then do
+      writeArray dest len a
+      writeMutVar ref (BufferRep (len + 1) dest)
+    else do
+      next <- newArray (grow (capacity + 1)) uninitialisedElement
+      copyMutableArray next 0 dest 0 (sizeofMutableArray dest)
+      writeArray next len a
+      writeMutVar ref (BufferRep (len + 1) next)
+  pure (len + 1)
+
+{-# INLINE pushFoldableBack #-}
+
+-- | Push multiple elements to the end of the buffer, returning the new length
+pushFoldableBack :: (Foldable f, PrimMonad m) => Buffer (PrimState m) a -> f a -> m Int
+pushFoldableBack b@(Buffer ref) f
+  | null f = size b
+pushFoldableBack (Buffer ref) f = do
+  BufferRep {length = len, buffer = dest} <- readMutVar ref
+  let capacity = sizeofMutableArray dest
+  let nextLen = len + Prelude.length f
+  if nextLen < capacity
+    then do
+      -- just write
+      writtenLen <- (`execStateT` len) do
+        forM_ f \x -> StateT \i -> do
+          writeArray dest i x
+          pure ((), i + 1)
+      -- assert (writtenLen == nextLen)
+      writeMutVar ref (BufferRep writtenLen dest)
+    else do
+      -- grow then write
+      dest <- C.resize dest (grow nextLen)
+      writtenLen <- (`execStateT` len) do
+        forM_ f \x -> StateT \i -> do
+          writeArray dest i x
+          pure ((), i + 1)
+      -- assert (writtenLen == nextLen)
+      writeMutVar ref (BufferRep writtenLen dest)
+  pure nextLen
+
+{-# INLINE pushAllBack #-}
+
+-- | Push multiple elements to the end of the buffer
+pushAllBack :: (PrimMonad m) => Buffer (PrimState m) a -> C.Sliced Array a -> m Int
+pushAllBack b@(Buffer ref) arr
+  | C.null arr = size b
+pushAllBack (Buffer ref) arr = do
+  BufferRep len dest <- readMutVar ref
+  let capacity = sizeofMutableArray dest
+  let nextLen = len + C.size arr
+  if nextLen < capacity
+    then do
+      -- just write
+      C.copy dest len arr
+      writeMutVar ref (BufferRep nextLen dest)
+    else do
+      -- grow then write
+      dest <- C.resize dest (grow nextLen)
+      C.copy dest len arr
+      writeMutVar ref (BufferRep nextLen dest)
+  pure nextLen
+
+{-# INLINE popBack #-}
+
+-- | Pop the last element off of the buffer
+popBack :: (PrimMonad m) => Buffer (PrimState m) a -> m (Maybe (a, Int))
+popBack (Buffer ref) = do
+  BufferRep len buf <- readMutVar ref
+  let i = len - 1
+  if i >= 0
+    then do
+      writeMutVar ref (BufferRep i buf)
+      el <- readArray buf i
+      pure (Just (el, i))
+    else pure Nothing
+
+-- | Freeze the buffer by copying
+{-# INLINE freeze #-}
+freeze :: (PrimMonad m) => Buffer (PrimState m) a -> m (Array a)
+freeze (Buffer ref) = do
+  BufferRep len buf <- readMutVar ref
+  C.freeze (C.sliceMut buf 0 len)
+
+-- | Freeze the buffer without copying
+{-# INLINE unsafeFreeze #-}
+unsafeFreeze :: (PrimMonad m) => Buffer (PrimState m) a -> m (C.Sliced C.Array a)
+unsafeFreeze (Buffer ref) = do
+  BufferRep len buf <- readMutVar ref
+  frz <- C.unsafeFreeze buf
+  pure (C.slice frz 0 len)
+
+-- | Freeze the buffer into a 'Vector' without copying
+{-# INLINE unsafeFreezeVector #-}
+unsafeFreezeVector :: (PrimMonad m) => Buffer (PrimState m) a -> m (Vector a)
+unsafeFreezeVector (Buffer ref) = do
+  BufferRep len buf <- readMutVar ref
+  frz <- C.unsafeFreeze buf
+  pure (V.unsafeFromArraySlice frz 0 len)
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+-- | The current length of the buffer
+{-# INLINE size #-}
+size :: (PrimMonad m) => Buffer (PrimState m) a -> m Int
+size (Buffer ref) = do
+  BufferRep len _buf <- readMutVar ref
+  pure len
+
+-- | The current capacity (as in, remaining free space) of the buffer
+{-# INLINE capacity #-}
+capacity :: (PrimMonad m) => Buffer (PrimState m) a -> m Int
+capacity (Buffer ref) = do
+  BufferRep len buf <- readMutVar ref
+  let capacity = sizeofMutableArray buf
+  return (capacity - len)
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+{-# INLINE grow #-}
+grow :: Int -> Int
+grow i = i * 2
+
+{-# NOINLINE uninitialisedElement #-}
+uninitialisedElement :: a
+uninitialisedElement = error "Buffer: Not initialised"
diff --git a/Data/Vector/Groan/Unboxed.hs b/Data/Vector/Groan/Unboxed.hs
new file mode 100644
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Data/Vector/Groan/Unboxed.hs
@@ -0,0 +1,183 @@
+{-# LANGUAGE Strict #-}
+
+module Data.Vector.Groan.Unboxed (
+  Buffer,
+
+  -- * Running computations that allocate to a buffer
+  run,
+  runPrim,
+
+  -- * Creating buffers
+  new,
+  replicate,
+  thaw,
+
+  -- * Reading
+  read,
+
+  -- ** Size and capacity
+  size,
+  capacity,
+
+  -- * Mutable operations
+
+  -- ** Pop
+  popBack,
+
+  -- ** Writes
+  write,
+
+  -- *** Appends
+  pushBack,
+
+  -- * Conversion
+  freeze,
+  unsafeFreeze,
+) where
+
+import Control.Monad (forM_)
+import Control.Monad.Primitive
+import Control.Monad.ST.Strict
+import Control.Monad.Trans.State.Strict
+import Data.Monoid (First (..))
+import Data.Primitive.MutVar
+import Data.Vector qualified as V
+import Data.Vector.Unboxed (Unbox)
+import Data.Vector.Unboxed qualified as U
+import Data.Vector.Unboxed.Mutable qualified as UM
+import Prelude hiding (read, replicate)
+
+-- | Single-threaded buffer
+newtype Buffer s a = Buffer (MutVar s (BufferRep s a))
+
+data BufferRep s a = BufferRep
+  { length :: {-# UNPACK #-} !Int
+  , buffer :: !(UM.MVector s a)
+  }
+
+{-# INLINE run #-}
+run :: (Unbox a) => Int -> a -> (forall s. Buffer s a -> ST s ()) -> U.Vector a
+run initialCapacity z fn = runST do
+  buffer <- new initialCapacity z
+  fn buffer
+  unsafeFreeze buffer
+
+{-# INLINE runPrim #-}
+runPrim :: (Unbox a, PrimMonad m) => Int -> a -> (Buffer (PrimState m) a -> m ()) -> m (U.Vector a)
+runPrim initialCapacity z fn = do
+  buffer <- new initialCapacity z
+  fn buffer
+  unsafeFreeze buffer
+
+-- | Create a buffer with an initial (unfilled) capacity and a value for
+-- uninitialised elements
+{-# INLINE new #-}
+new :: forall a m. (Unbox a, PrimMonad m) => Int -> a -> m (Buffer (PrimState m) a)
+new initialCapacity uninitialisedElement = do
+  buffer <- UM.replicate initialCapacity uninitialisedElement
+  Buffer <$> newMutVar (BufferRep 0 buffer)
+
+-- | Create a buffer with n initial elements
+{-# INLINE replicate #-}
+replicate :: (Unbox a, PrimMonad m) => Int -> a -> m (Buffer (PrimState m) a)
+replicate size initialElem = do
+  buffer <- UM.replicate size initialElem
+  Buffer <$> newMutVar (BufferRep size buffer)
+
+-- | Create a buffer from an array, copying its elements
+{-# INLINE thaw #-}
+thaw :: (Unbox a, PrimMonad m) => U.Vector a -> m (Buffer (PrimState m) a)
+thaw input = do
+  buffer <- U.thaw input
+  Buffer <$> newMutVar (BufferRep (U.length input) buffer)
+
+{-# INLINE read #-}
+
+-- | Read an item from a buffer
+read :: (Unbox a, PrimMonad m) => Buffer (PrimState m) a -> Int -> m a
+read (Buffer ref) i = do
+  BufferRep len buf <- readMutVar ref
+  if i < len
+    then UM.read buf i
+    else error ("index: out of range " <> show (i, len))
+
+{-# INLINE write #-}
+
+-- | Write an item to a buffer
+--
+-- The index given must be within the buffer's existing *length* - not capacity.
+write :: (Unbox a, PrimMonad m) => Buffer (PrimState m) a -> Int -> a -> m ()
+write (Buffer ref) i a = do
+  BufferRep len buf <- readMutVar ref
+  if i < len
+    then UM.write buf i a
+    else error ("index: out of range " <> show (i, len))
+
+{-# INLINE pushBack #-}
+
+-- | Push an element to end of the buffer, returning the new length
+pushBack :: (Unbox a, PrimMonad m) => Buffer (PrimState m) a -> a -> m Int
+pushBack (Buffer ref) a = do
+  BufferRep len dest <- readMutVar ref
+  let capacity = UM.length dest
+  if len < capacity
+    then do
+      UM.write dest len a
+      writeMutVar ref (BufferRep (len + 1) dest)
+    else do
+      next <- UM.replicate (grow (capacity + 1)) a
+      UM.copy (UM.slice 0 len next) dest
+      UM.write next len a
+      writeMutVar ref (BufferRep (len + 1) next)
+  pure (len + 1)
+
+{-# INLINE popBack #-}
+
+-- | Pop the last element off of the buffer
+popBack :: (Unbox a, PrimMonad m) => Buffer (PrimState m) a -> m (Maybe (a, Int))
+popBack (Buffer ref) = do
+  BufferRep len buf <- readMutVar ref
+  let i = len - 1
+  if i >= 0
+    then do
+      writeMutVar ref (BufferRep i buf)
+      el <- UM.read buf i
+      pure (Just (el, i))
+    else pure Nothing
+
+-- | Freeze the buffer by copying
+{-# INLINE freeze #-}
+freeze :: (Unbox a, PrimMonad m) => Buffer (PrimState m) a -> m (U.Vector a)
+freeze (Buffer ref) = do
+  BufferRep len buf <- readMutVar ref
+  U.freeze (UM.slice 0 len buf)
+
+-- | Freeze the buffer into a 'Vector' without copying
+{-# INLINE unsafeFreeze #-}
+unsafeFreeze :: (Unbox a, PrimMonad m) => Buffer (PrimState m) a -> m (U.Vector a)
+unsafeFreeze (Buffer ref) = do
+  BufferRep len buf <- readMutVar ref
+  U.unsafeFreeze (UM.slice 0 len buf)
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+-- | The current length of the buffer
+{-# INLINE size #-}
+size :: (PrimMonad m) => Buffer (PrimState m) a -> m Int
+size (Buffer ref) = do
+  BufferRep len _buf <- readMutVar ref
+  pure len
+
+-- | The current capacity (as in, remaining free space) of the buffer
+{-# INLINE capacity #-}
+capacity :: (Unbox a, PrimMonad m) => Buffer (PrimState m) a -> m Int
+capacity (Buffer ref) = do
+  BufferRep len buf <- readMutVar ref
+  let capacity = UM.length buf
+  pure (capacity - len)
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+{-# INLINE grow #-}
+grow :: Int -> Int
+grow i = i * 2
diff --git a/LICENSE b/LICENSE
new file mode 100644
--- /dev/null
+++ b/LICENSE
@@ -0,0 +1,374 @@
+Mozilla Public License Version 2.0
+==================================
+
+1. Definitions
+--------------
+
+1.1. "Contributor"
+    means each individual or legal entity that creates, contributes to
+    the creation of, or owns Covered Software.
+
+1.2. "Contributor Version"
+    means the combination of the Contributions of others (if any) used
+    by a Contributor and that particular Contributor's Contribution.
+
+1.3. "Contribution"
+    means Covered Software of a particular Contributor.
+
+1.4. "Covered Software"
+    means Source Code Form to which the initial Contributor has attached
+    the notice in Exhibit A, the Executable Form of such Source Code
+    Form, and Modifications of such Source Code Form, in each case
+    including portions thereof.
+
+1.5. "Incompatible With Secondary Licenses"
+    means
+
+    (a) that the initial Contributor has attached the notice described
+        in Exhibit B to the Covered Software; or
+
+    (b) that the Covered Software was made available under the terms of
+        version 1.1 or earlier of the License, but not also under the
+        terms of a Secondary License.
+
+1.6. "Executable Form"
+    means any form of the work other than Source Code Form.
+
+1.7. "Larger Work"
+    means a work that combines Covered Software with other material, in 
+    a separate file or files, that is not Covered Software.
+
+1.8. "License"
+    means this document.
+
+1.9. "Licensable"
+    means having the right to grant, to the maximum extent possible,
+    whether at the time of the initial grant or subsequently, any and
+    all of the rights conveyed by this License.
+
+1.10. "Modifications"
+    means any of the following:
+
+    (a) any file in Source Code Form that results from an addition to,
+        deletion from, or modification of the contents of Covered
+        Software; or
+
+    (b) any new file in Source Code Form that contains any Covered
+        Software.
+
+1.11. "Patent Claims" of a Contributor
+    means any patent claim(s), including without limitation, method,
+    process, and apparatus claims, in any patent Licensable by such
+    Contributor that would be infringed, but for the grant of the
+    License, by the making, using, selling, offering for sale, having
+    made, import, or transfer of either its Contributions or its
+    Contributor Version.
+
+1.12. "Secondary License"
+    means either the GNU General Public License, Version 2.0, the GNU
+    Lesser General Public License, Version 2.1, the GNU Affero General
+    Public License, Version 3.0, or any later versions of those
+    licenses.
+
+1.13. "Source Code Form"
+    means the form of the work preferred for making modifications.
+
+1.14. "You" (or "Your")
+    means an individual or a legal entity exercising rights under this
+    License. For legal entities, "You" includes any entity that
+    controls, is controlled by, or is under common control with You. For
+    purposes of this definition, "control" means (a) the power, direct
+    or indirect, to cause the direction or management of such entity,
+    whether by contract or otherwise, or (b) ownership of more than
+    fifty percent (50%) of the outstanding shares or beneficial
+    ownership of such entity.
+
+2. License Grants and Conditions
+--------------------------------
+
+2.1. Grants
+
+Each Contributor hereby grants You a world-wide, royalty-free,
+non-exclusive license:
+
+(a) under intellectual property rights (other than patent or trademark)
+    Licensable by such Contributor to use, reproduce, make available,
+    modify, display, perform, distribute, and otherwise exploit its
+    Contributions, either on an unmodified basis, with Modifications, or
+    as part of a Larger Work; and
+
+(b) under Patent Claims of such Contributor to make, use, sell, offer
+    for sale, have made, import, and otherwise transfer either its
+    Contributions or its Contributor Version.
+
+2.2. Effective Date
+
+The licenses granted in Section 2.1 with respect to any Contribution
+become effective for each Contribution on the date the Contributor first
+distributes such Contribution.
+
+2.3. Limitations on Grant Scope
+
+The licenses granted in this Section 2 are the only rights granted under
+this License. No additional rights or licenses will be implied from the
+distribution or licensing of Covered Software under this License.
+Notwithstanding Section 2.1(b) above, no patent license is granted by a
+Contributor:
+
+(a) for any code that a Contributor has removed from Covered Software;
+    or
+
+(b) for infringements caused by: (i) Your and any other third party's
+    modifications of Covered Software, or (ii) the combination of its
+    Contributions with other software (except as part of its Contributor
+    Version); or
+
+(c) under Patent Claims infringed by Covered Software in the absence of
+    its Contributions.
+
+This License does not grant any rights in the trademarks, service marks,
+or logos of any Contributor (except as may be necessary to comply with
+the notice requirements in Section 3.4).
+
+2.4. Subsequent Licenses
+
+No Contributor makes additional grants as a result of Your choice to
+distribute the Covered Software under a subsequent version of this
+License (see Section 10.2) or under the terms of a Secondary License (if
+permitted under the terms of Section 3.3).
+
+2.5. Representation
+
+Each Contributor represents that the Contributor believes its
+Contributions are its original creation(s) or it has sufficient rights
+to grant the rights to its Contributions conveyed by this License.
+
+2.6. Fair Use
+
+This License is not intended to limit any rights You have under
+applicable copyright doctrines of fair use, fair dealing, or other
+equivalents.
+
+2.7. Conditions
+
+Sections 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, and 3.4 are conditions of the licenses granted
+in Section 2.1.
+
+3. Responsibilities
+-------------------
+
+3.1. Distribution of Source Form
+
+All distribution of Covered Software in Source Code Form, including any
+Modifications that You create or to which You contribute, must be under
+the terms of this License. You must inform recipients that the Source
+Code Form of the Covered Software is governed by the terms of this
+License, and how they can obtain a copy of this License. You may not
+attempt to alter or restrict the recipients' rights in the Source Code
+Form.
+
+3.2. Distribution of Executable Form
+
+If You distribute Covered Software in Executable Form then:
+
+(a) such Covered Software must also be made available in Source Code
+    Form, as described in Section 3.1, and You must inform recipients of
+    the Executable Form how they can obtain a copy of such Source Code
+    Form by reasonable means in a timely manner, at a charge no more
+    than the cost of distribution to the recipient; and
+
+(b) You may distribute such Executable Form under the terms of this
+    License, or sublicense it under different terms, provided that the
+    license for the Executable Form does not attempt to limit or alter
+    the recipients' rights in the Source Code Form under this License.
+
+3.3. Distribution of a Larger Work
+
+You may create and distribute a Larger Work under terms of Your choice,
+provided that You also comply with the requirements of this License for
+the Covered Software. If the Larger Work is a combination of Covered
+Software with a work governed by one or more Secondary Licenses, and the
+Covered Software is not Incompatible With Secondary Licenses, this
+License permits You to additionally distribute such Covered Software
+under the terms of such Secondary License(s), so that the recipient of
+the Larger Work may, at their option, further distribute the Covered
+Software under the terms of either this License or such Secondary
+License(s).
+
+3.4. Notices
+
+You may not remove or alter the substance of any license notices
+(including copyright notices, patent notices, disclaimers of warranty,
+or limitations of liability) contained within the Source Code Form of
+the Covered Software, except that You may alter any license notices to
+the extent required to remedy known factual inaccuracies.
+
+3.5. Application of Additional Terms
+
+You may choose to offer, and to charge a fee for, warranty, support,
+indemnity or liability obligations to one or more recipients of Covered
+Software. However, You may do so only on Your own behalf, and not on
+behalf of any Contributor. You must make it absolutely clear that any
+such warranty, support, indemnity, or liability obligation is offered by
+You alone, and You hereby agree to indemnify every Contributor for any
+liability incurred by such Contributor as a result of warranty, support,
+indemnity or liability terms You offer. You may include additional
+disclaimers of warranty and limitations of liability specific to any
+jurisdiction.
+
+4. Inability to Comply Due to Statute or Regulation
+---------------------------------------------------
+
+If it is impossible for You to comply with any of the terms of this
+License with respect to some or all of the Covered Software due to
+statute, judicial order, or regulation then You must: (a) comply with
+the terms of this License to the maximum extent possible; and (b)
+describe the limitations and the code they affect. Such description must
+be placed in a text file included with all distributions of the Covered
+Software under this License. Except to the extent prohibited by statute
+or regulation, such description must be sufficiently detailed for a
+recipient of ordinary skill to be able to understand it.
+
+5. Termination
+--------------
+
+5.1. The rights granted under this License will terminate automatically
+if You fail to comply with any of its terms. However, if You become
+compliant, then the rights granted under this License from a particular
+Contributor are reinstated (a) provisionally, unless and until such
+Contributor explicitly and finally terminates Your grants, and (b) on an
+ongoing basis, if such Contributor fails to notify You of the
+non-compliance by some reasonable means prior to 60 days after You have
+come back into compliance. Moreover, Your grants from a particular
+Contributor are reinstated on an ongoing basis if such Contributor
+notifies You of the non-compliance by some reasonable means, this is the
+first time You have received notice of non-compliance with this License
+from such Contributor, and You become compliant prior to 30 days after
+Your receipt of the notice.
+
+5.2. If You initiate litigation against any entity by asserting a patent
+infringement claim (excluding declaratory judgment actions,
+counter-claims, and cross-claims) alleging that a Contributor Version
+directly or indirectly infringes any patent, then the rights granted to
+You by any and all Contributors for the Covered Software under Section
+2.1 of this License shall terminate.
+
+5.3. In the event of termination under Sections 5.1 or 5.2 above, all
+end user license agreements (excluding distributors and resellers) which
+have been validly granted by You or Your distributors under this License
+prior to termination shall survive termination.
+
+************************************************************************
+*                                                                      *
+*  6. Disclaimer of Warranty                                           *
+*  -------------------------                                           *
+*                                                                      *
+*  Covered Software is provided under this License on an "as is"       *
+*  basis, without warranty of any kind, either expressed, implied, or  *
+*  statutory, including, without limitation, warranties that the       *
+*  Covered Software is free of defects, merchantable, fit for a        *
+*  particular purpose or non-infringing. The entire risk as to the     *
+*  quality and performance of the Covered Software is with You.        *
+*  Should any Covered Software prove defective in any respect, You     *
+*  (not any Contributor) assume the cost of any necessary servicing,   *
+*  repair, or correction. This disclaimer of warranty constitutes an   *
+*  essential part of this License. No use of any Covered Software is   *
+*  authorized under this License except under this disclaimer.         *
+*                                                                      *
+************************************************************************
+
+************************************************************************
+*                                                                      *
+*  7. Limitation of Liability                                          *
+*  --------------------------                                          *
+*                                                                      *
+*  Under no circumstances and under no legal theory, whether tort      *
+*  (including negligence), contract, or otherwise, shall any           *
+*  Contributor, or anyone who distributes Covered Software as          *
+*  permitted above, be liable to You for any direct, indirect,         *
+*  special, incidental, or consequential damages of any character      *
+*  including, without limitation, damages for lost profits, loss of    *
+*  goodwill, work stoppage, computer failure or malfunction, or any    *
+*  and all other commercial damages or losses, even if such party      *
+*  shall have been informed of the possibility of such damages. This   *
+*  limitation of liability shall not apply to liability for death or   *
+*  personal injury resulting from such party's negligence to the       *
+*  extent applicable law prohibits such limitation. Some               *
+*  jurisdictions do not allow the exclusion or limitation of           *
+*  incidental or consequential damages, so this exclusion and          *
+*  limitation may not apply to You.                                    *
+*                                                                      *
+************************************************************************
+
+8. Litigation
+-------------
+
+Any litigation relating to this License may be brought only in the
+courts of a jurisdiction where the defendant maintains its principal
+place of business and such litigation shall be governed by laws of that
+jurisdiction, without reference to its conflict-of-law provisions.
+Nothing in this Section shall prevent a party's ability to bring
+cross-claims or counter-claims.
+
+9. Miscellaneous
+----------------
+
+This License represents the complete agreement concerning the subject
+matter hereof. If any provision of this License is held to be
+unenforceable, such provision shall be reformed only to the extent
+necessary to make it enforceable. Any law or regulation which provides
+that the language of a contract shall be construed against the drafter
+shall not be used to construe this License against a Contributor.
+
+10. Versions of the License
+---------------------------
+
+10.1. New Versions
+
+Mozilla Foundation is the license steward. Except as provided in Section
+10.3, no one other than the license steward has the right to modify or
+publish new versions of this License. Each version will be given a
+distinguishing version number.
+
+10.2. Effect of New Versions
+
+You may distribute the Covered Software under the terms of the version
+of the License under which You originally received the Covered Software,
+or under the terms of any subsequent version published by the license
+steward.
+
+10.3. Modified Versions
+
+If you create software not governed by this License, and you want to
+create a new license for such software, you may create and use a
+modified version of this License if you rename the license and remove
+any references to the name of the license steward (except to note that
+such modified license differs from this License).
+
+10.4. Distributing Source Code Form that is Incompatible With Secondary
+Licenses
+
+If You choose to distribute Source Code Form that is Incompatible With
+Secondary Licenses under the terms of this version of the License, the
+notice described in Exhibit B of this License must be attached.
+
+Exhibit A - Source Code Form License Notice
+-------------------------------------------
+
+  This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
+  License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
+  file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+If it is not possible or desirable to put the notice in a particular
+file, then You may include the notice in a location (such as a LICENSE
+file in a relevant directory) where a recipient would be likely to look
+for such a notice.
+
+You may add additional accurate notices of copyright ownership.
+
+Exhibit B - "Incompatible With Secondary Licenses" Notice
+---------------------------------------------------------
+
+  This Source Code Form is "Incompatible With Secondary Licenses", as
+  defined by the Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0.
+
diff --git a/groan.cabal b/groan.cabal
new file mode 100644
--- /dev/null
+++ b/groan.cabal
@@ -0,0 +1,128 @@
+cabal-version: 1.12
+
+-- This file has been generated from package.yaml by hpack version 0.38.2.
+--
+-- see: https://github.com/sol/hpack
+
+name:           groan
+version:        0.1.0.0
+synopsis:       ugh, another growable vector library?
+description:    Yet another contiguous growable vector buffer library.
+                .
+                For algorithms where you need to pass around a growing buffer between
+                a few different contexts, such as in and out of a data-structure,
+                you're likely to get better performance using a mutable array than
+                with a continuation-based builder type. This is because in the
+                continuation-based builder, you're building up a linked list of
+                append thunks, and there's no ability for GHC to fuse them together.
+                In comparison, buffers have easily predictable performance.
+category:       Data Structures, Data
+author:         Michael Ledger
+maintainer:     Michael Ledger <mike@quasimal.com>
+license:        MPL-2.0
+license-file:   LICENSE
+build-type:     Simple
+
+source-repository head
+  type: git
+  location: https://gitlab.com/combobulate.systems/records-edsl.git
+
+library
+  exposed-modules:
+      Data.Vector.Groan
+      Data.Vector.Groan.Unboxed
+  hs-source-dirs:
+      ./
+  default-extensions:
+      AllowAmbiguousTypes
+      BangPatterns
+      BlockArguments
+      DataKinds
+      DeriveAnyClass
+      DerivingStrategies
+      DerivingVia
+      DuplicateRecordFields
+      ExplicitForAll
+      GADTs
+      ImportQualifiedPost
+      LambdaCase
+      MultiWayIf
+      MultilineStrings
+      NamedFieldPuns
+      NoImplicitPrelude
+      NoStarIsType
+      OverloadedLabels
+      OverloadedRecordDot
+      OverloadedStrings
+      PartialTypeSignatures
+      PatternSynonyms
+      PolyKinds
+      RequiredTypeArguments
+      ScopedTypeVariables
+      StrictData
+      TemplateHaskell
+      TemplateHaskellQuotes
+      TypeApplications
+      TypeFamilies
+      ViewPatterns
+  build-depends:
+      base ==4.21.*
+    , contiguous ==0.6.*
+    , primitive ==0.9.*
+    , transformers ==0.6.*
+    , vector ==0.13.*
+  default-language: GHC2024
+
+test-suite tests
+  type: exitcode-stdio-1.0
+  main-is: spec.hs
+  other-modules:
+      Data.Vector.Groan.List
+      Paths_groan
+  hs-source-dirs:
+      tests
+  default-extensions:
+      AllowAmbiguousTypes
+      BangPatterns
+      BlockArguments
+      DataKinds
+      DeriveAnyClass
+      DerivingStrategies
+      DerivingVia
+      DuplicateRecordFields
+      ExplicitForAll
+      GADTs
+      ImportQualifiedPost
+      LambdaCase
+      MultiWayIf
+      MultilineStrings
+      NamedFieldPuns
+      NoImplicitPrelude
+      NoStarIsType
+      OverloadedLabels
+      OverloadedRecordDot
+      OverloadedStrings
+      PartialTypeSignatures
+      PatternSynonyms
+      PolyKinds
+      RequiredTypeArguments
+      ScopedTypeVariables
+      StrictData
+      TemplateHaskell
+      TemplateHaskellQuotes
+      TypeApplications
+      TypeFamilies
+      ViewPatterns
+  ghc-options: -threaded -rtsopts -with-rtsopts=-N
+  build-depends:
+      base ==4.12.*
+    , containers
+    , contiguous
+    , groan
+    , hedgehog ==1.7.*
+    , hspec
+    , hspec-hedgehog
+    , primitive
+    , transformers
+    , vector
+  default-language: GHC2024
diff --git a/tests/Data/Vector/Groan/List.hs b/tests/Data/Vector/Groan/List.hs
new file mode 100644
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/Data/Vector/Groan/List.hs
@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+module Data.Vector.Groan.List where
+
+import Control.Monad.Primitive
+import Data.Foldable
+import Data.IORef
+import Data.Primitive.Array
+import Data.Primitive.Contiguous qualified as C
+import Data.Sequence (Seq (..))
+import Data.Sequence qualified as Seq
+import Data.Vector.Groan qualified as B
+import Data.Vector.Groan.Unboxed qualified as U
+import Prelude
+
+newtype Buffer a = Buffer (IORef (Seq a))
+
+type Capacity = Int
+type Length = Int
+type Index = Int
+
+new :: Capacity -> IO (Buffer a)
+new _ = Buffer <$> newIORef Seq.empty
+
+replicate :: Length -> a -> IO (Buffer a)
+replicate n a = Buffer <$> newIORef (Seq.replicate n a)
+
+thaw :: Array a -> IO (Buffer a)
+thaw arr = Buffer <$> newIORef (Seq.fromList (toList arr))
+
+read :: Buffer a -> Index -> IO a
+read (Buffer ref) i = do
+  s <- readIORef ref
+  case Seq.lookup i s of
+    Nothing -> error ("index: out of range " <> show (i, Seq.length s))
+    Just a -> pure a
+
+write :: Buffer a -> Index -> a -> IO ()
+write (Buffer ref) i a = do
+  s <- readIORef ref
+  if i < Seq.length s
+    then writeIORef ref (Seq.update i a s)
+    else error ("index: out of range " <> show (i, Seq.length s))
+
+pushBack
+  :: Buffer a
+  -> a
+  -> IO Length
+  -- ^ New length
+pushBack (Buffer ref) a = do
+  modifyIORef' ref (:|> a)
+  Seq.length <$> readIORef ref
+
+pushFoldableBack
+  :: (Foldable f)
+  => Buffer a
+  -> f a
+  -> IO Length
+  -- ^ New length
+pushFoldableBack (Buffer ref) f = do
+  modifyIORef' ref (\s -> foldl' (:|>) s f)
+  Seq.length <$> readIORef ref
+
+popBack :: Buffer a -> IO (Maybe (a, Length))
+popBack (Buffer ref) =
+  atomicModifyIORef ref \case
+    xs :|> x -> (xs, Just (x, Seq.length xs))
+    Empty -> (Empty, Nothing)
+
+freeze :: Buffer a -> IO (Array a)
+freeze (Buffer ref) = do
+  s <- readIORef ref
+  pure (C.fromListN (Seq.length s) (toList s))
+
+size :: Buffer a -> IO Length
+size (Buffer ref) = Seq.length <$> readIORef ref
+
+capacity :: Buffer a -> IO Capacity
+capacity = size
diff --git a/tests/spec.hs b/tests/spec.hs
new file mode 100644
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/spec.hs
@@ -0,0 +1,107 @@
+import Control.Exception (SomeException, try)
+import Control.Monad (void)
+import Control.Monad.IO.Class (MonadIO (liftIO))
+import Control.Monad.Primitive (RealWorld)
+import Data.Foldable (forM_)
+import Data.Functor ((<&>))
+import Data.Int
+import Data.Primitive.Contiguous qualified as C
+import Data.Vector.Groan (pushFoldableBack)
+import Data.Vector.Groan qualified as B
+import Data.Vector.Groan.List qualified as List
+import Data.Vector.Groan.Unboxed qualified as U
+import Data.Vector.Unboxed qualified as UV
+import Hedgehog.Gen qualified as Gen
+import Hedgehog.Range qualified as Range
+import Test.Hspec
+import Test.Hspec.Hedgehog
+import Prelude
+
+type Element = Int32
+
+genElement :: Gen Element
+genElement = Gen.int32 (Range.linear minBound maxBound)
+
+genElements :: Gen [Element]
+genElements = Gen.list (Range.exponential 0 100) genElement
+
+genManyElements :: Gen [Element]
+genManyElements = Gen.list (Range.exponential 100 5000) genElement
+
+testOp
+  :: (a ~ Element, Show r, Eq r)
+  => ([a] -> IO (buffer a))
+  -> (buffer a -> IO (C.Array a))
+  -> (buffer a -> IO r)
+  -> (List.Buffer a -> IO r)
+  -> PropertyT IO ()
+testOp bufferNew bufferFreeze bufferOp listOp = do
+  elements <- forAll genElements
+  buf <- liftIO (bufferNew elements)
+  listBuf <- liftIO (List.thaw (C.fromList elements))
+  referenceOpResult <- liftIO (try @SomeException (listOp listBuf) <&> either (const Nothing) Just)
+  actualOpResult <- liftIO (try @SomeException (bufferOp buf) <&> either (const Nothing) Just)
+  reference <- liftIO (List.freeze listBuf)
+  actual <- liftIO (bufferFreeze buf)
+  referenceOpResult === actualOpResult
+  reference === actual
+
+main :: IO ()
+main = hspec do
+  describe "Data.Vector.Groan" do
+    let
+      testBOp
+        :: (Eq r, Show r)
+        => (B.Buffer RealWorld Element -> IO r)
+        -> (List.Buffer Element -> IO r)
+        -> PropertyT IO ()
+      testBOp = testOp (B.thaw . C.fromList) B.freeze
+    it "pushBack[1]" do
+      elt <- forAll genElement
+      testBOp
+        (`B.pushBack` elt)
+        (`List.pushBack` elt)
+    it "pushBack[n]" do
+      elts <- forAll genManyElements
+      testBOp
+        (\buf -> mapM_ (B.pushBack buf) elts)
+        (\list -> mapM_ (List.pushBack list) elts)
+    it "pushFoldableBack" do
+      elts <- forAll genElements
+      testBOp
+        (`B.pushFoldableBack` elts)
+        (`List.pushFoldableBack` elts)
+    it "pushAllBack" do
+      elts <- forAll genElements
+      testBOp
+        (`B.pushAllBack` C.toSlice (C.fromList @C.Array elts))
+        (`List.pushFoldableBack` elts)
+    it "popBack" do
+      testBOp B.popBack List.popBack
+    it "read" do
+      i <- forAll (Gen.int (Range.linear 0 100))
+      testBOp (`B.read` i) (`List.read` i)
+
+  describe "Data.Vector.Groan.Unboxed" do
+    let
+      testUOp
+        :: (Eq r, Show r)
+        => (U.Buffer RealWorld Element -> IO r)
+        -> (List.Buffer Element -> IO r)
+        -> PropertyT IO ()
+      testUOp = testOp (U.thaw . UV.fromList) (fmap (C.fromList . UV.toList) . U.freeze)
+    it "pushBack[1]" do
+      elt <- forAll genElement
+      testUOp
+        (`U.pushBack` elt)
+        (`List.pushBack` elt)
+    it "pushBack[n]" do
+      elts <- forAll genManyElements
+      testUOp
+        (\buf -> mapM_ (U.pushBack buf) elts)
+        (\list -> mapM_ (List.pushBack list) elts)
+    it "popBack" do
+      testUOp U.popBack List.popBack
+    it "read" do
+      i <- forAll (Gen.int (Range.linear 0 100))
+      testUOp (`U.read` i) (`List.read` i)
