diff --git a/.darcs-boring b/.darcs-boring deleted file mode 100644 --- a/.darcs-boring +++ /dev/null @@ -1,5 +0,0 @@ -^dist(/|$) -^setup(/|$) -^GNUmakefile$ -^Makefile.local$ -^.depend(.bak)?$ diff --git a/Data/ByteString.hs b/Data/ByteString.hs --- a/Data/ByteString.hs +++ b/Data/ByteString.hs @@ -1,11 +1,9 @@ {-# LANGUAGE CPP #-} -#if __GLASGOW_HASKELL__ >= 608 -{-# LANGUAGE MagicHash UnboxedTuples #-} -#else -{-# OPTIONS_GHC -fglasgow-exts #-} -#endif - --- #prune +-- We cannot actually specify all the language pragmas, see ghc ticket # +-- If we could, these are what they would be: +{- LANGUAGE MagicHash, UnboxedTuples, + NamedFieldPuns, BangPatterns, RecordWildCards -} +{-# OPTIONS_HADDOCK prune #-} -- | -- Module : Data.ByteString @@ -230,7 +228,6 @@ #else import Control.Exception (bracket, finally) #endif -import qualified Control.Exception as Exception import Control.Monad (when) import Foreign.C.String (CString, CStringLen) @@ -244,7 +241,8 @@ -- hGetBuf and hPutBuf not available in yhc or nhc import System.IO (stdin,stdout,hClose,hFileSize ,hGetBuf,hPutBuf,openBinaryFile - ,Handle,IOMode(..)) + ,IOMode(..)) +import System.IO.Error (mkIOError, illegalOperationErrorType) import Data.Monoid (Monoid, mempty, mappend, mconcat) @@ -257,15 +255,27 @@ #if defined(__GLASGOW_HASKELL__) import System.IO (hGetBufNonBlocking) -import System.IO.Error (isEOFError) +#if __GLASGOW_HASKELL__ >= 611 +import Data.IORef +import GHC.IO.Handle.Internals +import GHC.IO.Handle.Types +import GHC.IO.Buffer +import GHC.IO.BufferedIO as Buffered +import GHC.IO hiding (finally) +import Data.Char (ord) +import Foreign.Marshal.Utils (copyBytes) +#else +import System.IO.Error (isEOFError) +import GHC.IOBase import GHC.Handle +#endif + import GHC.Prim (Word#, (+#), writeWord8OffAddr#) import GHC.Base (build) import GHC.Word hiding (Word8) import GHC.Ptr (Ptr(..)) import GHC.ST (ST(..)) -import GHC.IOBase #endif @@ -1107,18 +1117,19 @@ -- split :: Word8 -> ByteString -> [ByteString] split _ (PS _ _ 0) = [] -split w (PS x s l) = inlinePerformIO $ withForeignPtr x $ \p -> do - let ptr = p `plusPtr` s - +split w (PS x s l) = loop 0 + where STRICT1(loop) loop n = - let q = inlinePerformIO $ memchr (ptr `plusPtr` n) - w (fromIntegral (l-n)) + let q = inlinePerformIO $ withForeignPtr x $ \p -> + memchr (p `plusPtr` (s+n)) + w (fromIntegral (l-n)) in if q == nullPtr then [PS x (s+n) (l-n)] - else let i = q `minusPtr` ptr in PS x (s+n) (i-n) : loop (i+1) + else let i = inlinePerformIO $ withForeignPtr x $ \p -> + return (q `minusPtr` (p `plusPtr` s)) + in PS x (s+n) (i-n) : loop (i+1) - return (loop 0) {-# INLINE split #-} {- @@ -1254,17 +1265,17 @@ -- the indices of all elements equal to the query element, in ascending order. -- This implementation uses memchr(3). elemIndices :: Word8 -> ByteString -> [Int] -elemIndices w (PS x s l) = inlinePerformIO $ withForeignPtr x $ \p -> do - let ptr = p `plusPtr` s - +elemIndices w (PS x s l) = loop 0 + where STRICT1(loop) - loop n = let q = inlinePerformIO $ memchr (ptr `plusPtr` n) + loop n = let q = inlinePerformIO $ withForeignPtr x $ \p -> + memchr (p `plusPtr` (n+s)) w (fromIntegral (l - n)) in if q == nullPtr then [] - else let i = q `minusPtr` ptr + else let i = inlinePerformIO $ withForeignPtr x $ \p -> + return (q `minusPtr` (p `plusPtr` s)) in i : loop (i+1) - return $! loop 0 {-# INLINE elemIndices #-} {- @@ -1576,9 +1587,6 @@ zipWith f ps qs | null ps || null qs = [] | otherwise = f (unsafeHead ps) (unsafeHead qs) : zipWith f (unsafeTail ps) (unsafeTail qs) -#if defined(__GLASGOW_HASKELL__) -{-# INLINE [1] zipWith #-} -#endif -- -- | A specialised version of zipWith for the common case of a @@ -1637,7 +1645,7 @@ sort :: ByteString -> ByteString sort (PS input s l) = unsafeCreate l $ \p -> allocaArray 256 $ \arr -> do - memset (castPtr arr) 0 (256 * fromIntegral (sizeOf (undefined :: CSize))) + _ <- memset (castPtr arr) 0 (256 * fromIntegral (sizeOf (undefined :: CSize))) withForeignPtr input (\x -> countOccurrences arr (x `plusPtr` s) l) let STRICT2(go) @@ -1711,8 +1719,10 @@ -- The @ByteString@ is a normal Haskell value and will be managed on the -- Haskell heap. packCStringLen :: CStringLen -> IO ByteString -packCStringLen (cstr, len) = create len $ \p -> +packCStringLen (cstr, len) | len >= 0 = create len $ \p -> memcpy p (castPtr cstr) (fromIntegral len) +packCStringLen (_, len) = + moduleError "packCStringLen" ("negative length: " ++ show len) ------------------------------------------------------------------------ @@ -1736,9 +1746,71 @@ -- | Read a line from a handle hGetLine :: Handle -> IO ByteString + #if !defined(__GLASGOW_HASKELL__) + hGetLine h = System.IO.hGetLine h >>= return . pack . P.map c2w + +#elif __GLASGOW_HASKELL__ >= 611 + +hGetLine h = + wantReadableHandle_ "Data.ByteString.hGetLine" h $ + \ h_@Handle__{haByteBuffer} -> do + flushCharReadBuffer h_ + buf <- readIORef haByteBuffer + if isEmptyBuffer buf + then fill h_ buf 0 [] + else haveBuf h_ buf 0 [] + where + + fill h_@Handle__{haByteBuffer,haDevice} buf len xss = + len `seq` do + (r,buf') <- Buffered.fillReadBuffer haDevice buf + if r == 0 + then do writeIORef haByteBuffer buf{ bufR=0, bufL=0 } + if len > 0 + then mkBigPS len xss + else ioe_EOF + else haveBuf h_ buf' len xss + + haveBuf h_@Handle__{haByteBuffer} + buf@Buffer{ bufRaw=raw, bufR=w, bufL=r } + len xss = + do + off <- findEOL r w raw + let new_len = len + off - r + xs <- mkPS raw r off + + -- if eol == True, then off is the offset of the '\n' + -- otherwise off == w and the buffer is now empty. + if off /= w + then do if (w == off + 1) + then writeIORef haByteBuffer buf{ bufL=0, bufR=0 } + else writeIORef haByteBuffer buf{ bufL = off + 1 } + mkBigPS new_len (xs:xss) + else do + fill h_ buf{ bufL=0, bufR=0 } new_len (xs:xss) + + -- find the end-of-line character, if there is one + findEOL r w raw + | r == w = return w + | otherwise = do + c <- readWord8Buf raw r + if c == fromIntegral (ord '\n') + then return r -- NB. not r+1: don't include the '\n' + else findEOL (r+1) w raw + +mkPS :: RawBuffer Word8 -> Int -> Int -> IO ByteString +mkPS buf start end = + create len $ \p -> + withRawBuffer buf $ \pbuf -> do + copyBytes p (pbuf `plusPtr` start) len + where + len = end - start + #else +-- GHC 6.10 and older, pre-Unicode IO library + hGetLine h = wantReadableHandle "Data.ByteString.hGetLine" h $ \ handle_ -> do case haBufferMode handle_ of NoBuffering -> error "no buffering" @@ -1800,12 +1872,12 @@ memcpy_ptr_baoff p buf (fromIntegral start) (fromIntegral len) return () +#endif + mkBigPS :: Int -> [ByteString] -> IO ByteString mkBigPS _ [ps] = return ps mkBigPS _ pss = return $! concat (P.reverse pss) -#endif - -- --------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Block IO @@ -1847,8 +1919,10 @@ -- is closed, 'hGet' will behave as if EOF was reached. -- hGet :: Handle -> Int -> IO ByteString -hGet _ 0 = return empty -hGet h i = createAndTrim i $ \p -> hGetBuf h p i +hGet h i + | i > 0 = createAndTrim i $ \p -> hGetBuf h p i + | i == 0 = return empty + | otherwise = illegalBufferSize h "hGet" i -- | hGetNonBlocking is identical to 'hGet', except that it will never block -- waiting for data to become available, instead it returns only whatever data @@ -1856,11 +1930,21 @@ -- hGetNonBlocking :: Handle -> Int -> IO ByteString #if defined(__GLASGOW_HASKELL__) -hGetNonBlocking _ 0 = return empty -hGetNonBlocking h i = createAndTrim i $ \p -> hGetBufNonBlocking h p i +hGetNonBlocking h i + | i > 0 = createAndTrim i $ \p -> hGetBufNonBlocking h p i + | i == 0 = return empty + | otherwise = illegalBufferSize h "hGetNonBlocking" i #else hGetNonBlocking = hGet #endif + +illegalBufferSize :: Handle -> String -> Int -> IO a +illegalBufferSize handle fn sz = + ioError (mkIOError illegalOperationErrorType msg (Just handle) Nothing) + --TODO: System.IO uses InvalidArgument here, but it's not exported :-( + where + msg = fn ++ ": illegal ByteString size " ++ showsPrec 9 sz [] + -- | Read entire handle contents strictly into a 'ByteString'. -- diff --git a/Data/ByteString/Char8.hs b/Data/ByteString/Char8.hs --- a/Data/ByteString/Char8.hs +++ b/Data/ByteString/Char8.hs @@ -1,11 +1,8 @@ {-# LANGUAGE CPP #-} -#if __GLASGOW_HASKELL__ >= 608 -{-# LANGUAGE MagicHash UnboxedTuples #-} -#else -{-# OPTIONS_GHC -fglasgow-exts #-} -#endif - --- #prune +-- We cannot actually specify all the language pragmas, see ghc ticket # +-- If we could, these are what they would be: +{- LANGUAGE MagicHash, UnboxedTuples -} +{-# OPTIONS_HADDOCK prune #-} -- | -- Module : Data.ByteString.Char8 @@ -249,10 +246,6 @@ import Data.ByteString.Internal (ByteString(PS), c2w, w2c, isSpaceWord8 ,inlinePerformIO) -#if defined(__GLASGOW_HASKELL__) -import Data.ByteString.Unsafe (unsafePackAddress) -- for the rule -#endif - import Data.Char ( isSpace ) import qualified Data.List as List (intersperse) @@ -266,7 +259,11 @@ #if defined(__GLASGOW_HASKELL__) import GHC.Base (Char(..),unpackCString#,ord#,int2Word#) -import GHC.IOBase (IO(..),stToIO) +#if __GLASGOW_HASKELL__ >= 611 +import GHC.IO (stToIO) +#else +import GHC.IOBase (stToIO) +#endif import GHC.Prim (Addr#,writeWord8OffAddr#,plusAddr#) import GHC.Ptr (Ptr(..)) import GHC.ST (ST(..)) @@ -908,7 +905,6 @@ Nothing -> [ps] Just n -> take n ps : lines (drop (n+1) ps) where search = elemIndex '\n' -{-# INLINE lines #-} {- -- Just as fast, but more complex. Should be much faster, I thought. diff --git a/Data/ByteString/Fusion.hs b/Data/ByteString/Fusion.hs --- a/Data/ByteString/Fusion.hs +++ b/Data/ByteString/Fusion.hs @@ -1,3 +1,4 @@ +{-# OPTIONS_HADDOCK hide #-} -- | -- Module : Data.ByteString.Fusion -- License : BSD-style @@ -11,7 +12,6 @@ -- Coutts, Leshchinskiy and Stewart, 2007. -- --- #hide module Data.ByteString.Fusion ( -- A place holder for Stream Fusion diff --git a/Data/ByteString/Internal.hs b/Data/ByteString/Internal.hs --- a/Data/ByteString/Internal.hs +++ b/Data/ByteString/Internal.hs @@ -1,22 +1,25 @@ {-# LANGUAGE CPP, ForeignFunctionInterface #-} -#if __GLASGOW_HASKELL__ >= 608 -{-# LANGUAGE UnliftedFFITypes MagicHash UnboxedTuples DeriveDataTypeable #-} -#else -{-# OPTIONS_GHC -fglasgow-exts #-} -#endif +-- We cannot actually specify all the language pragmas, see ghc ticket # +-- If we could, these are what they would be: +{- LANGUAGE UnliftedFFITypes, MagicHash, + UnboxedTuples, DeriveDataTypeable -} +{-# OPTIONS_HADDOCK hide #-} + -- | -- Module : Data.ByteString.Internal -- License : BSD-style -- Maintainer : Don Stewart -- Stability : experimental -- Portability : portable --- --- A module containing semi-public 'ByteString' internals. This exposes --- the 'ByteString' representation and low level construction functions. --- Modules which extend the 'ByteString' system will need to use this module --- while ideally most users will be able to make do with the public interface --- modules. -- +-- A module containing semi-public 'ByteString' internals. This exposes the +-- 'ByteString' representation and low level construction functions. As such +-- all the functions in this module are unsafe. The API is also not stable. +-- +-- Where possible application should instead use the functions from the normal +-- public interface modules, such as "Data.ByteString.Unsafe". Packages that +-- extend the ByteString system at a low level will need to use this module. +-- module Data.ByteString.Internal ( -- * The @ByteString@ type and representation @@ -52,8 +55,7 @@ c_maximum, -- :: Ptr Word8 -> CInt -> IO Word8 c_minimum, -- :: Ptr Word8 -> CInt -> IO Word8 c_count, -- :: Ptr Word8 -> CInt -> Word8 -> IO CInt - -#if defined(__GLASGOW_HASKELL__) +#if defined(__GLASGOW_HASKELL__) && __GLASGOW_HASKELL__ < 611 -- * Internal GHC magic memcpy_ptr_baoff, -- :: Ptr a -> RawBuffer -> CInt -> CSize -> IO (Ptr ()) #endif @@ -83,10 +85,15 @@ #else import Data.Generics (Data) #endif -import GHC.Ptr (Ptr(..)) import GHC.Base (realWorld#,unsafeChr) -import GHC.IOBase (IO(IO), RawBuffer) -#if __GLASGOW_HASKELL__ >= 608 +#if __GLASGOW_HASKELL__ >= 611 +import GHC.IO (IO(IO)) +#else +import GHC.IOBase (IO(IO),RawBuffer) +#endif +#if __GLASGOW_HASKELL__ >= 611 +import GHC.IO (unsafeDupablePerformIO) +#elif __GLASGOW_HASKELL__ >= 608 import GHC.IOBase (unsafeDupablePerformIO) #else import GHC.IOBase (unsafePerformIO) @@ -195,7 +202,12 @@ -- --------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Low level constructors --- | /O(1)/ Build a ByteString from a ForeignPtr +-- | /O(1)/ Build a ByteString from a ForeignPtr. +-- +-- If you do not need the offset parameter then you do should be using +-- 'Data.ByteString.Unsafe.unsafePackCStringLen' or +-- 'Data.ByteString.Unsafe.unsafePackCStringFinalizer' instead. +-- fromForeignPtr :: ForeignPtr Word8 -> Int -- ^ Offset -> Int -- ^ Length @@ -392,7 +404,7 @@ -- --------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Internal GHC Haskell magic -#if defined(__GLASGOW_HASKELL__) +#if defined(__GLASGOW_HASKELL__) && __GLASGOW_HASKELL__ < 611 foreign import ccall unsafe "__hscore_memcpy_src_off" memcpy_ptr_baoff :: Ptr a -> RawBuffer -> CInt -> CSize -> IO (Ptr ()) #endif diff --git a/Data/ByteString/Lazy.hs b/Data/ByteString/Lazy.hs --- a/Data/ByteString/Lazy.hs +++ b/Data/ByteString/Lazy.hs @@ -1,7 +1,6 @@ {-# LANGUAGE CPP #-} {-# OPTIONS_GHC -fno-warn-incomplete-patterns #-} - --- #prune +{-# OPTIONS_HADDOCK prune #-} -- | -- Module : Data.ByteString.Lazy @@ -195,7 +194,6 @@ ) where -import qualified Prelude import Prelude hiding (reverse,head,tail,last,init,null,length,map,lines,foldl,foldr,unlines ,concat,any,take,drop,splitAt,takeWhile,dropWhile,span,break,elem,filter,maximum @@ -216,6 +214,7 @@ import Data.Int (Int64) import System.IO (Handle,stdin,stdout,openBinaryFile,IOMode(..) ,hClose,hWaitForInput,hIsEOF) +import System.IO.Error (mkIOError, illegalOperationErrorType) import System.IO.Unsafe #ifndef __NHC__ import Control.Exception (bracket) @@ -1191,8 +1190,7 @@ -- specified 'Handle', in chunks of size @k@. -- hGetN :: Int -> Handle -> Int -> IO ByteString -hGetN _ _ 0 = return empty -hGetN k h n = readChunks n +hGetN k h n | n > 0 = readChunks n where STRICT1(readChunks) readChunks i = do @@ -1202,14 +1200,16 @@ m -> do cs <- readChunks (i - m) return (Chunk c cs) +hGetN _ _ 0 = return Empty +hGetN _ h n = illegalBufferSize h "hGet" n + -- | hGetNonBlockingN is similar to 'hGetContentsN', except that it will never block -- waiting for data to become available, instead it returns only whatever data -- is available. Chunks are read on demand, in @k@-sized chunks. -- hGetNonBlockingN :: Int -> Handle -> Int -> IO ByteString #if defined(__GLASGOW_HASKELL__) -hGetNonBlockingN _ _ 0 = return Empty -hGetNonBlockingN k h n = readChunks n +hGetNonBlockingN k h n | n > 0= readChunks n where STRICT1(readChunks) readChunks i = do @@ -1218,9 +1218,19 @@ 0 -> return Empty m -> do cs <- readChunks (i - m) return (Chunk c cs) + +hGetNonBlockingN _ _ 0 = return Empty +hGetNonBlockingN _ h n = illegalBufferSize h "hGetNonBlocking" n #else hGetNonBlockingN = hGetN #endif + +illegalBufferSize :: Handle -> String -> Int -> IO a +illegalBufferSize handle fn sz = + ioError (mkIOError illegalOperationErrorType msg (Just handle) Nothing) + --TODO: System.IO uses InvalidArgument here, but it's not exported :-( + where + msg = fn ++ ": illegal ByteString size " ++ showsPrec 9 sz [] -- | Read entire handle contents /lazily/ into a 'ByteString'. Chunks -- are read on demand, using the default chunk size. diff --git a/Data/ByteString/Lazy/Char8.hs b/Data/ByteString/Lazy/Char8.hs --- a/Data/ByteString/Lazy/Char8.hs +++ b/Data/ByteString/Lazy/Char8.hs @@ -1,6 +1,5 @@ {-# LANGUAGE CPP #-} - --- #prune +{-# OPTIONS_HADDOCK prune #-} -- | -- Module : Data.ByteString.Lazy.Char8 @@ -178,7 +177,7 @@ -- Functions transparently exported import Data.ByteString.Lazy - (ByteString, fromChunks, toChunks + (fromChunks, toChunks ,empty,null,length,tail,init,append,reverse,transpose,cycle ,concat,take,drop,splitAt,intercalate,isPrefixOf,group,inits,tails,copy ,hGetContents, hGet, hPut, getContents @@ -189,7 +188,6 @@ import qualified Data.ByteString.Lazy as L import qualified Data.ByteString as S (ByteString) -- typename only import qualified Data.ByteString as B -import qualified Data.ByteString.Internal as B import qualified Data.ByteString.Unsafe as B import Data.ByteString.Lazy.Internal @@ -221,6 +219,7 @@ #define STRICT3(f) f a b c | a `seq` b `seq` c `seq` False = undefined #define STRICT4(f) f a b c d | a `seq` b `seq` c `seq` d `seq` False = undefined #define STRICT5(f) f a b c d e | a `seq` b `seq` c `seq` d `seq` e `seq` False = undefined +#define STRICT5_(f) f a b c d _ | a `seq` b `seq` c `seq` d `seq` False = undefined ------------------------------------------------------------------------ @@ -764,8 +763,7 @@ where loop :: Bool -> Int -> Int -> S.ByteString -> ByteString -> Maybe (Int, ByteString) - {-# INLINE loop #-} - STRICT5(loop) + STRICT5_(loop) loop neg i n c cs | B.null c = case cs of Empty -> end neg i n c cs @@ -811,7 +809,7 @@ loop :: Int -> Int -> [Integer] -> S.ByteString -> ByteString -> (Integer, ByteString) - STRICT5(loop) + STRICT5_(loop) loop d acc ns c cs | B.null c = case cs of Empty -> combine d acc ns c cs diff --git a/Data/ByteString/Lazy/Internal.hs b/Data/ByteString/Lazy/Internal.hs --- a/Data/ByteString/Lazy/Internal.hs +++ b/Data/ByteString/Lazy/Internal.hs @@ -1,9 +1,9 @@ -{-# LANGUAGE CPP #-} -#if __GLASGOW_HASKELL__ >= 608 -{-# LANGUAGE DeriveDataTypeable #-} -#else -{-# OPTIONS_GHC -fglasgow-exts #-} -#endif +{-# LANGUAGE CPP, ForeignFunctionInterface #-} +-- We cannot actually specify all the language pragmas, see ghc ticket # +-- If we could, these are what they would be: +{- LANGUAGE DeriveDataTypeable -} +{-# OPTIONS_HADDOCK hide #-} + -- | -- Module : Data.ByteString.Lazy.Internal -- License : BSD-style diff --git a/Data/ByteString/Unsafe.hs b/Data/ByteString/Unsafe.hs --- a/Data/ByteString/Unsafe.hs +++ b/Data/ByteString/Unsafe.hs @@ -1,22 +1,21 @@ {-# LANGUAGE CPP #-} -#if __GLASGOW_HASKELL__ >= 608 -{-# LANGUAGE MagicHash #-} -#else -{-# OPTIONS_GHC -XMagicHash #-} -#endif +-- We cannot actually specify all the language pragmas, see ghc ticket # +-- If we could, these are what they would be: +{- LANGUAGE MagicHash -} + -- | -- Module : Data.ByteString.Unsafe -- License : BSD-style -- Maintainer : dons@cse.unsw.edu.au, duncan@haskell.org -- Stability : experimental -- Portability : portable --- --- A module containing unsafe 'ByteString' operations. This exposes --- the 'ByteString' representation and low level construction functions. --- Modules which extend the 'ByteString' system will need to use this module --- while ideally most users will be able to make do with the public interface --- modules. -- +-- A module containing unsafe 'ByteString' operations. +-- +-- While these functions have a stable API and you may use these functions in +-- applications, do carefully consider the documented pre-conditions; +-- incorrect use can break referential transparency or worse. +-- module Data.ByteString.Unsafe ( -- * Unchecked access @@ -162,9 +161,9 @@ {-# INLINE unsafePackAddress #-} -- | /O(1)/ 'unsafePackAddressLen' provides constant-time construction of --- 'ByteStrings' which is ideal for string literals. It packs a --- null-terminated sequence of bytes into a 'ByteString', given a raw --- 'Addr\#' to the string, and the length of the string. +-- 'ByteStrings' which is ideal for string literals. It packs a sequence +-- of bytes into a 'ByteString', given a raw 'Addr#' to the string, and +-- the length of the string. -- -- This function is /unsafe/ in two ways: -- diff --git a/LICENSE b/LICENSE --- a/LICENSE +++ b/LICENSE @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -Copyright (c) Don Stewart 2005-2007 - (c) Duncan Coutts 2006-2007 +Copyright (c) Don Stewart 2005-2009 + (c) Duncan Coutts 2006-2009 (c) David Roundy 2003-2005. All rights reserved. diff --git a/Setup.hs b/Setup.hs new file mode 100644 --- /dev/null +++ b/Setup.hs @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +import Distribution.Simple +main = defaultMain diff --git a/Setup.lhs b/Setup.lhs deleted file mode 100644 --- a/Setup.lhs +++ /dev/null @@ -1,3 +0,0 @@ -#!/usr/bin/env runhaskell -> import Distribution.Simple -> main = defaultMain diff --git a/bytestring.cabal b/bytestring.cabal --- a/bytestring.cabal +++ b/bytestring.cabal @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ Name: bytestring -Version: 0.9.1.4 +Version: 0.9.1.5 Synopsis: Fast, packed, strict and lazy byte arrays with a list interface Description: A time and space-efficient implementation of byte vectors using @@ -15,16 +15,15 @@ License: BSD3 License-file: LICENSE Category: Data -Copyright: Copyright (c) Don Stewart 2005-2008, - (c) Duncan Coutts 2006-2008, +Copyright: Copyright (c) Don Stewart 2005-2009, + (c) Duncan Coutts 2006-2009, (c) David Roundy 2003-2005. Author: Don Stewart, Duncan Coutts Maintainer: dons@galois.com, duncan@haskell.org -Stability: provisional Homepage: http://www.cse.unsw.edu.au/~dons/fps.html -Tested-With: GHC ==6.8.2 +Tested-With: GHC==6.12.0, GHC==6.10.4, GHC ==6.8.2, GHC==6.6.1, GHC==6.4.2 Build-Type: Simple -Cabal-Version: >= 1.2 +Cabal-Version: >= 1.2.3 extra-source-files: README TODO library @@ -50,7 +49,10 @@ UnboxedTuples, DeriveDataTypeable ScopedTypeVariables + if impl(ghc >= 6.11) + extensions: NamedFieldPuns + --TODO: eliminate orphan instances: ghc-options: -Wall -fno-warn-orphans -O2 -funbox-strict-fields diff --git a/prologue.txt b/prologue.txt deleted file mode 100644 --- a/prologue.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,1 +0,0 @@ -This package contains the bytestring library. diff --git a/tests/Bench.hs b/tests/Bench.hs deleted file mode 100644 --- a/tests/Bench.hs +++ /dev/null @@ -1,334 +0,0 @@ -{-# OPTIONS -fglasgow-exts #-} --- ^ unboxed strings --- --- Benchmark tool. --- Compare a function against equivalent code from other libraries for --- space and time. --- -import BenchUtils - -import Data.ByteString (ByteString) -import qualified Data.ByteString as B -import qualified Data.ByteString.Char8 as C -import qualified Data.ByteString.Lazy as L - -import Data.List -import Data.Char -import Data.Word -import Data.Int - -import System.IO -import Control.Monad -import Text.Printf - --- --- temporarily broken --- -main :: IO () -main = do - -- initialise - force (fps,fps') >> force (lps,lps') - - printf "# Size of test data: %dk\n" ((floor $ (fromIntegral (B.length fps)) / 1024) :: Int) - printf "#Byte\t Lazy\n" - - run 5 ((fps,fps'),(lps,lps')) tests - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -tests = - [ ("++", - [F ({-# SCC "append" #-} app (uncurry B.append)) - ,F ({-# SCC "lazy append" #-} app (uncurry L.append)) - ]) - , ("concat", - [F ({-# SCC "concat" #-} app B.concat) - ,F ({-# SCC "lazy concat" #-} app L.concat) - ]) - , ("length", - [F ({-# SCC "length" #-} app B.length) - ,F ({-# SCC "lazy length" #-} app L.length) - ]) - -{- - , ("compare", - [F ({-# SCC "compare" #-} app2 compare) :: needs type annotation - ,F ({-# SCC "lazy compare" #-} app2 compare) ]) --} - - , ("index", - [F ({-# SCC "index" #-} app$ flip B.index 260000) - ,F ({-# SCC "lazy index" #-} app$ flip L.index 260000) - ]) - , ("map", - [F ({-# SCC "map" #-} app$ B.map (+1)) - ,F ({-# SCC "lazy map" #-} app$ L.map (+1)) - ]) - , ("filter", - [F ({-# SCC "filter" #-} app$ B.filter (/=101)) - ,F ({-# SCC "lazy filter" #-} app$ L.filter (/=101)) - ]) --- , ("map'", --- [F ({-# SCC "map" #-} app$ B.map (*2)) --- ,F ({-# SCC "map" #-} app$ B.map' (*1)) --- ]) --- , ("filter'", --- [F ({-# SCC "filter" #-} app$ B.filter (/=121)) --- ,F ({-# SCC "filter'" #-} app$ B.filter' (/=121)) --- ]) --- , ("filterNotByte", --- [F ({-# SCC "filterNotByte" #-}app$ B.filterNotByte 101) --- ,F ({-# SCC "lazy filterNotByte" #-}app$ L.filterNotByte 101) --- ]) --- , ("filterByte", --- [F ({-# SCC "filterByte" #-} app$ B.filterByte 103) ---- ,F ({-# SCC "lazy filterByte" #-} app$ L.filterByte 103) --- ]) --- , ("findIndexOrEnd", --- [F ({-# SCC "findIndexOrEnd" #-} app$ B.findIndexOrEnd (==126)) --- ]) - , ("findIndex", - [F ({-# SCC "findIndex" #-} app$ B.findIndex (==126)) - ,F ({-# SCC "lazy findIndex" #-} app$ L.findIndex (==126)) - ]) - , ("find", - [F ({-# SCC "find" #-} app$ B.find (==126)) - ,F ({-# SCC "lazy find" #-} app$ L.find (==126)) - ]) - , ("foldl", - [F ({-# SCC "fold" #-} app$ B.foldl (\a w -> a+1::Int) 0) - ,F ({-# SCC "lazy fold" #-} app$ L.foldl (\a w -> a+1::Int) 0) - ]) - , ("foldl'", - [F ({-# SCC "fold" #-} app$ B.foldl' (\a w -> a+1::Int) 0) - ,F ({-# SCC "lazy fold" #-} app$ L.foldl' (\a w -> a+1::Int) 0) - ]) - , ("take", - [F ({-# SCC "take" #-} app $ B.take 100000) - ,F ({-# SCC "lazy take" #-} app $ L.take 100000) - ]) - , ("drop", - [F ({-# SCC "drop" #-} app $ B.drop 100000) - ,F ({-# SCC "lazy drop" #-} app $ L.drop 100000) - ]) - , ("takeWhile", - [F ({-# SCC "takeWhile" #-} app $ B.takeWhile (/=122)) - ,F ({-# SCC "lazy takeWhile" #-} app $ L.takeWhile (==122)) - ]) - , ("dropWhile", - [F ({-# SCC "dropWhile" #-} app $ B.dropWhile (/=122)) - ,F ({-# SCC "lazy dropWhile" #-} app $ L.dropWhile (/=122)) - ]) - , ("span", - [F ({-# SCC "span" #-} app $ B.span (/=122)) - ,F ({-# SCC "lazy span" #-} app $ L.span (/=122)) - ]) - , ("break", - [F ({-# SCC "break" #-} app $ B.break (==122)) - ,F ({-# SCC "lazy break" #-} app $ L.break (==122)) - ]) - , ("split", - [F ({-# SCC "split" #-} app $ B.split 0x0a) - ,F ({-# SCC "lazy split" #-} app $ L.split 0x0a) - ]) --- , ("breakByte", --- [F ({-# SCC "breakChar" #-} app $ B.breakByte 122) --- ,F ({-# SCC "lazy breakChar" #-} app $ L.breakByte 122) --- ]) --- , ("spanByte", --- [F ({-# SCC "spanChar" #-} app $ B.spanByte 122) --- ,F ({-# SCC "lazy spanChar" #-} app $ L.spanByte 122) --- ]) - , ("reverse", - [F ({-# SCC "reverse" #-} app B.reverse) - ,F ({-# SCC "lazy reverse" #-} app L.reverse) - ]) - , ("cons", - [F ({-# SCC "cons" #-} app $ B.cons 120) - ,F ({-# SCC "lazy cons" #-} app $ L.cons 120) - ]) - , ("snoc", - [F ({-# SCC "snoc" #-} app $ flip B.snoc 120) - ,F ({-# SCC "lazy snoc" #-} app $ flip L.snoc 120) - ]) - , ("empty", - [F ({-# SCC "empty" #-} const B.empty) - ,F ({-# SCC "lazy empty" #-} const L.empty) - ]) - , ("head", - [F ({-# SCC "head" #-} app B.head) - ,F ({-# SCC "lazy head" #-} app L.head) - ]) - , ("tail", - [F ({-# SCC "tail" #-} app B.tail) - ,F ({-# SCC "lazy tail" #-} app L.tail) - ]) - , ("last", - [F ({-# SCC "last" #-} app B.last) - ,F ({-# SCC "lazy last" #-} app L.last) - ]) - , ("init", - [F ({-# SCC "init" #-} app B.init) - ,F ({-# SCC "lazy init" #-} app L.init) - ]) - , ("count", - [F ({-# SCC "count" #-} app $ B.count 10) - ,F ({-# SCC "lazy count" #-} app $ L.count 10) - ]) - , ("isPrefixOf", - [F ({-# SCC "isPrefixOf" #-} app $ B.isPrefixOf - (C.pack "The Project Gutenberg eBook")) - ,F ({-# SCC "lazy isPrefixOf" #-} app $ L.isPrefixOf - (L.pack [84,104,101,32,80,114,111,106,101 - ,99,116,32,71,117,116,101,110,98 - ,101,114,103,32,101,66,111,111,107])) - ]) - , ("join", - [F ({-# SCC "join" #-} app $ B.intercalate (B.pack [1,2,3])) - ,F ({-# SCC "lazy join" #-} app $ L.intercalate (L.pack [1,2,3])) - ]) --- , ("joinWithByte", --- [F ({-# SCC "joinWithByte" #-} app $ uncurry (B.joinWithByte 32)) --- ,F ({-# SCC "lazy joinWithByte" #-} app $ uncurry (L.joinWithByte 32)) --- ]) - , ("any", - [F ({-# SCC "any" #-} app $ B.any (==120)) - ,F ({-# SCC "lazy any" #-} app $ L.any (==120)) - ]) - , ("all", - [F ({-# SCC "all" #-} app $ B.all (==120)) - ,F ({-# SCC "lazy all" #-} app $ L.all (==120)) - ]) - , ("maximum", - [F ({-# SCC "maximum" #-} app B.maximum) - ,F ({-# SCC "lazy maximum" #-} app L.maximum) - ]) - , ("minimum", - [F ({-# SCC "minimum" #-} app B.minimum) - ,F ({-# SCC "lazy minimum" #-} app L.minimum) - ]) - , ("elem", - [F ({-# SCC "elem" #-} app $ B.elem 122) - ,F ({-# SCC "lazy elem" #-} app $ L.elem 122) - ]) - , ("notElem", - [F ({-# SCC "notElem" #-} app $ B.notElem 122) - ,F ({-# SCC "lazy notElem" #-} app $ L.notElem 122) - ]) - , ("elemIndex", - [F ({-# SCC "elemIndex" #-} app $ B.elemIndex 122) - ,F ({-# SCC "lazy elemIndex" #-} app $ L.elemIndex 122) - ]) - , ("findIndices", - [F ({-# SCC "findIndicies" #-} app $ B.findIndices (==122)) - ,F ({-# SCC "lazy findIndices" #-} app $ L.findIndices (==122)) - ]) - , ("elemIndices", - [F ({-# SCC "elemIndicies" #-} app $ B.elemIndices 122) - ,F ({-# SCC "lazy elemIndices" #-} app $ L.elemIndices 122) - ]) - , ("splitAt", - [F ({-# SCC "splitAt" #-} app $ B.splitAt 10000) - ,F ({-# SCC "lazy splitAt" #-} app $ L.splitAt 10000) - ]) - , ("splitWith", - [F ({-# SCC "splitWith" #-} app $ B.splitWith (==122)) - ,F ({-# SCC "lazy splitWith" #-} app $ L.splitWith (==122)) - ]) - , ("replicate", - [F ({-# SCC "replicate" #-} const $ B.replicate 10000000 120) - ,F ({-# SCC "lazy replicate" #-} const $ L.replicate 10000000 120) - ]) - , ("group", - [F ({-# SCC "group" #-} app B.group) - ,F ({-# SCC "lazy group" #-} app L.group) - ]) - , ("groupBy", - [F ({-# SCC "groupBy" #-} app $ B.groupBy (==)) - ,F ({-# SCC "lazy groupBy" #-} app $ L.groupBy (==)) - ]) - , ("inits", - [F ({-# SCC "inits" #-} app B.inits) - ]) - , ("tails", - [F ({-# SCC "tails" #-} app B.tails) - ]) --- , ("transpose",[F ({-# SCC "transpose" #-}B.transpose [fps,fps'])]) - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- --- --- Char8 or ByteString only - - , ("intersperse", - [F ({-# SCC "intersperse" #-} app $ B.intersperse 120 ) - ]) - , ("sort", - [F ({-# SCC "sort" #-} app B.sort) - ]) --- , ("lineIndices", --- [F ({-# SCC "lineIndicies" #-} app C.lineIndices) --- ]) - , ("elemIndexEnd", - [F ({-# SCC "elemIndexEnd" #-} app $ B.elemIndexEnd 122) - ]) --- , ("breakSpace", --- [F ({-# SCC "breakSpace" #-} app C.breakSpace) --- ]) --- , ("dropSpace", --- [F ({-# SCC "dropSpace" #-} app C.dropSpace) --- ]) --- , ("dropSpaceEnd", --- [F ({-# SCC "dropSpaceEnd" #-} app C.dropSpaceEnd) --- ]) - --- , ("zip",[F ({-# SCC "zip" #-} B.zip fps fps)]) - - , ("zipWith'", - [F ({-# SCC "zipWith'" #-} app (uncurry (B.zipWith (+)))) - ]) - , ("isInfixOf", - [F ({-# SCC "isSubstringOf" #-} app $ B.isInfixOf (C.pack "email news")) - ]) - , ("isSuffixOf", - [F ({-# SCC "isSuffixOf" #-} app $ B.isSuffixOf (C.pack "new eBooks")) - ]) - , ("spanEnd", - [F ({-# SCC "spanEnd" #-} app $ B.spanEnd (/=122)) - ]) - , ("lines", - [F ({-# SCC "lines" #-} app C.lines) - ]) - , ("unlines", - [F ({-# SCC "unlines" #-} app C.unlines) - ]) - , ("words", - [F ({-# SCC "words" #-} app C.words) - ]) - , ("unwords", - [F ({-# SCC "unwords" #-} app C.unwords) - ]) - - ] - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -fst1 f ((x,_),_) = f x -snd1 f (_,(x,_)) = f x -fst2list f ((x,y),_) = f [x,y] -snd2list f (_,(x,y)) = f [x,y] -fst2 f (x,_) = f x -snd2 f (_,y) = f y - -type Input = ((B.ByteString,B.ByteString),(L.ByteString,L.ByteString)) - -class (Eq a, Ord a) => Ap a where app :: (a -> b) -> Input -> b - -instance Ap B.ByteString where app = fst1 -instance Ap L.ByteString where app = snd1 -instance Ap [B.ByteString] where app = fst2list -instance Ap [L.ByteString] where app = snd2list -instance Ap (B.ByteString, B.ByteString) where app = fst2 -instance Ap (L.ByteString, L.ByteString) where app = snd2 - -app2 :: Ap (a, b) => (a -> b -> c) -> Input -> c -app2 = app . uncurry diff --git a/tests/BenchUtils.hs b/tests/BenchUtils.hs deleted file mode 100644 --- a/tests/BenchUtils.hs +++ /dev/null @@ -1,145 +0,0 @@ -{-# OPTIONS -cpp -fglasgow-exts #-} -module BenchUtils where - --- --- Benchmark tool. --- Compare a function against equivalent code from other libraries for --- space and time. --- - -import Data.ByteString (ByteString) -import qualified Data.ByteString as P -import qualified Data.ByteString.Char8 as C -import qualified Data.ByteString.Lazy as L --- import qualified Data.ByteString as L - -import Data.List -import Data.Char -import Data.Word -import Data.Int - -import System.Mem -import Control.Concurrent - -import System.IO -import System.CPUTime -import System.IO.Unsafe -import Control.Monad -import Control.Exception -import Text.Printf - -run c x tests = sequence_ $ zipWith (doit c x) [1..] tests - -doit :: Int -> a -> Int -> (String, [F a]) -> IO () -doit count x n (s,ls) = do - printf "%2d " n - fn ls - printf "\t# %-16s\n" (show s) - hFlush stdout - where fn xs = case xs of - [f,g] -> runN count f x >> putStr "\n " - >> runN count g x >> putStr "\t" - [f] -> runN count f x >> putStr "\t" - _ -> return () - run f x = dirtyCache fps' >> performGC >> threadDelay 100 >> time f x - runN 0 f x = return () - runN c f x = run f x >> runN (c-1) f x - -dirtyCache x = evaluate (P.foldl1' (+) x) -{-# NOINLINE dirtyCache #-} - -time :: F a -> a -> IO () -time (F f) a = do - start <- getCPUTime - v <- force (f a) - case v of - B -> printf "--\t" - _ -> do - end <- getCPUTime - let diff = (fromIntegral (end - start)) / (10^12) - printf "%0.3f " (diff :: Double) - hFlush stdout - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- --- --- an existential list --- -data F a = forall b . Forceable b => F (a -> b) - -data Result = T | B - --- --- a bit deepSeqish --- -class Forceable a where - force :: a -> IO Result - force v = v `seq` return T - -#if !defined(HEAD) -instance Forceable P.ByteString where - force v = P.length v `seq` return T -#endif - -instance Forceable L.ByteString where - force v = L.length v `seq` return T - --- instance Forceable SPS.PackedString where --- force v = SPS.length v `seq` return T - --- instance Forceable PS.PackedString where --- force v = PS.lengthPS v `seq` return T - -instance Forceable a => Forceable (Maybe a) where - force Nothing = return T - force (Just v) = force v `seq` return T - -instance Forceable [a] where - force v = length v `seq` return T - -instance (Forceable a, Forceable b) => Forceable (a,b) where - force (a,b) = force a >> force b - -instance Forceable Int -instance Forceable Int64 -instance Forceable Bool -instance Forceable Char -instance Forceable Word8 -instance Forceable Ordering - --- used to signal undefinedness -instance Forceable () where force () = return B - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- --- --- some large strings to play with --- - -fps :: P.ByteString -fps = unsafePerformIO $ P.readFile dict -{-# NOINLINE fps #-} - -fps' :: P.ByteString -fps' = unsafePerformIO $ P.readFile dict' -{-# NOINLINE fps' #-} - -lps :: L.ByteString -lps = unsafePerformIO $ do L.readFile dict - -- h <- openFile dict ReadMode - -- L.hGetContentsN CHUNK h -{-# NOINLINE lps #-} - -lps' :: L.ByteString -lps' = unsafePerformIO $ do L.readFile dict' - -- h <- openFile dict' ReadMode - -- L.hGetContentsN CHUNK h -{-# NOINLINE lps' #-} - -dict = "bigdata" -dict' = "data" - - --- Some short hand. -type X = Int -type W = Word8 -type P = P.ByteString -type B = L.ByteString diff --git a/tests/FusionBench.hs b/tests/FusionBench.hs deleted file mode 100644 --- a/tests/FusionBench.hs +++ /dev/null @@ -1,70 +0,0 @@ -{-# OPTIONS -cpp #-} --- --- Test the results of fusion --- - --- --- N.B. make sure to disable down fusion when using only loopU fusion --- - -import BenchUtils -import Text.Printf -import qualified Data.ByteString as P - --- minimum pipelines to trigger the various fusion forms -tests = - [("force0", [F (P.maximum)]) - ,("force1", [F (P.map (+1))]) - --- non directional - ,("map/map", [F ({-# SCC "map/map" #-} P.map (*2) . P.map (+4) )]) - ,("filter/filter", [F ({-# SCC "filter/filter" #-} P.filter (/=101) . P.filter (/=102) )]) - ,("filter/map", [F ({-# SCC "filter/map" #-} P.filter (/=103) . P.map (+5) )]) - ,("map/filter", [F ({-# SCC "map/filter" #-} P.map (*3) . P.filter (/=104) )]) - ,("map/noacc", [F ({-# SCC "map/noacc" #-} (P.map (+1) . P.filter (/=112)) . P.map (*2) )]) - ,("noacc/map", [F ({-# SCC "filter/noacc" #-} P.map (+1) . (P.map (+2) . P.filter (/=113)) )]) - ,("filter/noacc", [F ({-# SCC "noacc/filter"#-} (P.map (+1) . P.filter (/=101)) . P.filter (/=114) )]) - ,("noacc/filter", [F ({-# SCC "noacc/filter"#-} P.filter (/=101) . (P.map (*2) . P.filter (/=115)) )]) - ,("noacc/noacc", [F ({-# SCC "noacc/noacc" #-} (P.map (*3) . P.filter (/=108)) . (P.map (*4) . P.filter (/=109)) )]) - --- up loops - ,("up/up", [F ({-# SCC "up/up" #-} P.foldl' (const.(+1)) (0::X) . P.scanl (flip const) (0::W) )]) - ,("map/up", [F ({-# SCC "map/up" #-} P.foldl' (const.(+6)) (0::X) . P.map (*4) )]) - ,("up/map", [F ({-# SCC "up/map" #-} P.map (+7) . P.scanl const (0::W) )]) - ,("filter/up", [F ({-# SCC "filter/up" #-} P.foldl' (const.(+8)) (0::X) . P.filter (/=105) )]) - ,("up/filter", [F ({-# SCC "up/filter" #-} P.filter (/=106) . P.scanl (flip const) (0::W) )]) - ,("noacc/up", [F ({-# SCC "noacc/up" #-} P.foldl' (const.(+1)) (0::W) . (P.map (+1) . P.filter (/=110)) )]) - ,("up/noacc", [F ({-# SCC "up/noacc" #-} (P.map (+1) . P.filter (/=111)) . P.scanl (flip const) (0::W) )]) - --- down loops - ,("down/down", [F ({-# SCC "down/down" #-} P.foldr (const (+9)) (0::W) . P.scanr const (0::W) )]) - ,("map/down", [F ({-# SCC "map/down" #-} P.foldr (const (+10)) (0::W) . P.map (*2) )]) - ,("down/map", [F ({-# SCC "down/map" #-} P.map (*2) . P.scanr const (0::W) )]) - ,("filter/down", [F ({-# SCC "filter/down"#-} P.foldr (const (+11)) (0::W) . P.filter (/=106) )]) - ,("down/filter", [F ({-# SCC "down/filter"#-} P.filter (/=107) . P.scanr const (0::W) )]) - ,("noacc/down", [F ({-# SCC "noacc/down" #-} P.foldr (const (+1)) (0::W) . (P.map (+1) . P.filter (/=116)) )]) - ,("down/noacc", [F ({-# SCC "down/noacc" #-} (P.map (+1) . P.filter (/=101)) . P.scanr const (0::W) )]) - --- misc - ,("length/loop", [F ({-# SCC "length/loop"#-} P.length . P.filter (/=105) )]) - ,("maximum/loop", [F ({-# SCC "maximum/map"#-} P.maximum . P.map (*4) )]) - ,("minimum/loop", [F ({-# SCC "minimum/map"#-} P.minimum . P.map (+6) )]) - - ] - --- and some longer ones to see the full effect -bigtests = - [("big map/map", - [F ({-# SCC "map/map"#-}P.map (subtract 3). P.map (+7) . P.map (*2) . P.map (+4) )]) - ,("big filter/filter", - [F ({-# SCC "filter/filter"#-}P.filter (/=103) . P.filter (/=104) . P.filter (/=101) . P.filter (/=102) )]) - ,("big filter/map", - [F ({-# SCC "filter/map"#-}P.map (*2) . P.filter (/=104) . P.map (+6) . P.filter (/=103) . P.map (+5) )]) - ] - -main = do - force (fps,fps') - printf "# Size of test data: %dk\n" ((floor $ (fromIntegral (P.length fps)) / 1024) :: Int) - printf "#Byte\n" - run 5 fps (tests ++ bigtests) - diff --git a/tests/FusionProperties.hs b/tests/FusionProperties.hs deleted file mode 100644 --- a/tests/FusionProperties.hs +++ /dev/null @@ -1,312 +0,0 @@ --- --- You want to compile with, and with -O2, checking the rules are firing. --- - -import Test.QuickCheck -import QuickCheckUtils -import System.Environment -import Text.Printf - -import Data.ByteString.Fusion -import qualified Data.ByteString as P -import qualified Data.ByteString.Lazy as L - -main = do - x <- getArgs - let n = if null x then 100 else read . head $ x - mapM_ (\(s,a) -> printf "%-25s: " s >> a n) tests - --- --- Test that, after loop fusion, our code behaves the same as the --- unfused lazy or list models. Use -ddump-simpl to also check that --- rules are firing for each case. --- -tests = -- 29/5/06, all tests are fusing: - [("down/down list", mytest prop_downdown_list) -- checked - ,("down/filter list", mytest prop_downfilter_list) -- checked - ,("down/map list", mytest prop_downmap_list) -- checked - ,("filter/down lazy", mytest prop_filterdown_lazy) -- checked - ,("filter/down list", mytest prop_filterdown_list) -- checked - ,("filter/filter lazy", mytest prop_filterfilter_lazy) -- checked - ,("filter/filter list", mytest prop_filterfilter_list) -- checked - ,("filter/map lazy", mytest prop_filtermap_lazy) -- checked - ,("filter/map list", mytest prop_filtermap_list) -- checked - ,("filter/up lazy", mytest prop_filterup_lazy) -- checked - ,("filter/up list", mytest prop_filterup_list) -- checked - ,("map/down lazy", mytest prop_mapdown_lazy) -- checked - ,("map/down list", mytest prop_mapdown_list) -- checked - ,("map/filter lazy", mytest prop_mapfilter_lazy) -- checked - ,("map/filter list", mytest prop_mapfilter_list) -- checked - ,("map/map lazy", mytest prop_mapmap_lazy) -- checked - ,("map/map list", mytest prop_mapmap_list) -- checked - ,("map/up lazy", mytest prop_mapup_lazy) -- checked - ,("map/up list", mytest prop_mapup_list) -- checked - ,("up/filter lazy", mytest prop_upfilter_lazy) -- checked - ,("up/filter list", mytest prop_upfilter_list) -- checked - ,("up/map lazy", mytest prop_upmap_lazy) -- checked - ,("up/map list", mytest prop_upmap_list) -- checked - ,("up/up lazy", mytest prop_upup_lazy) -- checked - ,("up/up list", mytest prop_upup_list) -- checked - ,("noacc/noacc lazy", mytest prop_noacc_noacc_lazy) -- checked - ,("noacc/noacc list", mytest prop_noacc_noacc_list) -- checked - ,("noacc/up lazy", mytest prop_noacc_up_lazy) -- checked - ,("noacc/up list", mytest prop_noacc_up_list) -- checked - ,("up/noacc lazy", mytest prop_up_noacc_lazy) -- checked - ,("up/noacc list", mytest prop_up_noacc_list) -- checked - ,("map/noacc lazy", mytest prop_map_noacc_lazy) -- checked - ,("map/noacc list", mytest prop_map_noacc_list) -- checked - ,("noacc/map lazy", mytest prop_noacc_map_lazy) -- checked - ,("noacc/map list", mytest prop_noacc_map_list) -- checked - ,("filter/noacc lazy", mytest prop_filter_noacc_lazy) -- checked - ,("filter/noacc list", mytest prop_filter_noacc_list) -- checked - ,("noacc/filter lazy", mytest prop_noacc_filter_lazy) -- checked - ,("noacc/filter list", mytest prop_noacc_filter_list) -- checked - ,("noacc/down lazy", mytest prop_noacc_down_lazy) -- checked - ,("noacc/down list", mytest prop_noacc_down_list) -- checked --- ,("down/noacc lazy", mytest prop_down_noacc_lazy) -- checked - ,("down/noacc list", mytest prop_down_noacc_list) -- checked - - - ,("length/loop list", mytest prop_lengthloop_list) --- ,("length/loop lazy", mytest prop_lengthloop_lazy) - ,("maximum/loop list", mytest prop_maximumloop_list) --- ,("maximum/loop lazy", mytest prop_maximumloop_lazy) - ,("minimum/loop list", mytest prop_minimumloop_list) --- ,("minimum/loop lazy", mytest prop_minimumloop_lazy) - - ] - -prop_upup_list = eq3 - (\f g -> P.foldl f (0::Int) . P.scanl g (0::W)) - ((\f g -> foldl f (0::Int) . scanl g (0::W)) :: (X -> W -> X) -> (W -> W -> W) -> [W] -> X) - -prop_upup_lazy = eq3 - (\f g -> L.foldl f (0::X) . L.scanl g (0::W)) - (\f g -> P.foldl f (0::X) . P.scanl g (0::W)) - -prop_mapmap_list = eq3 - (\f g -> P.map f . P.map g) - ((\f g -> map f . map g) :: (W -> W) -> (W -> W) -> [W] -> [W]) - -prop_mapmap_lazy = eq3 - (\f g -> L.map f . L.map g) - (\f g -> P.map f . P.map g) - -prop_filterfilter_list = eq3 - (\f g -> P.filter f . P.filter g) - ((\f g -> filter f . filter g) :: (W -> Bool) -> (W -> Bool) -> [W] -> [W]) - -prop_filterfilter_lazy = eq3 - (\f g -> L.filter f . L.filter g) - (\f g -> P.filter f . P.filter g) - -prop_mapfilter_list = eq3 - (\f g -> P.filter f . P.map g) - ((\f g -> filter f . map g) :: (W -> Bool) -> (W -> W) -> [W] -> [W]) - -prop_mapfilter_lazy = eq3 - (\f g -> L.filter f . L.map g) - (\f g -> P.filter f . P.map g) - -prop_filtermap_list = eq3 - (\f g -> P.map f . P.filter g) - ((\f g -> map f . filter g) :: (W -> W) -> (W -> Bool) -> [W] -> [W]) - -prop_filtermap_lazy = eq3 - (\f g -> L.map f . L.filter g) - (\f g -> P.map f . P.filter g) - -prop_mapup_list = eq3 - (\f g -> P.foldl g (0::W) . P.map f) - ((\f g -> foldl g (0::W) . map f) :: (W -> W) -> (W -> W -> W) -> [W] -> W) - -prop_mapup_lazy = eq3 - (\f g -> L.foldl g (0::W) . L.map f) -- n.b. scan doesn't fuse here, atm - (\f g -> P.foldl g (0::W) . P.map f) - -prop_upmap_list = eq3 - (\f g -> P.map f . P.scanl g (0::W)) - ((\f g -> map f . scanl g (0::W)) :: (W -> W) -> (W -> W -> W) -> [W] -> [W]) - -prop_upmap_lazy = eq3 - (\f g -> L.map f . L.scanl g (0::W)) - (\f g -> P.map f . P.scanl g (0::W)) - -prop_filterup_list = eq3 - (\f g -> P.foldl g (0::W) . P.filter f) - ((\f g -> foldl g (0::W) . filter f) :: (W -> Bool) -> (W -> W -> W) -> [W] -> W) - -prop_filterup_lazy = eq3 - (\f g -> L.foldl g (0::W) . L.filter f) - (\f g -> P.foldl g (0::W) . P.filter f) - -prop_upfilter_list = eq3 - (\f g -> P.filter f . P.scanl g (0::W)) - ((\f g -> filter f . scanl g (0::W)) :: (W -> Bool) -> (W -> W -> W) -> [W] -> [W]) - -prop_upfilter_lazy = eq3 - (\f g -> L.filter f . L.scanl g (0::W)) - (\f g -> P.filter f . P.scanl g (0::W)) - -prop_downdown_list = eq3 - (\f g -> P.foldr f (0::X) . P.scanr g (0::W)) - ((\f g -> foldr f (0::X) . scanr g (0::W)) :: (W -> X -> X) -> (W -> W -> W) -> [W] -> X) - -{- --- no lazy scanr yet -prop_downdown_lazy = eq3 - (\f g -> L.foldr f (0::X) . L.scanr g (0::W)) - (\f g -> P.foldr f (0::X) . P.scanr g (0::W)) --} - -prop_mapdown_list = eq3 - (\f g -> P.foldr g (0::W) . P.map f) - ((\f g -> foldr g (0::W) . map f) :: (W -> W) -> (W -> W -> W) -> [W] -> W) - -prop_mapdown_lazy = eq3 - (\f g -> L.foldr g (0::W) . L.map f) -- n.b. scan doesn't fuse here, atm - (\f g -> P.foldr g (0::W) . P.map f) - -prop_downmap_list = eq3 - (\f g -> P.map f . P.scanr g (0::W)) - ((\f g -> map f . scanr g (0::W)) :: (W -> W) -> (W -> W -> W) -> [W] -> [W]) - -{- -prop_downmap_lazy = eq3 - (\f g -> L.map f . L.scanr g (0::W)) - (\f g -> P.map f . P.scanr g (0::W)) --} - -prop_filterdown_list = eq3 - (\f g -> P.foldr g (0::W) . P.filter f) - ((\f g -> foldr g (0::W) . filter f) :: (W -> Bool) -> (W -> W -> W) -> [W] -> W) - -prop_filterdown_lazy = eq3 - (\f g -> L.foldr g (0::W) . L.filter f) -- n.b. scan doesn't fuse here, atm - (\f g -> P.foldr g (0::W) . P.filter f) - -prop_downfilter_list = eq3 - (\f g -> P.filter f . P.scanr g (0::W)) - ((\f g -> filter f . scanr g (0::W)) :: (W -> Bool) -> (W -> W -> W) -> [W] -> [W]) - -{- -prop_downfilter_lazy = eq3 - (\f g -> L.filter f . L.scanr g (0::W)) - (\f g -> P.filter f . P.scanr g (0::W)) --} - -prop_noacc_noacc_list = eq5 - (\f g h i -> (P.map f . P.filter g) . (P.map h . P.filter i)) - ((\f g h i -> ( map f . filter g) . ( map h . filter i)) - :: (W -> W) -> (W -> Bool) -> (W -> W) -> (W -> Bool) -> [W] -> [W]) - -prop_noacc_noacc_lazy = eq5 - (\f g h i -> (L.map f . L.filter g) . (L.map h . L.filter i)) - (\f g h i -> (P.map f . P.filter g) . (P.map h . P.filter i)) - -prop_noacc_up_list = eq4 - ( \g h i -> P.foldl g (0::W) . (P.map h . P.filter i)) - ((\g h i -> foldl g (0::W) . ( map h . filter i)) - :: (W -> W -> W) -> (W -> W) -> (W -> Bool) -> [W] -> W) - -prop_noacc_up_lazy = eq4 - (\g h i -> L.foldl g (0::W) . (L.map h . L.filter i)) - (\g h i -> P.foldl g (0::W) . (P.map h . P.filter i)) - -prop_up_noacc_list = eq4 - ( \g h i -> (P.map h . P.filter i) . P.scanl g (0::W)) - ((\g h i -> ( map h . filter i) . scanl g (0::W)) - :: (W -> W -> W) -> (W -> W) -> (W -> Bool) -> [W] -> [W]) - -prop_up_noacc_lazy = eq4 - (\g h i -> (L.map h . L.filter i) . L.scanl g (0::W)) - (\g h i -> (P.map h . P.filter i) . P.scanl g (0::W)) - -prop_map_noacc_list = eq4 - ( \g h i -> (P.map h . P.filter i) . P.map g) - ((\g h i -> ( map h . filter i) . map g) - :: (W -> W) -> (W -> W) -> (W -> Bool) -> [W] -> [W]) - -prop_map_noacc_lazy = eq4 - (\g h i -> (L.map h . L.filter i) . L.map g) - (\g h i -> (P.map h . P.filter i) . P.map g) - -prop_noacc_map_list = eq4 - ( \g h i -> P.map g . (P.map h . P.filter i)) - ((\g h i -> map g . ( map h . filter i)) - :: (W -> W) -> (W -> W) -> (W -> Bool) -> [W] -> [W]) - -prop_noacc_map_lazy = eq4 - (\g h i -> L.map g . (L.map h . L.filter i)) - (\g h i -> P.map g . (P.map h . P.filter i)) - -prop_filter_noacc_list = eq4 - ( \g h i -> (P.map h . P.filter i) . P.filter g) - ((\g h i -> ( map h . filter i) . filter g) - :: (W -> Bool) -> (W -> W) -> (W -> Bool) -> [W] -> [W]) - -prop_filter_noacc_lazy = eq4 - (\g h i -> (L.map h . L.filter i) . L.filter g) - (\g h i -> (P.map h . P.filter i) . P.filter g) - -prop_noacc_filter_list = eq4 - ( \g h i -> P.filter g . (P.map h . P.filter i)) - ((\g h i -> filter g . ( map h . filter i)) - :: (W -> Bool) -> (W -> W) -> (W -> Bool) -> [W] -> [W]) - -prop_noacc_filter_lazy = eq4 - (\g h i -> L.filter g . (L.map h . L.filter i)) - (\g h i -> P.filter g . (P.map h . P.filter i)) - -prop_noacc_down_list = eq4 - ( \g h i -> P.foldr g (0::W) . (P.map h . P.filter i)) - ((\g h i -> foldr g (0::W) . ( map h . filter i)) - :: (W -> W -> W) -> (W -> W) -> (W -> Bool) -> [W] -> W) - -prop_noacc_down_lazy = eq4 - (\g h i -> L.foldr g (0::W) . (L.map h . L.filter i)) - (\g h i -> P.foldr g (0::W) . (P.map h . P.filter i)) - -prop_down_noacc_list = eq4 - ( \g h i -> (P.map h . P.filter i) . P.scanr g (0::W)) - ((\g h i -> ( map h . filter i) . scanr g (0::W)) - :: (W -> W -> W) -> (W -> W) -> (W -> Bool) -> [W] -> [W]) - -{- -prop_down_noacc_lazy = eq4 - (\g h i -> (L.map h . L.filter i) . L.scanl g (0::W)) - (\g h i -> (P.map h . P.filter i) . P.scanl g (0::W)) --} - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -prop_lengthloop_list = eq2 - (\f -> P.length . P.filter f) - ((\f -> length . filter f) :: (W -> Bool) -> [W] -> X) - -{- -prop_lengthloop_lazy = eq2 - (\f g -> L.length . L.filter f) -- n.b. scan doesn't fuse here, atm - (\f g -> P.length . P.filter f) --} - -prop_maximumloop_list = eqnotnull2 - (\f -> P.maximum . P.map f) -- so we don't get null strings - ((\f -> maximum . map f) :: (W -> W) -> [W] -> W) - -{- -prop_maximumloop_lazy = eq2 - (\f g -> L.maximum . L.filter f) -- n.b. scan doesn't fuse here, atm - (\f g -> P.maximum . P.filter f) --} - -prop_minimumloop_list = eqnotnull2 - (\f -> P.minimum . P.map f) - ((\f -> minimum . map f) :: (W -> W) -> [W] -> W) - -{- -prop_minimumloop_lazy = eq2 - (\f g -> L.minimum . L.filter f) -- n.b. scan doesn't fuse here, atm - (\f g -> P.minimum . P.filter f) --} - diff --git a/tests/Hash.hs b/tests/Hash.hs deleted file mode 100644 --- a/tests/Hash.hs +++ /dev/null @@ -1,88 +0,0 @@ -{-# LANGUAGE BangPatterns #-} - -import qualified Data.HashTable as T -import System.Environment -import Control.Applicative -import Data.List -import Data.Ord -import qualified Data.Map as M -import qualified Data.ByteString.Char8 as S - -import qualified Data.ByteString.Internal as S -import qualified Data.ByteString.Unsafe as S -import Foreign - - -type Table = T.HashTable S.ByteString Int - -newTable :: IO Table -newTable = T.new (==) hash - -update :: Table -> S.ByteString -> IO () -update t w = do - old <- T.lookup t w - case old of - Just c -> do T.update t w $! c + 1; return () - _ -> T.insert t w 1 - -main = do - [name] <- getArgs - t <- newTable - S.words <$> S.readFile name >>= mapM_ (update t) - xs <- sortBy (flip (comparing snd)) <$> T.toList t - print (take 20 xs) - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- --- a different Ord - -hash :: S.ByteString -> Int32 -hash ps = go 0 golden - where - len = S.length ps - - go :: Int -> Int32 -> Int32 - go !n !acc - | n == len = fromIntegral acc - | otherwise = go (n+1) - ((fromIntegral (ps `S.unsafeIndex` n)) - * 0xdeadbeef + hashInt32 acc) - -golden :: Int32 -golden = 1013904242 -- = round ((sqrt 5 - 1) * 2^32) :: Int32 - -hashInt32 :: Int32 -> Int32 -hashInt32 x = mulHi x golden + x - --- hi 32 bits of a x-bit * 32 bit -> 64-bit multiply -mulHi :: Int32 -> Int32 -> Int32 -mulHi a b = fromIntegral (r `shiftR` 32) - where r :: Int64 - r = fromIntegral a * fromIntegral b - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -newtype OrdString = OrdString S.ByteString - deriving Show - -eq a@(S.PS p s l) b@(S.PS p' s' l') - | l /= l' = False -- short cut on length - | p == p' && s == s' = True -- short cut for the same string - | otherwise = compare a b == EQ - where - compare (S.PS fp1 off1 len1) (S.PS fp2 off2 len2) = S.inlinePerformIO $ - withForeignPtr fp1 $ \p1 -> - withForeignPtr fp2 $ \p2 -> - cmp (p1 `plusPtr` off1) - (p2 `plusPtr` off2) 0 len1 len2 - -cmp :: Ptr Word8 -> Ptr Word8 -> Int -> Int -> Int-> IO Ordering -cmp !p1 !p2 !n len1 len2 - | n == len1 = if n == len2 then return EQ else return LT - | n == len2 = return GT - | otherwise = do - a <- peekByteOff p1 n :: IO Word8 - b <- peekByteOff p2 n - case a `compare` b of - EQ -> cmp p1 p2 (n+1) len1 len2 - LT -> return LT - GT -> return GT diff --git a/tests/Makefile b/tests/Makefile deleted file mode 100644 --- a/tests/Makefile +++ /dev/null @@ -1,207 +0,0 @@ -GHC= ghc -GHCFLAGS= -cpp -O2 -funbox-strict-fields -v0 -fglasgow-exts -O2 -funbox-strict-fields -fdicts-cheap -fno-method-sharing -fmax-simplifier-iterations10 -fcpr-off - -#PKG= -package fps - -#GHC= /usr/obj/build/compiler/stage2/ghc-inplace -#PKG= - -BIN= run-utests run-qtests - -all: prop prop-fusion-compiled prop-compiled prop-opt units-compiled -fast: prop-fast - -everything: prop hugs prop-compiled prop-fusion-compiled runbench fusionbench wc spellcheck letter_frequency linesort fuse down-fuse inline zipwith unpack groupby run-lazybuild run-lazybuildcons - -# --------------------------------------------- -# Boot in-place - -.PHONY: boot-in-place - -boot-in-place: - cd .. && ${GHC} ${GHCFLAGS} --make Data/*hs Data/*/*hs Data/*/*/*hs - -# --------------------------------------------- -# HUnit - -# compiled -.PHONY: units-compiled -units-compiled: - @echo "Compiled, rules off" - ${GHC} ${PKG} ${GHCFLAGS} -fno-rewrite-rules --make Units.hs -o u -package HUnit - time ./u - -# --------------------------------------------- -# QuickCheck - -# interpreted -.PHONY: prop hugs -prop:: - @echo "Interpreted" - runhaskell -i../cbits/fpstring.o Properties.hs - -hugs:: - runhugs -98 Properties.hs - -# interpreted fast. Just a quick check. -.PHONY: prop-fast -prop-fast:: - runhaskell -i../cbits/fpstring.o Properties.hs 30 - -# compiled -.PHONY: prop-compiled -prop-compiled: - @echo "Compiled, rules off" - ${GHC} ${PKG} ${GHCFLAGS} -fno-rewrite-rules --make Properties.hs -o p -package QuickCheck - time ./p - -# rules-on -.PHONY: prop-opt -prop-opt: - @echo "Compiled, rules on" - ${GHC} ${PKG} ${GHCFLAGS} --make Properties.hs -o p -package QuickCheck - time ./p - -# rules-on -.PHONY: hpc-lite -hpc-lite: - @echo "Compiled, rules on, with hpc" - rm -f p.tix - ${GHC} ${GHCFLAGS} ../dist/build/cbits/fpstring.o -ddump-simpl-stats -fhpc --make -i.. Properties.hs -o p -O -fno-ignore-asserts -fasm -frewrite-rules - rm Rules.o Rules.hi - ${GHC} ${GHCFLAGS} -hide-package bytestring ../dist/build/cbits/fpstring.o -ddump-simpl-stats -i.. Rules.hs -O -fno-ignore-asserts -fasm -frewrite-rules ../Data/ByteString/*.o ../Data/ByteString/*/*.o ../Data/ByteString.o -package QuickCheck QuickCheckUtils.o -c -no-recomp - ${GHC} ${GHCFLAGS} -package QuickCheck ../dist/build/cbits/fpstring.o Properties.o Rules.o QuickCheckUtils.o ../Data/ByteString/*.o ../Data/ByteString/*/*.o ../Data/ByteString.o -o p - time ./p 40 - hpc markup p --exclude=Main --exclude=QuickCheckUtils --exclude=Data.ByteString.Fusion - -# -# test rewriting is correct and working. -# -.PHONY: prop-fusion-compiled -prop-fusion-compiled: - ${GHC} ${PKG} ${GHCFLAGS} --make FusionProperties.hs -o fp -package QuickCheck - time ./fp - -# --------------------------------------------------------- -# Benchmarking - -.PHONY: runbench -runbench: bench - ./bench +RTS -H64m - -bench:: - @if [ ! -f "bigdata" ] ; then ln -s data bigdata ; fi - ${GHC} ${PKG} ${GHCFLAGS} --make Bench.hs -o bench - -fusionbench:: - ${GHC} ${PKG} ${GHCFLAGS} --make FusionBench.hs -ddump-simpl-stats -o fusionbench - -# --------------------------------------------------------- -# Profiling -.PHONY: prof - -prof:: - @if [ ! -f "bigdata" ] ; then ln -s data bigdata ; fi - ${GHC} ${PKG} ${GHCFLAGS} -prof -auto-all --make Bench.hs -o bench - ./bench +RTS -H64m -p - -fusionprof:: - @if [ ! -f "bigdata" ] ; then ln -s data bigdata ; fi - ${GHC} ${PKG} ${GHCFLAGS} -prof -auto-all --make FusionBench.hs -o fusionbench - ./bench +RTS -H64m -p - -# --------------------------------------------------------- -# Small programs - -wc: wc.o - @if [ ! -f "bigdata" ] ; then ln -s data bigdata ; fi - time ./wc bigdata -wc.o: wc.hs - ${GHC} ${PKG} ${GHCFLAGS} --make -ddump-simpl-stats wc.hs -o wc - -spellcheck: spellcheck.o - time ./spellcheck < spellcheck-input.txt -spellcheck.o: spellcheck.hs - ${GHC} ${PKG} ${GHCFLAGS} --make $< -o spellcheck - -letter_frequency: letter_frequency.o - time ./letter_frequency < Usr.Dict.Words -letter_frequency.o: letter_frequency.hs - ${GHC} ${PKG} ${GHCFLAGS} --make $< -o letter_frequency -ddump-simpl-stats - -linesort: linesort.o - time ./linesort < Usr.Dict.Words -linesort.o: linesort.hs - ${GHC} ${PKG} ${GHCFLAGS} --make $< -o linesort - -fuse: fuse.o - time ./fuse < Usr.Dict.Words -fuse.o: fuse.hs - ${GHC} ${PKG} ${GHCFLAGS} --make $< -o fuse -ddump-simpl-stats - -down-fuse: down-fuse.o - time ./down-fuse -down-fuse.o: down-fuse.hs - ${GHC} ${PKG} ${GHCFLAGS} --make $< -o ./down-fuse -ddump-simpl-stats - -.PHONY: run-lazybuild -run-lazybuild: lazybuild - time ./lazybuild 100000000 > /dev/null -lazybuild: lazybuild.hs - ${GHC} ${PKG} ${GHCFLAGS} --make $< -o lazybuild - -.PHONY: run-lazybuildcons -run-lazybuildcons: lazybuildcons - time ./lazybuildcons 100000000 > /dev/null -lazybuildcons: lazybuildcons.hs - ${GHC} ${PKG} ${GHCFLAGS} --make $< -o lazybuildcons - -lazylines: lazylines.o - time ./lazylines < bigdata -lazylines.o: lazylines.hs - ${GHC} ${PKG} ${GHCFLAGS} --make $< -o lazylines - -inline: inline.o - time ./inline -inline.o: inline.hs - ${GHC} ${PKG} ${GHCFLAGS} --make $< -o inline - -zipwith: zipwith.o - time ./zipwith -zipwith.o: zipwith.hs - ${GHC} ${PKG} ${GHCFLAGS} --make -ddump-simpl-stats $< -o zipwith - -unpack: unpack.o - time ./unpack -unpack.o: unpack.hs - ${GHC} ${PKG} ${GHCFLAGS} --make -ddump-simpl-stats $< -o unpack - -groupby: groupby.o - time ./groupby -groupby.o: groupby.hs - ${GHC} ${PKG} ${GHCFLAGS} --make $< -o groupby - -# --------------------------------------------------- -# Plotting graphs - -results: bench - ./bench +RTS -H64m > results - -.PHONY: plot -plot:: results - echo -e 'set terminal png \n \ - set output "results.png" \n \ - set yrange [0:2] \n \ - plot "results" using ($$1):($$2) with boxes, "" using ($$1):($$3) with boxes' |\ - gnuplot ; - xv results.png - -# --------------------------------------------------- -# Cleaning - -.PHONY: clean -clean: - rm -f *~ *.o *.hi $(BIN) bench */*.o */*.hi */*~ - rm -f wc letter_frequency spellcheck linesort fuse inline p u fp lazylines lazybuild lazybuildcons - rm -f down-fuse zipwith fusionbench unpack groupby - rm -rf *.tix *.html .hpc check diff --git a/tests/Properties.hs b/tests/Properties.hs deleted file mode 100644 --- a/tests/Properties.hs +++ /dev/null @@ -1,2303 +0,0 @@ -{-# LANGUAGE PatternSignatures #-} --- --- Must have rules off, otherwise the fusion rules will replace the rhs --- with the lhs, and we only end up testing lhs == lhs --- - --- --- -fhpc interferes with rewrite rules firing. --- - -import Foreign -import Foreign.ForeignPtr -import Foreign.Marshal.Array -import GHC.Ptr -import Test.QuickCheck -import Control.Monad -import Control.Concurrent -import Control.Exception -import System.Directory - -import Data.List -import Data.Char -import Data.Word -import Data.Maybe -import Data.Int (Int64) -import Data.Monoid - -import Text.Printf -import Debug.Trace -import Data.String - -import System.Environment -import System.IO -import System.IO.Unsafe -import System.Random - -import Foreign.Ptr - -import Data.ByteString.Lazy (ByteString(..), pack , unpack) -import qualified Data.ByteString.Lazy as L -import Data.ByteString.Lazy.Internal (ByteString(..)) - -import qualified Data.ByteString as P -import qualified Data.ByteString.Internal as P -import qualified Data.ByteString.Unsafe as P -import qualified Data.ByteString.Char8 as C - -import qualified Data.ByteString.Lazy.Char8 as LC -import qualified Data.ByteString.Lazy.Char8 as D - -import qualified Data.ByteString.Lazy.Internal as LP -import Data.ByteString.Fusion -import Prelude hiding (abs) - -import Rules -import QuickCheckUtils - -f = C.dropWhile isSpace - --- --- ByteString.Lazy.Char8 <=> ByteString.Char8 --- - -prop_concatCC = D.concat `eq1` C.concat -prop_nullCC = D.null `eq1` C.null -prop_reverseCC = D.reverse `eq1` C.reverse -prop_transposeCC = D.transpose `eq1` C.transpose -prop_groupCC = D.group `eq1` C.group -prop_initsCC = D.inits `eq1` C.inits -prop_tailsCC = D.tails `eq1` C.tails -prop_allCC = D.all `eq2` C.all -prop_anyCC = D.any `eq2` C.any -prop_appendCC = D.append `eq2` C.append -prop_breakCC = D.break `eq2` C.break -prop_concatMapCC = D.concatMap `eq2` C.concatMap -prop_consCC = D.cons `eq2` C.cons -prop_unconsCC = D.uncons `eq1` C.uncons -prop_countCC = D.count `eq2` C.count -prop_dropCC = D.drop `eq2` C.drop -prop_dropWhileCC = D.dropWhile `eq2` C.dropWhile -prop_filterCC = D.filter `eq2` C.filter -prop_findCC = D.find `eq2` C.find -prop_findIndexCC = D.findIndex `eq2` C.findIndex -prop_findIndicesCC = D.findIndices `eq2` C.findIndices -prop_isPrefixOfCC = D.isPrefixOf `eq2` C.isPrefixOf -prop_mapCC = D.map `eq2` C.map -prop_replicateCC = D.replicate `eq2` C.replicate -prop_snocCC = D.snoc `eq2` C.snoc -prop_spanCC = D.span `eq2` C.span -prop_splitCC = D.split `eq2` C.split -prop_splitAtCC = D.splitAt `eq2` C.splitAt -prop_takeCC = D.take `eq2` C.take -prop_takeWhileCC = D.takeWhile `eq2` C.takeWhile -prop_elemCC = D.elem `eq2` C.elem -prop_notElemCC = D.notElem `eq2` C.notElem -prop_elemIndexCC = D.elemIndex `eq2` C.elemIndex -prop_elemIndicesCC = D.elemIndices `eq2` C.elemIndices -prop_lengthCC = D.length `eq1` (fromIntegral . C.length :: C.ByteString -> Int64) - -prop_headCC = D.head `eqnotnull1` C.head -prop_initCC = D.init `eqnotnull1` C.init -prop_lastCC = D.last `eqnotnull1` C.last -prop_maximumCC = D.maximum `eqnotnull1` C.maximum -prop_minimumCC = D.minimum `eqnotnull1` C.minimum -prop_tailCC = D.tail `eqnotnull1` C.tail -prop_foldl1CC = D.foldl1 `eqnotnull2` C.foldl1 -prop_foldl1CC' = D.foldl1' `eqnotnull2` C.foldl1' -prop_foldr1CC = D.foldr1 `eqnotnull2` C.foldr1 -prop_foldr1CC' = D.foldr1 `eqnotnull2` C.foldr1' -prop_scanlCC = D.scanl `eqnotnull3` C.scanl - -prop_intersperseCC = D.intersperse `eq2` C.intersperse - -prop_foldlCC = eq3 - (D.foldl :: (X -> Char -> X) -> X -> B -> X) - (C.foldl :: (X -> Char -> X) -> X -> P -> X) -prop_foldlCC' = eq3 - (D.foldl' :: (X -> Char -> X) -> X -> B -> X) - (C.foldl' :: (X -> Char -> X) -> X -> P -> X) -prop_foldrCC = eq3 - (D.foldr :: (Char -> X -> X) -> X -> B -> X) - (C.foldr :: (Char -> X -> X) -> X -> P -> X) -prop_foldrCC' = eq3 - (D.foldr :: (Char -> X -> X) -> X -> B -> X) - (C.foldr' :: (Char -> X -> X) -> X -> P -> X) -prop_mapAccumLCC = eq3 - (D.mapAccumL :: (X -> Char -> (X,Char)) -> X -> B -> (X, B)) - (C.mapAccumL :: (X -> Char -> (X,Char)) -> X -> P -> (X, P)) - ---prop_mapIndexedCC = D.mapIndexed `eq2` C.mapIndexed ---prop_mapIndexedPL = L.mapIndexed `eq2` P.mapIndexed - ---prop_mapAccumL_mapIndexedBP = --- P.mapIndexed `eq2` --- (\k p -> snd $ P.mapAccumL (\i w -> (i+1, k i w)) (0::Int) p) - --- --- ByteString.Lazy <=> ByteString --- - -prop_concatBP = L.concat `eq1` P.concat -prop_nullBP = L.null `eq1` P.null -prop_reverseBP = L.reverse `eq1` P.reverse - -prop_transposeBP = L.transpose `eq1` P.transpose -prop_groupBP = L.group `eq1` P.group -prop_initsBP = L.inits `eq1` P.inits -prop_tailsBP = L.tails `eq1` P.tails -prop_allBP = L.all `eq2` P.all -prop_anyBP = L.any `eq2` P.any -prop_appendBP = L.append `eq2` P.append -prop_breakBP = L.break `eq2` P.break -prop_concatMapBP = L.concatMap `eq2` P.concatMap -prop_consBP = L.cons `eq2` P.cons -prop_consBP' = L.cons' `eq2` P.cons -prop_consLP' = LC.cons' `eq2` P.cons -prop_unconsBP = L.uncons `eq1` P.uncons -prop_countBP = L.count `eq2` P.count -prop_dropBP = L.drop `eq2` P.drop -prop_dropWhileBP = L.dropWhile `eq2` P.dropWhile -prop_filterBP = L.filter `eq2` P.filter -prop_findBP = L.find `eq2` P.find -prop_findIndexBP = L.findIndex `eq2` P.findIndex -prop_findIndicesBP = L.findIndices `eq2` P.findIndices -prop_isPrefixOfBP = L.isPrefixOf `eq2` P.isPrefixOf -prop_mapBP = L.map `eq2` P.map -prop_replicateBP = L.replicate `eq2` P.replicate -prop_snocBP = L.snoc `eq2` P.snoc -prop_spanBP = L.span `eq2` P.span -prop_splitBP = L.split `eq2` P.split -prop_splitAtBP = L.splitAt `eq2` P.splitAt -prop_takeBP = L.take `eq2` P.take -prop_takeWhileBP = L.takeWhile `eq2` P.takeWhile -prop_elemBP = L.elem `eq2` P.elem -prop_notElemBP = L.notElem `eq2` P.notElem -prop_elemIndexBP = L.elemIndex `eq2` P.elemIndex -prop_elemIndicesBP = L.elemIndices `eq2` P.elemIndices -prop_intersperseBP = L.intersperse `eq2` P.intersperse -prop_lengthBP = L.length `eq1` (fromIntegral . P.length :: P.ByteString -> Int64) -prop_readIntBP = D.readInt `eq1` C.readInt -prop_linesBP = D.lines `eq1` C.lines - --- double check: --- Currently there's a bug in the lazy bytestring version of lines, this --- catches it: -prop_linesNLBP = eq1 D.lines C.lines x - where x = D.pack "one\ntwo\n\n\nfive\n\nseven\n" - -prop_headBP = L.head `eqnotnull1` P.head -prop_initBP = L.init `eqnotnull1` P.init -prop_lastBP = L.last `eqnotnull1` P.last -prop_maximumBP = L.maximum `eqnotnull1` P.maximum -prop_minimumBP = L.minimum `eqnotnull1` P.minimum -prop_tailBP = L.tail `eqnotnull1` P.tail -prop_foldl1BP = L.foldl1 `eqnotnull2` P.foldl1 -prop_foldl1BP' = L.foldl1' `eqnotnull2` P.foldl1' -prop_foldr1BP = L.foldr1 `eqnotnull2` P.foldr1 -prop_foldr1BP' = L.foldr1 `eqnotnull2` P.foldr1' -prop_scanlBP = L.scanl `eqnotnull3` P.scanl - - -prop_eqBP = eq2 - ((==) :: B -> B -> Bool) - ((==) :: P -> P -> Bool) -prop_compareBP = eq2 - ((compare) :: B -> B -> Ordering) - ((compare) :: P -> P -> Ordering) -prop_foldlBP = eq3 - (L.foldl :: (X -> W -> X) -> X -> B -> X) - (P.foldl :: (X -> W -> X) -> X -> P -> X) -prop_foldlBP' = eq3 - (L.foldl' :: (X -> W -> X) -> X -> B -> X) - (P.foldl' :: (X -> W -> X) -> X -> P -> X) -prop_foldrBP = eq3 - (L.foldr :: (W -> X -> X) -> X -> B -> X) - (P.foldr :: (W -> X -> X) -> X -> P -> X) -prop_foldrBP' = eq3 - (L.foldr :: (W -> X -> X) -> X -> B -> X) - (P.foldr' :: (W -> X -> X) -> X -> P -> X) -prop_mapAccumLBP = eq3 - (L.mapAccumL :: (X -> W -> (X,W)) -> X -> B -> (X, B)) - (P.mapAccumL :: (X -> W -> (X,W)) -> X -> P -> (X, P)) - -prop_unfoldrBP = eq3 - ((\n f a -> L.take (fromIntegral n) $ - L.unfoldr f a) :: Int -> (X -> Maybe (W,X)) -> X -> B) - ((\n f a -> fst $ - P.unfoldrN n f a) :: Int -> (X -> Maybe (W,X)) -> X -> P) - -prop_unfoldr2BP = eq2 - ((\n a -> P.take (n*100) $ - P.unfoldr (\x -> if x <= (n*100) then Just (fromIntegral x, x + 1) else Nothing) a) - :: Int -> Int -> P) - ((\n a -> fst $ - P.unfoldrN (n*100) (\x -> if x <= (n*100) then Just (fromIntegral x, x + 1) else Nothing) a) - :: Int -> Int -> P) - -prop_unfoldr2CP = eq2 - ((\n a -> C.take (n*100) $ - C.unfoldr (\x -> if x <= (n*100) then Just (chr (x `mod` 256), x + 1) else Nothing) a) - :: Int -> Int -> P) - ((\n a -> fst $ - C.unfoldrN (n*100) (\x -> if x <= (n*100) then Just (chr (x `mod` 256), x + 1) else Nothing) a) - :: Int -> Int -> P) - - -prop_unfoldrLC = eq3 - ((\n f a -> LC.take (fromIntegral n) $ - LC.unfoldr f a) :: Int -> (X -> Maybe (Char,X)) -> X -> B) - ((\n f a -> fst $ - C.unfoldrN n f a) :: Int -> (X -> Maybe (Char,X)) -> X -> P) - -prop_cycleLC a = not (LC.null a) ==> eq1 - ((\n -> LC.take (fromIntegral n) $ - LC.cycle a - ) :: Int -> B) - - ((\n -> LC.take (fromIntegral (n::Int)) . LC.concat $ - unfoldr (\x -> Just (x,x) ) a - ) :: Int -> B) - - -prop_iterateLC = eq3 - ((\n f a -> LC.take (fromIntegral n) $ - LC.iterate f a) :: Int -> (Char -> Char) -> Char -> B) - ((\n f a -> fst $ - C.unfoldrN n (\a -> Just (f a, f a)) a) :: Int -> (Char -> Char) -> Char -> P) - -prop_iterateLC_2 = eq3 - ((\n f a -> LC.take (fromIntegral n) $ - LC.iterate f a) :: Int -> (Char -> Char) -> Char -> B) - ((\n f a -> LC.take (fromIntegral n) $ - LC.unfoldr (\a -> Just (f a, f a)) a) :: Int -> (Char -> Char) -> Char -> B) - -prop_iterateL = eq3 - ((\n f a -> L.take (fromIntegral n) $ - L.iterate f a) :: Int -> (W -> W) -> W -> B) - ((\n f a -> fst $ - P.unfoldrN n (\a -> Just (f a, f a)) a) :: Int -> (W -> W) -> W -> P) - -prop_repeatLC = eq2 - ((\n a -> LC.take (fromIntegral n) $ - LC.repeat a) :: Int -> Char -> B) - ((\n a -> fst $ - C.unfoldrN n (\a -> Just (a, a)) a) :: Int -> Char -> P) - -prop_repeatL = eq2 - ((\n a -> L.take (fromIntegral n) $ - L.repeat a) :: Int -> W -> B) - ((\n a -> fst $ - P.unfoldrN n (\a -> Just (a, a)) a) :: Int -> W -> P) - --- --- properties comparing ByteString.Lazy `eq1` List --- - -prop_concatBL = L.concat `eq1` (concat :: [[W]] -> [W]) -prop_lengthBL = L.length `eq1` (length :: [W] -> Int) -prop_nullBL = L.null `eq1` (null :: [W] -> Bool) -prop_reverseBL = L.reverse `eq1` (reverse :: [W] -> [W]) -prop_transposeBL = L.transpose `eq1` (transpose :: [[W]] -> [[W]]) -prop_groupBL = L.group `eq1` (group :: [W] -> [[W]]) -prop_initsBL = L.inits `eq1` (inits :: [W] -> [[W]]) -prop_tailsBL = L.tails `eq1` (tails :: [W] -> [[W]]) -prop_allBL = L.all `eq2` (all :: (W -> Bool) -> [W] -> Bool) -prop_anyBL = L.any `eq2` (any :: (W -> Bool) -> [W] -> Bool) -prop_appendBL = L.append `eq2` ((++) :: [W] -> [W] -> [W]) -prop_breakBL = L.break `eq2` (break :: (W -> Bool) -> [W] -> ([W],[W])) -prop_concatMapBL = L.concatMap `eq2` (concatMap :: (W -> [W]) -> [W] -> [W]) -prop_consBL = L.cons `eq2` ((:) :: W -> [W] -> [W]) -prop_dropBL = L.drop `eq2` (drop :: Int -> [W] -> [W]) -prop_dropWhileBL = L.dropWhile `eq2` (dropWhile :: (W -> Bool) -> [W] -> [W]) -prop_filterBL = L.filter `eq2` (filter :: (W -> Bool ) -> [W] -> [W]) -prop_findBL = L.find `eq2` (find :: (W -> Bool) -> [W] -> Maybe W) -prop_findIndicesBL = L.findIndices `eq2` (findIndices:: (W -> Bool) -> [W] -> [Int]) -prop_findIndexBL = L.findIndex `eq2` (findIndex :: (W -> Bool) -> [W] -> Maybe Int) -prop_isPrefixOfBL = L.isPrefixOf `eq2` (isPrefixOf:: [W] -> [W] -> Bool) -prop_mapBL = L.map `eq2` (map :: (W -> W) -> [W] -> [W]) -prop_replicateBL = L.replicate `eq2` (replicate :: Int -> W -> [W]) -prop_snocBL = L.snoc `eq2` ((\xs x -> xs ++ [x]) :: [W] -> W -> [W]) -prop_spanBL = L.span `eq2` (span :: (W -> Bool) -> [W] -> ([W],[W])) -prop_splitAtBL = L.splitAt `eq2` (splitAt :: Int -> [W] -> ([W],[W])) -prop_takeBL = L.take `eq2` (take :: Int -> [W] -> [W]) -prop_takeWhileBL = L.takeWhile `eq2` (takeWhile :: (W -> Bool) -> [W] -> [W]) -prop_elemBL = L.elem `eq2` (elem :: W -> [W] -> Bool) -prop_notElemBL = L.notElem `eq2` (notElem :: W -> [W] -> Bool) -prop_elemIndexBL = L.elemIndex `eq2` (elemIndex :: W -> [W] -> Maybe Int) -prop_elemIndicesBL = L.elemIndices `eq2` (elemIndices:: W -> [W] -> [Int]) -prop_linesBL = D.lines `eq1` (lines :: String -> [String]) - -prop_foldl1BL = L.foldl1 `eqnotnull2` (foldl1 :: (W -> W -> W) -> [W] -> W) -prop_foldl1BL' = L.foldl1' `eqnotnull2` (foldl1' :: (W -> W -> W) -> [W] -> W) -prop_foldr1BL = L.foldr1 `eqnotnull2` (foldr1 :: (W -> W -> W) -> [W] -> W) -prop_headBL = L.head `eqnotnull1` (head :: [W] -> W) -prop_initBL = L.init `eqnotnull1` (init :: [W] -> [W]) -prop_lastBL = L.last `eqnotnull1` (last :: [W] -> W) -prop_maximumBL = L.maximum `eqnotnull1` (maximum :: [W] -> W) -prop_minimumBL = L.minimum `eqnotnull1` (minimum :: [W] -> W) -prop_tailBL = L.tail `eqnotnull1` (tail :: [W] -> [W]) - -prop_eqBL = eq2 - ((==) :: B -> B -> Bool) - ((==) :: [W] -> [W] -> Bool) -prop_compareBL = eq2 - ((compare) :: B -> B -> Ordering) - ((compare) :: [W] -> [W] -> Ordering) -prop_foldlBL = eq3 - (L.foldl :: (X -> W -> X) -> X -> B -> X) - ( foldl :: (X -> W -> X) -> X -> [W] -> X) -prop_foldlBL' = eq3 - (L.foldl' :: (X -> W -> X) -> X -> B -> X) - ( foldl' :: (X -> W -> X) -> X -> [W] -> X) -prop_foldrBL = eq3 - (L.foldr :: (W -> X -> X) -> X -> B -> X) - ( foldr :: (W -> X -> X) -> X -> [W] -> X) -prop_mapAccumLBL = eq3 - (L.mapAccumL :: (X -> W -> (X,W)) -> X -> B -> (X, B)) - ( mapAccumL :: (X -> W -> (X,W)) -> X -> [W] -> (X, [W])) - -prop_mapAccumRBL = eq3 - (L.mapAccumR :: (X -> W -> (X,W)) -> X -> B -> (X, B)) - ( mapAccumR :: (X -> W -> (X,W)) -> X -> [W] -> (X, [W])) - -prop_mapAccumRDL = eq3 - (D.mapAccumR :: (X -> Char -> (X,Char)) -> X -> B -> (X, B)) - ( mapAccumR :: (X -> Char -> (X,Char)) -> X -> [Char] -> (X, [Char])) - -prop_mapAccumRCC = eq3 - (C.mapAccumR :: (X -> Char -> (X,Char)) -> X -> P -> (X, P)) - ( mapAccumR :: (X -> Char -> (X,Char)) -> X -> [Char] -> (X, [Char])) - -prop_unfoldrBL = eq3 - ((\n f a -> L.take (fromIntegral n) $ - L.unfoldr f a) :: Int -> (X -> Maybe (W,X)) -> X -> B) - ((\n f a -> take n $ - unfoldr f a) :: Int -> (X -> Maybe (W,X)) -> X -> [W]) - --- --- And finally, check correspondance between Data.ByteString and List --- - -prop_lengthPL = (fromIntegral.P.length :: P -> Int) `eq1` (length :: [W] -> Int) -prop_nullPL = P.null `eq1` (null :: [W] -> Bool) -prop_reversePL = P.reverse `eq1` (reverse :: [W] -> [W]) -prop_transposePL = P.transpose `eq1` (transpose :: [[W]] -> [[W]]) -prop_groupPL = P.group `eq1` (group :: [W] -> [[W]]) -prop_initsPL = P.inits `eq1` (inits :: [W] -> [[W]]) -prop_tailsPL = P.tails `eq1` (tails :: [W] -> [[W]]) -prop_concatPL = P.concat `eq1` (concat :: [[W]] -> [W]) -prop_allPL = P.all `eq2` (all :: (W -> Bool) -> [W] -> Bool) -prop_anyPL = P.any `eq2` (any :: (W -> Bool) -> [W] -> Bool) -prop_appendPL = P.append `eq2` ((++) :: [W] -> [W] -> [W]) -prop_breakPL = P.break `eq2` (break :: (W -> Bool) -> [W] -> ([W],[W])) -prop_concatMapPL = P.concatMap `eq2` (concatMap :: (W -> [W]) -> [W] -> [W]) -prop_consPL = P.cons `eq2` ((:) :: W -> [W] -> [W]) -prop_dropPL = P.drop `eq2` (drop :: Int -> [W] -> [W]) -prop_dropWhilePL = P.dropWhile `eq2` (dropWhile :: (W -> Bool) -> [W] -> [W]) -prop_filterPL = P.filter `eq2` (filter :: (W -> Bool ) -> [W] -> [W]) -prop_filterPL_rule= (\x -> P.filter ((==) x)) `eq2` -- test rules - ((\x -> filter ((==) x)) :: W -> [W] -> [W]) - --- under lambda doesn't fire? -prop_filterLC_rule= (f) `eq2` -- test rules - ((\x -> filter ((==) x)) :: Char -> [Char] -> [Char]) - where - f x s = LC.filter ((==) x) s - -prop_partitionPL = P.partition `eq2` (partition :: (W -> Bool ) -> [W] -> ([W],[W])) -prop_partitionLL = L.partition `eq2` (partition :: (W -> Bool ) -> [W] -> ([W],[W])) -prop_findPL = P.find `eq2` (find :: (W -> Bool) -> [W] -> Maybe W) -prop_findIndexPL = P.findIndex `eq2` (findIndex :: (W -> Bool) -> [W] -> Maybe Int) -prop_isPrefixOfPL = P.isPrefixOf`eq2` (isPrefixOf:: [W] -> [W] -> Bool) -prop_isInfixOfPL = P.isInfixOf`eq2` (isInfixOf:: [W] -> [W] -> Bool) -prop_mapPL = P.map `eq2` (map :: (W -> W) -> [W] -> [W]) -prop_replicatePL = P.replicate `eq2` (replicate :: Int -> W -> [W]) -prop_snocPL = P.snoc `eq2` ((\xs x -> xs ++ [x]) :: [W] -> W -> [W]) -prop_spanPL = P.span `eq2` (span :: (W -> Bool) -> [W] -> ([W],[W])) -prop_splitAtPL = P.splitAt `eq2` (splitAt :: Int -> [W] -> ([W],[W])) -prop_takePL = P.take `eq2` (take :: Int -> [W] -> [W]) -prop_takeWhilePL = P.takeWhile `eq2` (takeWhile :: (W -> Bool) -> [W] -> [W]) -prop_elemPL = P.elem `eq2` (elem :: W -> [W] -> Bool) -prop_notElemPL = P.notElem `eq2` (notElem :: W -> [W] -> Bool) -prop_elemIndexPL = P.elemIndex `eq2` (elemIndex :: W -> [W] -> Maybe Int) -prop_linesPL = C.lines `eq1` (lines :: String -> [String]) -prop_findIndicesPL= P.findIndices`eq2` (findIndices:: (W -> Bool) -> [W] -> [Int]) -prop_elemIndicesPL= P.elemIndices`eq2` (elemIndices:: W -> [W] -> [Int]) -prop_zipPL = P.zip `eq2` (zip :: [W] -> [W] -> [(W,W)]) -prop_zipCL = C.zip `eq2` (zip :: [Char] -> [Char] -> [(Char,Char)]) -prop_zipLL = L.zip `eq2` (zip :: [W] -> [W] -> [(W,W)]) -prop_unzipPL = P.unzip `eq1` (unzip :: [(W,W)] -> ([W],[W])) -prop_unzipLL = L.unzip `eq1` (unzip :: [(W,W)] -> ([W],[W])) -prop_unzipCL = C.unzip `eq1` (unzip :: [(Char,Char)] -> ([Char],[Char])) - -prop_foldl1PL = P.foldl1 `eqnotnull2` (foldl1 :: (W -> W -> W) -> [W] -> W) -prop_foldl1PL' = P.foldl1' `eqnotnull2` (foldl1' :: (W -> W -> W) -> [W] -> W) -prop_foldr1PL = P.foldr1 `eqnotnull2` (foldr1 :: (W -> W -> W) -> [W] -> W) -prop_scanlPL = P.scanl `eqnotnull3` (scanl :: (W -> W -> W) -> W -> [W] -> [W]) -prop_scanl1PL = P.scanl1 `eqnotnull2` (scanl1 :: (W -> W -> W) -> [W] -> [W]) -prop_scanrPL = P.scanr `eqnotnull3` (scanr :: (W -> W -> W) -> W -> [W] -> [W]) -prop_scanr1PL = P.scanr1 `eqnotnull2` (scanr1 :: (W -> W -> W) -> [W] -> [W]) -prop_headPL = P.head `eqnotnull1` (head :: [W] -> W) -prop_initPL = P.init `eqnotnull1` (init :: [W] -> [W]) -prop_lastPL = P.last `eqnotnull1` (last :: [W] -> W) -prop_maximumPL = P.maximum `eqnotnull1` (maximum :: [W] -> W) -prop_minimumPL = P.minimum `eqnotnull1` (minimum :: [W] -> W) -prop_tailPL = P.tail `eqnotnull1` (tail :: [W] -> [W]) - -prop_scanl1CL = C.scanl1 `eqnotnull2` (scanl1 :: (Char -> Char -> Char) -> [Char] -> [Char]) -prop_scanrCL = C.scanr `eqnotnull3` (scanr :: (Char -> Char -> Char) -> Char -> [Char] -> [Char]) -prop_scanr1CL = C.scanr1 `eqnotnull2` (scanr1 :: (Char -> Char -> Char) -> [Char] -> [Char]) - --- prop_zipWithPL' = P.zipWith' `eq3` (zipWith :: (W -> W -> W) -> [W] -> [W] -> [W]) - -prop_zipWithPL = (P.zipWith :: (W -> W -> X) -> P -> P -> [X]) `eq3` - (zipWith :: (W -> W -> X) -> [W] -> [W] -> [X]) - -prop_zipWithPL_rules = (P.zipWith :: (W -> W -> W) -> P -> P -> [W]) `eq3` - (zipWith :: (W -> W -> W) -> [W] -> [W] -> [W]) - -prop_eqPL = eq2 - ((==) :: P -> P -> Bool) - ((==) :: [W] -> [W] -> Bool) -prop_comparePL = eq2 - ((compare) :: P -> P -> Ordering) - ((compare) :: [W] -> [W] -> Ordering) -prop_foldlPL = eq3 - (P.foldl :: (X -> W -> X) -> X -> P -> X) - ( foldl :: (X -> W -> X) -> X -> [W] -> X) -prop_foldlPL' = eq3 - (P.foldl' :: (X -> W -> X) -> X -> P -> X) - ( foldl' :: (X -> W -> X) -> X -> [W] -> X) -prop_foldrPL = eq3 - (P.foldr :: (W -> X -> X) -> X -> P -> X) - ( foldr :: (W -> X -> X) -> X -> [W] -> X) -prop_mapAccumLPL= eq3 - (P.mapAccumL :: (X -> W -> (X,W)) -> X -> P -> (X, P)) - ( mapAccumL :: (X -> W -> (X,W)) -> X -> [W] -> (X, [W])) -prop_mapAccumRPL= eq3 - (P.mapAccumR :: (X -> W -> (X,W)) -> X -> P -> (X, P)) - ( mapAccumR :: (X -> W -> (X,W)) -> X -> [W] -> (X, [W])) -prop_unfoldrPL = eq3 - ((\n f a -> fst $ - P.unfoldrN n f a) :: Int -> (X -> Maybe (W,X)) -> X -> P) - ((\n f a -> take n $ - unfoldr f a) :: Int -> (X -> Maybe (W,X)) -> X -> [W]) - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- --- --- These are miscellaneous tests left over. Or else they test some --- property internal to a type (i.e. head . sort == minimum), without --- reference to a model type. --- - -invariant :: L.ByteString -> Bool -invariant Empty = True -invariant (Chunk c cs) = not (P.null c) && invariant cs - -prop_invariant = invariant - -prop_eq_refl x = x == (x :: ByteString) -prop_eq_symm x y = (x == y) == (y == (x :: ByteString)) - -prop_eq1 xs = xs == (unpack . pack $ xs) -prop_eq2 xs = xs == (xs :: ByteString) -prop_eq3 xs ys = (xs == ys) == (unpack xs == unpack ys) - -prop_compare1 xs = (pack xs `compare` pack xs) == EQ -prop_compare2 xs c = (pack (xs++[c]) `compare` pack xs) == GT -prop_compare3 xs c = (pack xs `compare` pack (xs++[c])) == LT - -prop_compare4 xs = (not (null xs)) ==> (pack xs `compare` L.empty) == GT -prop_compare5 xs = (not (null xs)) ==> (L.empty `compare` pack xs) == LT -prop_compare6 xs ys = (not (null ys)) ==> (pack (xs++ys) `compare` pack xs) == GT - -prop_compare7 x y = x `compare` y == (L.singleton x `compare` L.singleton y) -prop_compare8 xs ys = xs `compare` ys == (L.pack xs `compare` L.pack ys) - -prop_compare7LL x y = x `compare` y == (LC.singleton x `compare` LC.singleton y) - -prop_empty1 = L.length L.empty == 0 -prop_empty2 = L.unpack L.empty == [] - -prop_packunpack s = (L.unpack . L.pack) s == id s -prop_unpackpack s = (L.pack . L.unpack) s == id s - -prop_null xs = null (L.unpack xs) == L.null xs - -prop_length1 xs = fromIntegral (length xs) == L.length (L.pack xs) - -prop_length2 xs = L.length xs == length1 xs - where length1 ys - | L.null ys = 0 - | otherwise = 1 + length1 (L.tail ys) - -prop_cons1 c xs = unpack (L.cons c (pack xs)) == (c:xs) -prop_cons2 c = L.singleton c == (c `L.cons` L.empty) -prop_cons3 c = unpack (L.singleton c) == (c:[]) -prop_cons4 c = (c `L.cons` L.empty) == pack (c:[]) - -prop_snoc1 xs c = xs ++ [c] == unpack ((pack xs) `L.snoc` c) - -prop_head xs = (not (null xs)) ==> head xs == (L.head . pack) xs -prop_head1 xs = not (L.null xs) ==> L.head xs == head (L.unpack xs) - -prop_tail xs = not (L.null xs) ==> L.tail xs == pack (tail (unpack xs)) -prop_tail1 xs = (not (null xs)) ==> tail xs == (unpack . L.tail . pack) xs - -prop_last xs = (not (null xs)) ==> last xs == (L.last . pack) xs - -prop_init xs = - (not (null xs)) ==> - init xs == (unpack . L.init . pack) xs - -prop_append1 xs = (xs ++ xs) == (unpack $ pack xs `L.append` pack xs) -prop_append2 xs ys = (xs ++ ys) == (unpack $ pack xs `L.append` pack ys) -prop_append3 xs ys = L.append xs ys == pack (unpack xs ++ unpack ys) - -prop_map1 f xs = L.map f (pack xs) == pack (map f xs) -prop_map2 f g xs = L.map f (L.map g xs) == L.map (f . g) xs -prop_map3 f xs = map f xs == (unpack . L.map f . pack) xs - -prop_filter1 c xs = (filter (/=c) xs) == (unpack $ L.filter (/=c) (pack xs)) -prop_filter2 p xs = (filter p xs) == (unpack $ L.filter p (pack xs)) - -prop_reverse xs = reverse xs == (unpack . L.reverse . pack) xs -prop_reverse1 xs = L.reverse (pack xs) == pack (reverse xs) -prop_reverse2 xs = reverse (unpack xs) == (unpack . L.reverse) xs - -prop_transpose xs = (transpose xs) == ((map unpack) . L.transpose . (map pack)) xs - -prop_foldl f c xs = L.foldl f c (pack xs) == foldl f c xs - where _ = c :: Char - -prop_foldr f c xs = L.foldl f c (pack xs) == foldl f c xs - where _ = c :: Char - -prop_foldl_1 xs = L.foldl (\xs c -> c `L.cons` xs) L.empty xs == L.reverse xs -prop_foldr_1 xs = L.foldr (\c xs -> c `L.cons` xs) L.empty xs == id xs - -prop_foldl1_1 xs = - (not . L.null) xs ==> - L.foldl1 (\x c -> if c > x then c else x) xs == - L.foldl (\x c -> if c > x then c else x) 0 xs - -prop_foldl1_2 xs = - (not . L.null) xs ==> - L.foldl1 const xs == L.head xs - -prop_foldl1_3 xs = - (not . L.null) xs ==> - L.foldl1 (flip const) xs == L.last xs - -prop_foldr1_1 xs = - (not . L.null) xs ==> - L.foldr1 (\c x -> if c > x then c else x) xs == - L.foldr (\c x -> if c > x then c else x) 0 xs - -prop_foldr1_2 xs = - (not . L.null) xs ==> - L.foldr1 (flip const) xs == L.last xs - -prop_foldr1_3 xs = - (not . L.null) xs ==> - L.foldr1 const xs == L.head xs - -prop_concat1 xs = (concat [xs,xs]) == (unpack $ L.concat [pack xs, pack xs]) -prop_concat2 xs = (concat [xs,[]]) == (unpack $ L.concat [pack xs, pack []]) -prop_concat3 xss = L.concat (map pack xss) == pack (concat xss) - -prop_concatMap xs = L.concatMap L.singleton xs == (pack . concatMap (:[]) . unpack) xs - -prop_any xs a = (any (== a) xs) == (L.any (== a) (pack xs)) -prop_all xs a = (all (== a) xs) == (L.all (== a) (pack xs)) - -prop_maximum xs = (not (null xs)) ==> (maximum xs) == (L.maximum ( pack xs )) -prop_minimum xs = (not (null xs)) ==> (minimum xs) == (L.minimum ( pack xs )) - -prop_replicate1 n c = - (n >= 0) ==> unpack (L.replicate (fromIntegral n) c) == replicate n c - -prop_replicate2 c = unpack (L.replicate 0 c) == replicate 0 c - -prop_take1 i xs = L.take (fromIntegral i) (pack xs) == pack (take i xs) -prop_drop1 i xs = L.drop (fromIntegral i) (pack xs) == pack (drop i xs) - -prop_splitAt i xs = collect (i >= 0 && i < length xs) $ - L.splitAt (fromIntegral i) (pack xs) == let (a,b) = splitAt i xs in (pack a, pack b) - -prop_takeWhile f xs = L.takeWhile f (pack xs) == pack (takeWhile f xs) -prop_dropWhile f xs = L.dropWhile f (pack xs) == pack (dropWhile f xs) - -prop_break f xs = L.break f (pack xs) == - let (a,b) = break f xs in (pack a, pack b) - -prop_breakspan xs c = L.break (==c) xs == L.span (/=c) xs - -prop_span xs a = (span (/=a) xs) == (let (x,y) = L.span (/=a) (pack xs) in (unpack x, unpack y)) - --- prop_breakByte xs c = L.break (== c) xs == L.breakByte c xs - --- prop_spanByte c xs = (L.span (==c) xs) == L.spanByte c xs - -prop_split c xs = (map L.unpack . map checkInvariant . L.split c $ xs) - == (map P.unpack . P.split c . P.pack . L.unpack $ xs) - -prop_splitWith f xs = (l1 == l2 || l1 == l2+1) && - sum (map L.length splits) == L.length xs - l2 - where splits = L.splitWith f xs - l1 = fromIntegral (length splits) - l2 = L.length (L.filter f xs) - -prop_splitWith_D f xs = (l1 == l2 || l1 == l2+1) && - sum (map D.length splits) == D.length xs - l2 - where splits = D.splitWith f xs - l1 = fromIntegral (length splits) - l2 = D.length (D.filter f xs) - -prop_splitWith_C f xs = (l1 == l2 || l1 == l2+1) && - sum (map C.length splits) == C.length xs - l2 - where splits = C.splitWith f xs - l1 = fromIntegral (length splits) - l2 = C.length (C.filter f xs) - -prop_joinsplit c xs = L.intercalate (pack [c]) (L.split c xs) == id xs - -prop_group xs = group xs == (map unpack . L.group . pack) xs -prop_groupBy f xs = groupBy f xs == (map unpack . L.groupBy f . pack) xs -prop_groupBy_LC f xs = groupBy f xs == (map LC.unpack . LC.groupBy f . LC.pack) xs - --- prop_joinjoinByte xs ys c = L.joinWithByte c xs ys == L.join (L.singleton c) [xs,ys] - -prop_index xs = - not (null xs) ==> - forAll indices $ \i -> (xs !! i) == L.pack xs `L.index` (fromIntegral i) - where indices = choose (0, length xs -1) - -prop_index_D xs = - not (null xs) ==> - forAll indices $ \i -> (xs !! i) == D.pack xs `D.index` (fromIntegral i) - where indices = choose (0, length xs -1) - -prop_index_C xs = - not (null xs) ==> - forAll indices $ \i -> (xs !! i) == C.pack xs `C.index` (fromIntegral i) - where indices = choose (0, length xs -1) - -prop_elemIndex xs c = (elemIndex c xs) == fmap fromIntegral (L.elemIndex c (pack xs)) -prop_elemIndexCL xs c = (elemIndex c xs) == (C.elemIndex c (C.pack xs)) - -prop_elemIndices xs c = elemIndices c xs == map fromIntegral (L.elemIndices c (pack xs)) - -prop_count c xs = length (L.elemIndices c xs) == fromIntegral (L.count c xs) - -prop_findIndex xs f = (findIndex f xs) == fmap fromIntegral (L.findIndex f (pack xs)) -prop_findIndicies xs f = (findIndices f xs) == map fromIntegral (L.findIndices f (pack xs)) - -prop_elem xs c = (c `elem` xs) == (c `L.elem` (pack xs)) -prop_notElem xs c = (c `notElem` xs) == (L.notElem c (pack xs)) -prop_elem_notelem xs c = c `L.elem` xs == not (c `L.notElem` xs) - --- prop_filterByte xs c = L.filterByte c xs == L.filter (==c) xs --- prop_filterByte2 xs c = unpack (L.filterByte c xs) == filter (==c) (unpack xs) - --- prop_filterNotByte xs c = L.filterNotByte c xs == L.filter (/=c) xs --- prop_filterNotByte2 xs c = unpack (L.filterNotByte c xs) == filter (/=c) (unpack xs) - -prop_find p xs = find p xs == L.find p (pack xs) - -prop_find_findIndex p xs = - L.find p xs == case L.findIndex p xs of - Just n -> Just (xs `L.index` n) - _ -> Nothing - -prop_isPrefixOf xs ys = isPrefixOf xs ys == (pack xs `L.isPrefixOf` pack ys) - -{- -prop_sort1 xs = sort xs == (unpack . L.sort . pack) xs -prop_sort2 xs = (not (null xs)) ==> (L.head . L.sort . pack $ xs) == minimum xs -prop_sort3 xs = (not (null xs)) ==> (L.last . L.sort . pack $ xs) == maximum xs -prop_sort4 xs ys = - (not (null xs)) ==> - (not (null ys)) ==> - (L.head . L.sort) (L.append (pack xs) (pack ys)) == min (minimum xs) (minimum ys) - -prop_sort5 xs ys = - (not (null xs)) ==> - (not (null ys)) ==> - (L.last . L.sort) (L.append (pack xs) (pack ys)) == max (maximum xs) (maximum ys) - --} - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- --- Misc ByteString properties - -prop_nil1BB = P.length P.empty == 0 -prop_nil2BB = P.unpack P.empty == [] -prop_nil1BB_monoid = P.length mempty == 0 -prop_nil2BB_monoid = P.unpack mempty == [] - -prop_nil1LL_monoid = L.length mempty == 0 -prop_nil2LL_monoid = L.unpack mempty == [] - -prop_tailSBB xs = not (P.null xs) ==> P.tail xs == P.pack (tail (P.unpack xs)) - -prop_nullBB xs = null (P.unpack xs) == P.null xs - -prop_lengthBB xs = P.length xs == length1 xs - where - length1 ys - | P.null ys = 0 - | otherwise = 1 + length1 (P.tail ys) - -prop_lengthSBB xs = length xs == P.length (P.pack xs) - -prop_indexBB xs = - not (null xs) ==> - forAll indices $ \i -> (xs !! i) == P.pack xs `P.index` i - where indices = choose (0, length xs -1) - -prop_unsafeIndexBB xs = - not (null xs) ==> - forAll indices $ \i -> (xs !! i) == P.pack xs `P.unsafeIndex` i - where indices = choose (0, length xs -1) - -prop_mapfusionBB f g xs = P.map f (P.map g xs) == P.map (f . g) xs - -prop_filterBB f xs = P.filter f (P.pack xs) == P.pack (filter f xs) - -prop_filterfusionBB f g xs = P.filter f (P.filter g xs) == P.filter (\c -> f c && g c) xs - -prop_elemSBB x xs = P.elem x (P.pack xs) == elem x xs - -prop_takeSBB i xs = P.take i (P.pack xs) == P.pack (take i xs) -prop_dropSBB i xs = P.drop i (P.pack xs) == P.pack (drop i xs) - -prop_splitAtSBB i xs = -- collect (i >= 0 && i < length xs) $ - P.splitAt i (P.pack xs) == - let (a,b) = splitAt i xs in (P.pack a, P.pack b) - -prop_foldlBB f c xs = P.foldl f c (P.pack xs) == foldl f c xs - where types = c :: Char - -prop_scanlfoldlBB f z xs = not (P.null xs) ==> P.last (P.scanl f z xs) == P.foldl f z xs - -prop_foldrBB f c xs = P.foldl f c (P.pack xs) == foldl f c xs - where types = c :: Char - -prop_takeWhileSBB f xs = P.takeWhile f (P.pack xs) == P.pack (takeWhile f xs) -prop_dropWhileSBB f xs = P.dropWhile f (P.pack xs) == P.pack (dropWhile f xs) - -prop_spanSBB f xs = P.span f (P.pack xs) == - let (a,b) = span f xs in (P.pack a, P.pack b) - -prop_breakSBB f xs = P.break f (P.pack xs) == - let (a,b) = break f xs in (P.pack a, P.pack b) - -prop_breakspan_1BB xs c = P.break (== c) xs == P.span (/= c) xs - -prop_linesSBB xs = C.lines (C.pack xs) == map C.pack (lines xs) - -prop_unlinesSBB xss = C.unlines (map C.pack xss) == C.pack (unlines xss) - -prop_wordsSBB xs = - C.words (C.pack xs) == map C.pack (words xs) - -prop_wordsLC xs = - LC.words (LC.pack xs) == map LC.pack (words xs) - -prop_unwordsSBB xss = C.unwords (map C.pack xss) == C.pack (unwords xss) -prop_unwordsSLC xss = LC.unwords (map LC.pack xss) == LC.pack (unwords xss) - -prop_splitWithBB f xs = (l1 == l2 || l1 == l2+1) && - sum (map P.length splits) == P.length xs - l2 - where splits = P.splitWith f xs - l1 = length splits - l2 = P.length (P.filter f xs) - -prop_joinsplitBB c xs = P.intercalate (P.pack [c]) (P.split c xs) == xs - -prop_intercalatePL c x y = - - P.intercalate (P.singleton c) (x : y : []) == - -- intercalate (singleton c) (s1 : s2 : []) - - P.pack (intercalate [c] [P.unpack x,P.unpack y]) - --- prop_linessplitBB xs = --- (not . C.null) xs ==> --- C.lines' xs == C.split '\n' xs - --- false: -{- -prop_linessplit2BB xs = - (not . C.null) xs ==> - C.lines xs == C.split '\n' xs ++ (if C.last xs == '\n' then [C.empty] else []) --} - -prop_splitsplitWithBB c xs = P.split c xs == P.splitWith (== c) xs - -prop_bijectionBB c = (P.w2c . P.c2w) c == id c -prop_bijectionBB' w = (P.c2w . P.w2c) w == id w - -prop_packunpackBB s = (P.unpack . P.pack) s == id s -prop_packunpackBB' s = (P.pack . P.unpack) s == id s - -prop_eq1BB xs = xs == (P.unpack . P.pack $ xs) -prop_eq2BB xs = xs == (xs :: P.ByteString) -prop_eq3BB xs ys = (xs == ys) == (P.unpack xs == P.unpack ys) - -prop_compare1BB xs = (P.pack xs `compare` P.pack xs) == EQ -prop_compare2BB xs c = (P.pack (xs++[c]) `compare` P.pack xs) == GT -prop_compare3BB xs c = (P.pack xs `compare` P.pack (xs++[c])) == LT - -prop_compare4BB xs = (not (null xs)) ==> (P.pack xs `compare` P.empty) == GT -prop_compare5BB xs = (not (null xs)) ==> (P.empty `compare` P.pack xs) == LT -prop_compare6BB xs ys= (not (null ys)) ==> (P.pack (xs++ys) `compare` P.pack xs) == GT - -prop_compare7BB x y = x `compare` y == (C.singleton x `compare` C.singleton y) -prop_compare8BB xs ys = xs `compare` ys == (P.pack xs `compare` P.pack ys) - -prop_consBB c xs = P.unpack (P.cons c (P.pack xs)) == (c:xs) -prop_cons1BB xs = 'X' : xs == C.unpack ('X' `C.cons` (C.pack xs)) -prop_cons2BB xs c = c : xs == P.unpack (c `P.cons` (P.pack xs)) -prop_cons3BB c = C.unpack (C.singleton c) == (c:[]) -prop_cons4BB c = (c `P.cons` P.empty) == P.pack (c:[]) - -prop_snoc1BB xs c = xs ++ [c] == P.unpack ((P.pack xs) `P.snoc` c) - -prop_head1BB xs = (not (null xs)) ==> head xs == (P.head . P.pack) xs -prop_head2BB xs = (not (null xs)) ==> head xs == (P.unsafeHead . P.pack) xs -prop_head3BB xs = not (P.null xs) ==> P.head xs == head (P.unpack xs) - -prop_tailBB xs = (not (null xs)) ==> tail xs == (P.unpack . P.tail . P.pack) xs -prop_tail1BB xs = (not (null xs)) ==> tail xs == (P.unpack . P.unsafeTail. P.pack) xs - -prop_lastBB xs = (not (null xs)) ==> last xs == (P.last . P.pack) xs - -prop_initBB xs = - (not (null xs)) ==> - init xs == (P.unpack . P.init . P.pack) xs - --- prop_null xs = (null xs) ==> null xs == (nullPS (pack xs)) - -prop_append1BB xs = (xs ++ xs) == (P.unpack $ P.pack xs `P.append` P.pack xs) -prop_append2BB xs ys = (xs ++ ys) == (P.unpack $ P.pack xs `P.append` P.pack ys) -prop_append3BB xs ys = P.append xs ys == P.pack (P.unpack xs ++ P.unpack ys) - -prop_append1BB_monoid xs = (xs ++ xs) == (P.unpack $ P.pack xs `mappend` P.pack xs) -prop_append2BB_monoid xs ys = (xs ++ ys) == (P.unpack $ P.pack xs `mappend` P.pack ys) -prop_append3BB_monoid xs ys = mappend xs ys == P.pack (P.unpack xs ++ P.unpack ys) - -prop_append1LL_monoid xs = (xs ++ xs) == (L.unpack $ L.pack xs `mappend` L.pack xs) -prop_append2LL_monoid xs ys = (xs ++ ys) == (L.unpack $ L.pack xs `mappend` L.pack ys) -prop_append3LL_monoid xs ys = mappend xs ys == L.pack (L.unpack xs ++ L.unpack ys) - -prop_map1BB f xs = P.map f (P.pack xs) == P.pack (map f xs) -prop_map2BB f g xs = P.map f (P.map g xs) == P.map (f . g) xs -prop_map3BB f xs = map f xs == (P.unpack . P.map f . P.pack) xs --- prop_mapBB' f xs = P.map' f (P.pack xs) == P.pack (map f xs) - -prop_filter1BB xs = (filter (=='X') xs) == (C.unpack $ C.filter (=='X') (C.pack xs)) -prop_filter2BB p xs = (filter p xs) == (P.unpack $ P.filter p (P.pack xs)) - -prop_findBB p xs = find p xs == P.find p (P.pack xs) - -prop_find_findIndexBB p xs = - P.find p xs == case P.findIndex p xs of - Just n -> Just (xs `P.unsafeIndex` n) - _ -> Nothing - -prop_foldl1BB xs a = ((foldl (\x c -> if c == a then x else c:x) [] xs)) == - (P.unpack $ P.foldl (\x c -> if c == a then x else c `P.cons` x) P.empty (P.pack xs)) -prop_foldl2BB xs = P.foldl (\xs c -> c `P.cons` xs) P.empty (P.pack xs) == P.reverse (P.pack xs) - -prop_foldr1BB xs a = ((foldr (\c x -> if c == a then x else c:x) [] xs)) == - (P.unpack $ P.foldr (\c x -> if c == a then x else c `P.cons` x) - P.empty (P.pack xs)) - -prop_foldr2BB xs = P.foldr (\c xs -> c `P.cons` xs) P.empty (P.pack xs) == (P.pack xs) - -prop_foldl1_1BB xs = - (not . P.null) xs ==> - P.foldl1 (\x c -> if c > x then c else x) xs == - P.foldl (\x c -> if c > x then c else x) 0 xs - -prop_foldl1_2BB xs = - (not . P.null) xs ==> - P.foldl1 const xs == P.head xs - -prop_foldl1_3BB xs = - (not . P.null) xs ==> - P.foldl1 (flip const) xs == P.last xs - -prop_foldr1_1BB xs = - (not . P.null) xs ==> - P.foldr1 (\c x -> if c > x then c else x) xs == - P.foldr (\c x -> if c > x then c else x) 0 xs - -prop_foldr1_2BB xs = - (not . P.null) xs ==> - P.foldr1 (flip const) xs == P.last xs - -prop_foldr1_3BB xs = - (not . P.null) xs ==> - P.foldr1 const xs == P.head xs - -prop_takeWhileBB xs a = (takeWhile (/= a) xs) == (P.unpack . (P.takeWhile (/= a)) . P.pack) xs - -prop_dropWhileBB xs a = (dropWhile (/= a) xs) == (P.unpack . (P.dropWhile (/= a)) . P.pack) xs - -prop_dropWhileCC_isSpace xs = - (dropWhile isSpace xs) == - (C.unpack . (C.dropWhile isSpace) . C.pack) xs - -prop_takeBB xs = (take 10 xs) == (P.unpack . (P.take 10) . P.pack) xs - -prop_dropBB xs = (drop 10 xs) == (P.unpack . (P.drop 10) . P.pack) xs - -prop_splitAtBB i xs = -- collect (i >= 0 && i < length xs) $ - splitAt i xs == - let (x,y) = P.splitAt i (P.pack xs) in (P.unpack x, P.unpack y) - -prop_spanBB xs a = (span (/=a) xs) == (let (x,y) = P.span (/=a) (P.pack xs) - in (P.unpack x, P.unpack y)) - -prop_breakBB xs a = (break (/=a) xs) == (let (x,y) = P.break (/=a) (P.pack xs) - in (P.unpack x, P.unpack y)) - -prop_reverse1BB xs = (reverse xs) == (P.unpack . P.reverse . P.pack) xs -prop_reverse2BB xs = P.reverse (P.pack xs) == P.pack (reverse xs) -prop_reverse3BB xs = reverse (P.unpack xs) == (P.unpack . P.reverse) xs - -prop_elemBB xs a = (a `elem` xs) == (a `P.elem` (P.pack xs)) - -prop_notElemBB c xs = P.notElem c (P.pack xs) == notElem c xs - --- should try to stress it -prop_concat1BB xs = (concat [xs,xs]) == (P.unpack $ P.concat [P.pack xs, P.pack xs]) -prop_concat2BB xs = (concat [xs,[]]) == (P.unpack $ P.concat [P.pack xs, P.pack []]) -prop_concatBB xss = P.concat (map P.pack xss) == P.pack (concat xss) - -prop_concat1BB_monoid xs = (concat [xs,xs]) == (P.unpack $ mconcat [P.pack xs, P.pack xs]) -prop_concat2BB_monoid xs = (concat [xs,[]]) == (P.unpack $ mconcat [P.pack xs, P.pack []]) -prop_concatBB_monoid xss = mconcat (map P.pack xss) == P.pack (concat xss) - -prop_concat1LL_monoid xs = (concat [xs,xs]) == (L.unpack $ mconcat [L.pack xs, L.pack xs]) -prop_concat2LL_monoid xs = (concat [xs,[]]) == (L.unpack $ mconcat [L.pack xs, L.pack []]) -prop_concatLL_monoid xss = mconcat (map L.pack xss) == L.pack (concat xss) - -prop_concatMapBB xs = C.concatMap C.singleton xs == (C.pack . concatMap (:[]) . C.unpack) xs - -prop_anyBB xs a = (any (== a) xs) == (P.any (== a) (P.pack xs)) -prop_allBB xs a = (all (== a) xs) == (P.all (== a) (P.pack xs)) - -prop_linesBB xs = (lines xs) == ((map C.unpack) . C.lines . C.pack) xs - -prop_unlinesBB xs = (unlines.lines) xs == (C.unpack. C.unlines . C.lines .C.pack) xs -prop_unlinesLC xs = (unlines.lines) xs == (LC.unpack. LC.unlines . LC.lines .LC.pack) xs - -prop_wordsBB xs = - (words xs) == ((map C.unpack) . C.words . C.pack) xs --- prop_wordstokensBB xs = C.words xs == C.tokens isSpace xs - -prop_unwordsBB xs = - (C.pack.unwords.words) xs == (C.unwords . C.words .C.pack) xs - -prop_groupBB xs = group xs == (map P.unpack . P.group . P.pack) xs - -prop_groupByBB xs = groupBy (==) xs == (map P.unpack . P.groupBy (==) . P.pack) xs -prop_groupByCC xs = groupBy (==) xs == (map C.unpack . C.groupBy (==) . C.pack) xs -prop_groupBy1BB xs = groupBy (/=) xs == (map P.unpack . P.groupBy (/=) . P.pack) xs -prop_groupBy1CC xs = groupBy (/=) xs == (map C.unpack . C.groupBy (/=) . C.pack) xs - -prop_joinBB xs ys = (concat . (intersperse ys) . lines) xs == - (C.unpack $ C.intercalate (C.pack ys) (C.lines (C.pack xs))) - -prop_elemIndex1BB xs = (elemIndex 'X' xs) == (C.elemIndex 'X' (C.pack xs)) -prop_elemIndex2BB xs c = (elemIndex c xs) == (C.elemIndex c (C.pack xs)) - --- prop_lineIndices1BB xs = C.elemIndices '\n' xs == C.lineIndices xs - -prop_countBB c xs = length (P.elemIndices c xs) == P.count c xs - -prop_elemIndexEnd1BB c xs = (P.elemIndexEnd c (P.pack xs)) == - (case P.elemIndex c (P.pack (reverse xs)) of - Nothing -> Nothing - Just i -> Just (length xs -1 -i)) - -prop_elemIndexEnd1CC c xs = (C.elemIndexEnd c (C.pack xs)) == - (case C.elemIndex c (C.pack (reverse xs)) of - Nothing -> Nothing - Just i -> Just (length xs -1 -i)) - -prop_elemIndexEnd2BB c xs = (P.elemIndexEnd c (P.pack xs)) == - ((-) (length xs - 1) `fmap` P.elemIndex c (P.pack $ reverse xs)) - -prop_elemIndicesBB xs c = elemIndices c xs == P.elemIndices c (P.pack xs) - -prop_findIndexBB xs a = (findIndex (==a) xs) == (P.findIndex (==a) (P.pack xs)) - -prop_findIndiciesBB xs c = (findIndices (==c) xs) == (P.findIndices (==c) (P.pack xs)) - --- example properties from QuickCheck.Batch -prop_sort1BB xs = sort xs == (P.unpack . P.sort . P.pack) xs -prop_sort2BB xs = (not (null xs)) ==> (P.head . P.sort . P.pack $ xs) == minimum xs -prop_sort3BB xs = (not (null xs)) ==> (P.last . P.sort . P.pack $ xs) == maximum xs -prop_sort4BB xs ys = - (not (null xs)) ==> - (not (null ys)) ==> - (P.head . P.sort) (P.append (P.pack xs) (P.pack ys)) == min (minimum xs) (minimum ys) -prop_sort5BB xs ys = - (not (null xs)) ==> - (not (null ys)) ==> - (P.last . P.sort) (P.append (P.pack xs) (P.pack ys)) == max (maximum xs) (maximum ys) - -prop_intersperseBB c xs = (intersperse c xs) == (P.unpack $ P.intersperse c (P.pack xs)) - --- prop_transposeBB xs = (transpose xs) == ((map P.unpack) . P.transpose . (map P.pack)) xs - -prop_maximumBB xs = (not (null xs)) ==> (maximum xs) == (P.maximum ( P.pack xs )) -prop_minimumBB xs = (not (null xs)) ==> (minimum xs) == (P.minimum ( P.pack xs )) - --- prop_dropSpaceBB xs = dropWhile isSpace xs == C.unpack (C.dropSpace (C.pack xs)) --- prop_dropSpaceEndBB xs = (C.reverse . (C.dropWhile isSpace) . C.reverse) (C.pack xs) == --- (C.dropSpaceEnd (C.pack xs)) - --- prop_breakSpaceBB xs = --- (let (x,y) = C.breakSpace (C.pack xs) --- in (C.unpack x, C.unpack y)) == (break isSpace xs) - -prop_spanEndBB xs = - (C.spanEnd (not . isSpace) (C.pack xs)) == - (let (x,y) = C.span (not.isSpace) (C.reverse (C.pack xs)) in (C.reverse y,C.reverse x)) - -prop_breakEndBB p xs = P.breakEnd (not.p) xs == P.spanEnd p xs -prop_breakEndCC p xs = C.breakEnd (not.p) xs == C.spanEnd p xs - -{- -prop_breakCharBB c xs = - (break (==c) xs) == - (let (x,y) = C.breakChar c (C.pack xs) in (C.unpack x, C.unpack y)) - -prop_spanCharBB c xs = - (break (/=c) xs) == - (let (x,y) = C.spanChar c (C.pack xs) in (C.unpack x, C.unpack y)) - -prop_spanChar_1BB c xs = - (C.span (==c) xs) == C.spanChar c xs - -prop_wordsBB' xs = - (C.unpack . C.unwords . C.words' . C.pack) xs == - (map (\c -> if isSpace c then ' ' else c) xs) - --- prop_linesBB' xs = (C.unpack . C.unlines' . C.lines' . C.pack) xs == (xs) --} - -prop_unfoldrBB c n = - (fst $ C.unfoldrN n fn c) == (C.pack $ take n $ unfoldr fn c) - where - fn x = Just (x, chr (ord x + 1)) - -prop_prefixBB xs ys = isPrefixOf xs ys == (P.pack xs `P.isPrefixOf` P.pack ys) -prop_suffixBB xs ys = isSuffixOf xs ys == (P.pack xs `P.isSuffixOf` P.pack ys) -prop_suffixLL xs ys = isSuffixOf xs ys == (L.pack xs `L.isSuffixOf` L.pack ys) - -prop_copyBB xs = let p = P.pack xs in P.copy p == p -prop_copyLL xs = let p = L.pack xs in L.copy p == p - -prop_initsBB xs = inits xs == map P.unpack (P.inits (P.pack xs)) - -prop_tailsBB xs = tails xs == map P.unpack (P.tails (P.pack xs)) - -prop_findSubstringsBB s x l - = C.findSubstrings (C.pack p) (C.pack s) == naive_findSubstrings p s - where - _ = l :: Int - _ = x :: Int - - -- we look for some random substring of the test string - p = take (model l) $ drop (model x) s - - -- naive reference implementation - naive_findSubstrings :: String -> String -> [Int] - naive_findSubstrings p s = [x | x <- [0..length s], p `isPrefixOf` drop x s] - -prop_findSubstringBB s x l - = C.findSubstring (C.pack p) (C.pack s) == naive_findSubstring p s - where - _ = l :: Int - _ = x :: Int - - -- we look for some random substring of the test string - p = take (model l) $ drop (model x) s - - -- naive reference implementation - naive_findSubstring :: String -> String -> Maybe Int - naive_findSubstring p s = listToMaybe [x | x <- [0..length s], p `isPrefixOf` drop x s] - --- correspondance between break and breakSubstring -prop_breakSubstringBB c l - = P.break (== c) l == P.breakSubstring (P.singleton c) l - -prop_breakSubstring_isInfixOf s l - = P.isInfixOf s l == if P.null s then True - else case P.breakSubstring s l of - (x,y) | P.null y -> False - | otherwise -> True - -prop_breakSubstring_findSubstring s l - = P.findSubstring s l == if P.null s then Just 0 - else case P.breakSubstring s l of - (x,y) | P.null y -> Nothing - | otherwise -> Just (P.length x) - -prop_replicate1BB n c = P.unpack (P.replicate n c) == replicate n c -prop_replicate2BB n c = P.replicate n c == fst (P.unfoldrN n (\u -> Just (u,u)) c) - -prop_replicate3BB c = P.unpack (P.replicate 0 c) == replicate 0 c - -prop_readintBB n = (fst . fromJust . C.readInt . C.pack . show) n == (n :: Int) -prop_readintLL n = (fst . fromJust . D.readInt . D.pack . show) n == (n :: Int) - -prop_readBB x = (read . show) x == (x :: P.ByteString) -prop_readLL x = (read . show) x == (x :: L.ByteString) - -prop_readint2BB s = - let s' = filter (\c -> c `notElem` ['0'..'9']) s - in C.readInt (C.pack s') == Nothing - -prop_readintegerBB n = (fst . fromJust . C.readInteger . C.pack . show) n == (n :: Integer) -prop_readintegerLL n = (fst . fromJust . D.readInteger . D.pack . show) n == (n :: Integer) - -prop_readinteger2BB s = - let s' = filter (\c -> c `notElem` ['0'..'9']) s - in C.readInteger (C.pack s') == Nothing - --- prop_filterChar1BB c xs = (filter (==c) xs) == ((C.unpack . C.filterChar c . C.pack) xs) --- prop_filterChar2BB c xs = (C.filter (==c) (C.pack xs)) == (C.filterChar c (C.pack xs)) --- prop_filterChar3BB c xs = C.filterChar c xs == C.replicate (C.count c xs) c - --- prop_filterNotChar1BB c xs = (filter (/=c) xs) == ((C.unpack . C.filterNotChar c . C.pack) xs) --- prop_filterNotChar2BB c xs = (C.filter (/=c) (C.pack xs)) == (C.filterNotChar c (C.pack xs)) - --- prop_joinjoinpathBB xs ys c = C.joinWithChar c xs ys == C.join (C.singleton c) [xs,ys] - -prop_zipBB xs ys = zip xs ys == P.zip (P.pack xs) (P.pack ys) -prop_zipLC xs ys = zip xs ys == LC.zip (LC.pack xs) (LC.pack ys) -prop_zip1BB xs ys = P.zip xs ys == zip (P.unpack xs) (P.unpack ys) - -prop_zipWithBB xs ys = P.zipWith (,) xs ys == P.zip xs ys -prop_zipWithCC xs ys = C.zipWith (,) xs ys == C.zip xs ys -prop_zipWithLC xs ys = LC.zipWith (,) xs ys == LC.zip xs ys --- prop_zipWith'BB xs ys = P.pack (P.zipWith (+) xs ys) == P.zipWith' (+) xs ys - -prop_unzipBB x = let (xs,ys) = unzip x in (P.pack xs, P.pack ys) == P.unzip x - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- --- --- And check fusion RULES. --- - -{- -prop_lazylooploop em1 em2 start1 start2 arr = - loopL em2 start2 (loopArr (loopL em1 start1 arr)) == - loopSndAcc (loopL (em1 `fuseEFL` em2) (start1 :*: start2) arr) - where - _ = start1 :: Int - _ = start2 :: Int - -prop_looploop em1 em2 start1 start2 arr = - loopU em2 start2 (loopArr (loopU em1 start1 arr)) == - loopSndAcc (loopU (em1 `fuseEFL` em2) (start1 :*: start2) arr) - where - _ = start1 :: Int - _ = start2 :: Int - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - --- check associativity of sequence loops -prop_sequenceloops_assoc n m o x y z a1 a2 a3 xs = - - k ((f * g) * h) == k (f * (g * h)) -- associativity - - where - (*) = sequenceLoops - f = (sel n) x a1 - g = (sel m) y a2 - h = (sel o) z a3 - - _ = a1 :: Int; _ = a2 :: Int; _ = a3 :: Int - k g = loopArr (loopWrapper g xs) - --- check wrapper elimination -prop_loop_loop_wrapper_elimination n m x y a1 a2 xs = - loopWrapper g (loopArr (loopWrapper f xs)) == - loopSndAcc (loopWrapper (sequenceLoops f g) xs) - where - f = (sel n) x a1 - g = (sel m) y a2 - _ = a1 :: Int; _ = a2 :: Int - -sel :: Bool - -> (acc -> Word8 -> PairS acc (MaybeS Word8)) - -> acc - -> Ptr Word8 - -> Ptr Word8 - -> Int - -> IO (PairS (PairS acc Int) Int) -sel False = doDownLoop -sel True = doUpLoop - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- --- --- Test fusion forms --- - -prop_up_up_loop_fusion f1 f2 acc1 acc2 xs = - k (sequenceLoops (doUpLoop f1 acc1) (doUpLoop f2 acc2)) == - k (doUpLoop (f1 `fuseAccAccEFL` f2) (acc1 :*: acc2)) - where _ = acc1 :: Int; _ = acc2 :: Int; k g = loopWrapper g xs - -prop_down_down_loop_fusion f1 f2 acc1 acc2 xs = - k (sequenceLoops (doDownLoop f1 acc1) (doDownLoop f2 acc2)) == - k (doDownLoop (f1 `fuseAccAccEFL` f2) (acc1 :*: acc2)) - where _ = acc1 :: Int ; _ = acc2 :: Int ; k g = loopWrapper g xs - -prop_noAcc_noAcc_loop_fusion f1 f2 acc1 acc2 xs = - k (sequenceLoops (doNoAccLoop f1 acc1) (doNoAccLoop f2 acc2)) == - k (doNoAccLoop (f1 `fuseNoAccNoAccEFL` f2) (acc1 :*: acc2)) - where _ = acc1 :: Int ; _ = acc2 :: Int ; k g = loopWrapper g xs - -prop_noAcc_up_loop_fusion f1 f2 acc1 acc2 xs = - k (sequenceLoops (doNoAccLoop f1 acc1) (doUpLoop f2 acc2)) == - k (doUpLoop (f1 `fuseNoAccAccEFL` f2) (acc1 :*: acc2)) - where _ = acc1 :: Int; _ = acc2 :: Int; k g = loopWrapper g xs - -prop_up_noAcc_loop_fusion f1 f2 acc1 acc2 xs = - k (sequenceLoops (doUpLoop f1 acc1) (doNoAccLoop f2 acc2)) == - k (doUpLoop (f1 `fuseAccNoAccEFL` f2) (acc1 :*: acc2)) - where _ = acc1 :: Int; _ = acc2 :: Int; k g = loopWrapper g xs - -prop_noAcc_down_loop_fusion f1 f2 acc1 acc2 xs = - k (sequenceLoops (doNoAccLoop f1 acc1) (doDownLoop f2 acc2)) == - k (doDownLoop (f1 `fuseNoAccAccEFL` f2) (acc1 :*: acc2)) - where _ = acc1 :: Int; _ = acc2 :: Int ; k g = loopWrapper g xs - -prop_down_noAcc_loop_fusion f1 f2 acc1 acc2 xs = - k (sequenceLoops (doDownLoop f1 acc1) (doNoAccLoop f2 acc2)) == - k (doDownLoop (f1 `fuseAccNoAccEFL` f2) (acc1 :*: acc2)) - where _ = acc1 :: Int; _ = acc2 :: Int; k g = loopWrapper g xs - -prop_map_map_loop_fusion f1 f2 acc1 acc2 xs = - k (sequenceLoops (doMapLoop f1 acc1) (doMapLoop f2 acc2)) == - k (doMapLoop (f1 `fuseMapMapEFL` f2) (acc1 :*: acc2)) - where _ = acc1 :: Int; _ = acc2 :: Int ; k g = loopWrapper g xs - -prop_filter_filter_loop_fusion f1 f2 acc1 acc2 xs = - k (sequenceLoops (doFilterLoop f1 acc1) (doFilterLoop f2 acc2)) == - k (doFilterLoop (f1 `fuseFilterFilterEFL` f2) (acc1 :*: acc2)) - where _ = acc1 :: Int; _ = acc2 :: Int ; k g = loopWrapper g xs - -prop_map_filter_loop_fusion f1 f2 acc1 acc2 xs = - k (sequenceLoops (doMapLoop f1 acc1) (doFilterLoop f2 acc2)) == - k (doNoAccLoop (f1 `fuseMapFilterEFL` f2) (acc1 :*: acc2)) - where _ = acc1 :: Int; _ = acc2 :: Int ; k g = loopWrapper g xs - -prop_filter_map_loop_fusion f1 f2 acc1 acc2 xs = - k (sequenceLoops (doFilterLoop f1 acc1) (doMapLoop f2 acc2)) == - k (doNoAccLoop (f1 `fuseFilterMapEFL` f2) (acc1 :*: acc2)) - where _ = acc1 :: Int; _ = acc2 :: Int ; k g = loopWrapper g xs - -prop_map_noAcc_loop_fusion f1 f2 acc1 acc2 xs = - k (sequenceLoops (doMapLoop f1 acc1) (doNoAccLoop f2 acc2)) == - k (doNoAccLoop (f1 `fuseMapNoAccEFL` f2) (acc1 :*: acc2)) - where _ = acc1 :: Int; _ = acc2 :: Int ; k g = loopWrapper g xs - -prop_noAcc_map_loop_fusion f1 f2 acc1 acc2 xs = - k (sequenceLoops (doNoAccLoop f1 acc1) (doMapLoop f2 acc2)) == - k (doNoAccLoop (f1 `fuseNoAccMapEFL` f2) (acc1 :*: acc2)) - where _ = acc1 :: Int; _ = acc2 :: Int ; k g = loopWrapper g xs - -prop_map_up_loop_fusion f1 f2 acc1 acc2 xs = - k (sequenceLoops (doMapLoop f1 acc1) (doUpLoop f2 acc2)) == - k (doUpLoop (f1 `fuseMapAccEFL` f2) (acc1 :*: acc2)) - where _ = acc1 :: Int; _ = acc2 :: Int ; k g = loopWrapper g xs - -prop_up_map_loop_fusion f1 f2 acc1 acc2 xs = - k (sequenceLoops (doUpLoop f1 acc1) (doMapLoop f2 acc2)) == - k (doUpLoop (f1 `fuseAccMapEFL` f2) (acc1 :*: acc2)) - where _ = acc1 :: Int; _ = acc2 :: Int ; k g = loopWrapper g xs - -prop_map_down_fusion f1 f2 acc1 acc2 xs = - k (sequenceLoops (doMapLoop f1 acc1) (doDownLoop f2 acc2)) == - k (doDownLoop (f1 `fuseMapAccEFL` f2) (acc1 :*: acc2)) - where _ = acc1 :: Int; _ = acc2 :: Int ; k g = loopWrapper g xs - -prop_down_map_loop_fusion f1 f2 acc1 acc2 xs = - k (sequenceLoops (doDownLoop f1 acc1) (doMapLoop f2 acc2)) == - k (doDownLoop (f1 `fuseAccMapEFL` f2) (acc1 :*: acc2)) - where _ = acc1 :: Int; _ = acc2 :: Int ; k g = loopWrapper g xs - -prop_filter_noAcc_loop_fusion f1 f2 acc1 acc2 xs = - k (sequenceLoops (doFilterLoop f1 acc1) (doNoAccLoop f2 acc2)) == - k (doNoAccLoop (f1 `fuseFilterNoAccEFL` f2) (acc1 :*: acc2)) - where _ = acc1 :: Int; _ = acc2 :: Int ; k g = loopWrapper g xs - -prop_noAcc_filter_loop_fusion f1 f2 acc1 acc2 xs = - k (sequenceLoops (doNoAccLoop f1 acc1) (doFilterLoop f2 acc2)) == - k (doNoAccLoop (f1 `fuseNoAccFilterEFL` f2) (acc1 :*: acc2)) - where _ = acc1 :: Int; _ = acc2 :: Int ; k g = loopWrapper g xs - -prop_filter_up_loop_fusion f1 f2 acc1 acc2 xs = - k (sequenceLoops (doFilterLoop f1 acc1) (doUpLoop f2 acc2)) == - k (doUpLoop (f1 `fuseFilterAccEFL` f2) (acc1 :*: acc2)) - where _ = acc1 :: Int; _ = acc2 :: Int ; k g = loopWrapper g xs - -prop_up_filter_loop_fusion f1 f2 acc1 acc2 xs = - k (sequenceLoops (doUpLoop f1 acc1) (doFilterLoop f2 acc2)) == - k (doUpLoop (f1 `fuseAccFilterEFL` f2) (acc1 :*: acc2)) - where _ = acc1 :: Int; _ = acc2 :: Int ; k g = loopWrapper g xs - -prop_filter_down_fusion f1 f2 acc1 acc2 xs = - k (sequenceLoops (doFilterLoop f1 acc1) (doDownLoop f2 acc2)) == - k (doDownLoop (f1 `fuseFilterAccEFL` f2) (acc1 :*: acc2)) - where _ = acc1 :: Int; _ = acc2 :: Int ; k g = loopWrapper g xs - -prop_down_filter_loop_fusion f1 f2 acc1 acc2 xs = - k (sequenceLoops (doDownLoop f1 acc1) (doFilterLoop f2 acc2)) == - k (doDownLoop (f1 `fuseAccFilterEFL` f2) (acc1 :*: acc2)) - where _ = acc1 :: Int; _ = acc2 :: Int ; k g = loopWrapper g xs - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -{- -prop_length_loop_fusion_1 f1 acc1 xs = - P.length (loopArr (loopWrapper (doUpLoop f1 acc1) xs)) == - P.lengthU (loopArr (loopWrapper (doUpLoop f1 acc1) xs)) - where _ = acc1 :: Int - -prop_length_loop_fusion_2 f1 acc1 xs = - P.length (loopArr (loopWrapper (doDownLoop f1 acc1) xs)) == - P.lengthU (loopArr (loopWrapper (doDownLoop f1 acc1) xs)) - where _ = acc1 :: Int - -prop_length_loop_fusion_3 f1 acc1 xs = - P.length (loopArr (loopWrapper (doMapLoop f1 acc1) xs)) == - P.lengthU (loopArr (loopWrapper (doMapLoop f1 acc1) xs)) - where _ = acc1 :: Int - -prop_length_loop_fusion_4 f1 acc1 xs = - P.length (loopArr (loopWrapper (doFilterLoop f1 acc1) xs)) == - P.lengthU (loopArr (loopWrapper (doFilterLoop f1 acc1) xs)) - where _ = acc1 :: Int --} - --} - --- prop_zipwith_spec f p q = --- P.pack (P.zipWith f p q) == P.zipWith' f p q --- where _ = f :: Word8 -> Word8 -> Word8 - --- prop_join_spec c s1 s2 = --- P.join (P.singleton c) (s1 : s2 : []) == P.joinWithByte c s1 s2 - --- prop_break_spec x s = --- P.break ((==) x) s == P.breakByte x s - --- prop_span_spec x s = --- P.span ((==) x) s == P.spanByte x s - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - --- Test IsString -prop_isstring x = C.unpack (fromString x :: C.ByteString) == x -prop_isstring_lc x = LC.unpack (fromString x :: LC.ByteString) == x - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- --- Unsafe functions - --- Test unsafePackAddress -prop_unsafePackAddress x = unsafePerformIO $ do - let (p,_,_) = P.toForeignPtr (x `P.snoc` 0) - y <- withForeignPtr p $ \(Ptr addr) -> - P.unsafePackAddress addr - return (y == x) - --- Test unsafePackAddressLen -prop_unsafePackAddressLen x = unsafePerformIO $ do - let i = P.length x - (p,_,_) = P.toForeignPtr (x `P.snoc` 0) - y <- withForeignPtr p $ \(Ptr addr) -> - P.unsafePackAddressLen i addr - return (y == x) - -prop_unsafeUseAsCString x = unsafePerformIO $ do - let n = P.length x - y <- P.unsafeUseAsCString x $ \cstr -> - sequence [ do a <- peekElemOff cstr i - let b = x `P.index` i - return (a == fromIntegral b) - | i <- [0.. n-1] ] - return (and y) - -prop_unsafeUseAsCStringLen x = unsafePerformIO $ do - let n = P.length x - y <- P.unsafeUseAsCStringLen x $ \(cstr,_) -> - sequence [ do a <- peekElemOff cstr i - let b = x `P.index` i - return (a == fromIntegral b) - | i <- [0.. n-1] ] - return (and y) - -prop_internal_invariant x = LP.invariant x - -prop_useAsCString x = unsafePerformIO $ do - let n = P.length x - y <- P.useAsCString x $ \cstr -> - sequence [ do a <- peekElemOff cstr i - let b = x `P.index` i - return (a == fromIntegral b) - | i <- [0.. n-1] ] - return (and y) - -prop_packCString x = unsafePerformIO $ do - y <- P.useAsCString x $ P.unsafePackCString - return (y == x) - -prop_packCString_safe x = unsafePerformIO $ do - y <- P.useAsCString x $ P.packCString - return (y == x) - -prop_packCStringLen x = unsafePerformIO $ do - y <- P.useAsCStringLen x $ P.unsafePackCStringLen - return (y == x && P.length y == P.length x) - -prop_packCStringLen_safe x = unsafePerformIO $ do - y <- P.useAsCStringLen x $ P.packCStringLen - return (y == x && P.length y == P.length x) - -prop_packMallocCString x = unsafePerformIO $ do - - let (fp,_,_) = P.toForeignPtr x - ptr <- mallocArray0 (P.length x) :: IO (Ptr Word8) - forM_ [0 .. P.length x] $ \n -> pokeElemOff ptr n 0 - withForeignPtr fp $ \qtr -> copyArray ptr qtr (P.length x) - y <- P.unsafePackMallocCString (castPtr ptr) - - let !z = y == x - free ptr `seq` return z - -prop_unsafeFinalize x = unsafePerformIO $ do - x <- P.unsafeFinalize x - return (x == ()) - -prop_packCStringFinaliser x = unsafePerformIO $ do - y <- P.useAsCString x $ \cstr -> P.unsafePackCStringFinalizer (castPtr cstr) (P.length x) (return ()) - return (y == x) - -prop_show x = show x == show (C.unpack x) - -prop_fromForeignPtr x = (let (a,b,c) = (P.toForeignPtr x) - in P.fromForeignPtr a b c) == x - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- --- IO - -prop_read_write_file_P x = unsafePerformIO $ do - tid <- myThreadId - let f = "qc-test-"++show tid - bracket - (do P.writeFile f x) - (const $ do removeFile f) - (const $ do y <- P.readFile f - return (x==y)) - -prop_read_write_file_C x = unsafePerformIO $ do - tid <- myThreadId - let f = "qc-test-"++show tid - bracket - (do C.writeFile f x) - (const $ do removeFile f) - (const $ do y <- C.readFile f - return (x==y)) - -prop_read_write_file_L x = unsafePerformIO $ do - tid <- myThreadId - let f = "qc-test-"++show tid - bracket - (do L.writeFile f x) - (const $ do removeFile f) - (const $ do y <- L.readFile f - return (x==y)) - -prop_read_write_file_D x = unsafePerformIO $ do - tid <- myThreadId - let f = "qc-test-"++show tid - bracket - (do D.writeFile f x) - (const $ do removeFile f) - (const $ do y <- D.readFile f - return (x==y)) - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -prop_append_file_P x y = unsafePerformIO $ do - tid <- myThreadId - let f = "qc-test-"++show tid - bracket - (do P.writeFile f x - P.appendFile f y) - (const $ do removeFile f) - (const $ do z <- P.readFile f - return (z==(x `P.append` y))) - -prop_append_file_C x y = unsafePerformIO $ do - tid <- myThreadId - let f = "qc-test-"++show tid - bracket - (do C.writeFile f x - C.appendFile f y) - (const $ do removeFile f) - (const $ do z <- C.readFile f - return (z==(x `C.append` y))) - -prop_append_file_L x y = unsafePerformIO $ do - tid <- myThreadId - let f = "qc-test-"++show tid - bracket - (do L.writeFile f x - L.appendFile f y) - (const $ do removeFile f) - (const $ do z <- L.readFile f - return (z==(x `L.append` y))) - -prop_append_file_D x y = unsafePerformIO $ do - tid <- myThreadId - let f = "qc-test-"++show tid - bracket - (do D.writeFile f x - D.appendFile f y) - (const $ do removeFile f) - (const $ do z <- D.readFile f - return (z==(x `D.append` y))) - -prop_packAddress = C.pack "this is a test" - == - C.pack "this is a test" - -prop_isSpaceWord8 (w :: Word8) = isSpace c == P.isSpaceChar8 c - where c = chr (fromIntegral w) - - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- --- The entry point - -main :: IO () -main = run tests - -run :: [(String, Int -> IO (Bool,Int))] -> IO () -run tests = do - x <- getArgs - let n = if null x then 100 else read . head $ x - (results, passed) <- liftM unzip $ mapM (\(s,a) -> printf "%-40s: " s >> a n) tests - printf "Passed %d tests!\n" (sum passed) - when (not . and $ results) $ fail "Not all tests passed!" - --- --- And now a list of all the properties to test. --- - -tests = misc_tests - ++ bl_tests - ++ cc_tests - ++ bp_tests - ++ pl_tests - ++ bb_tests - ++ ll_tests - ++ io_tests - ++ rules - --- --- 'morally sound' IO --- -io_tests = - [("readFile.writeFile", mytest prop_read_write_file_P) - ,("readFile.writeFile", mytest prop_read_write_file_C) - ,("readFile.writeFile", mytest prop_read_write_file_L) - ,("readFile.writeFile", mytest prop_read_write_file_D) - - ,("appendFile ", mytest prop_append_file_P) - ,("appendFile ", mytest prop_append_file_C) - ,("appendFile ", mytest prop_append_file_L) - ,("appendFile ", mytest prop_append_file_D) - - ,("packAddress ", mytest prop_packAddress) - - ] - -misc_tests = - [("invariant", mytest prop_invariant) - ,("unsafe pack address", mytest prop_unsafePackAddress) - ,("unsafe pack address len",mytest prop_unsafePackAddressLen) - ,("unsafeUseAsCString", mytest prop_unsafeUseAsCString) - ,("unsafeUseAsCStringLen", mytest prop_unsafeUseAsCStringLen) - ,("useAsCString", mytest prop_useAsCString) - ,("packCString", mytest prop_packCString) - ,("packCString safe", mytest prop_packCString_safe) - ,("packCStringLen", mytest prop_packCStringLen) - ,("packCStringLen safe", mytest prop_packCStringLen_safe) - ,("packCStringFinaliser", mytest prop_packCStringFinaliser) - ,("packMallocString", mytest prop_packMallocCString) - ,("unsafeFinalise", mytest prop_unsafeFinalize) - ,("invariant", mytest prop_internal_invariant) - ,("show", mytest prop_show) - ,("fromForeignPtr", mytest prop_fromForeignPtr) - ] - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- --- ByteString.Lazy <=> List - -bl_tests = - [("all", mytest prop_allBL) - ,("any", mytest prop_anyBL) - ,("append", mytest prop_appendBL) - ,("compare", mytest prop_compareBL) - ,("concat", mytest prop_concatBL) - ,("cons", mytest prop_consBL) - ,("eq", mytest prop_eqBL) - ,("filter", mytest prop_filterBL) - ,("find", mytest prop_findBL) - ,("findIndex", mytest prop_findIndexBL) - ,("findIndices", mytest prop_findIndicesBL) - ,("foldl", mytest prop_foldlBL) - ,("foldl'", mytest prop_foldlBL') - ,("foldl1", mytest prop_foldl1BL) - ,("foldl1'", mytest prop_foldl1BL') - ,("foldr", mytest prop_foldrBL) - ,("foldr1", mytest prop_foldr1BL) - ,("mapAccumL", mytest prop_mapAccumLBL) - ,("mapAccumR", mytest prop_mapAccumRBL) - ,("mapAccumR", mytest prop_mapAccumRDL) - ,("mapAccumR", mytest prop_mapAccumRCC) - ,("unfoldr", mytest prop_unfoldrBL) - ,("unfoldr", mytest prop_unfoldrLC) - ,("unfoldr", mytest prop_cycleLC) - ,("iterate", mytest prop_iterateLC) - ,("iterate", mytest prop_iterateLC_2) - ,("iterate", mytest prop_iterateL) - ,("repeat", mytest prop_repeatLC) - ,("repeat", mytest prop_repeatL) - ,("head", mytest prop_headBL) - ,("init", mytest prop_initBL) - ,("isPrefixOf", mytest prop_isPrefixOfBL) - ,("last", mytest prop_lastBL) - ,("length", mytest prop_lengthBL) - ,("map", mytest prop_mapBL) - ,("maximum", mytest prop_maximumBL) - ,("minimum", mytest prop_minimumBL) - ,("null", mytest prop_nullBL) - ,("reverse", mytest prop_reverseBL) - ,("snoc", mytest prop_snocBL) - ,("tail", mytest prop_tailBL) - ,("transpose", mytest prop_transposeBL) - ,("replicate", mytest prop_replicateBL) - ,("take", mytest prop_takeBL) - ,("drop", mytest prop_dropBL) - ,("splitAt", mytest prop_splitAtBL) - ,("takeWhile", mytest prop_takeWhileBL) - ,("dropWhile", mytest prop_dropWhileBL) - ,("break", mytest prop_breakBL) - ,("span", mytest prop_spanBL) - ,("group", mytest prop_groupBL) - ,("inits", mytest prop_initsBL) - ,("tails", mytest prop_tailsBL) - ,("elem", mytest prop_elemBL) - ,("notElem", mytest prop_notElemBL) - ,("lines", mytest prop_linesBL) - ,("elemIndex", mytest prop_elemIndexBL) - ,("elemIndices", mytest prop_elemIndicesBL) - ,("concatMap", mytest prop_concatMapBL) - ] - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- --- ByteString.Lazy <=> ByteString - -cc_tests = - [("prop_concatCC", mytest prop_concatCC) - ,("prop_nullCC", mytest prop_nullCC) - ,("prop_reverseCC", mytest prop_reverseCC) - ,("prop_transposeCC", mytest prop_transposeCC) - ,("prop_groupCC", mytest prop_groupCC) - ,("prop_initsCC", mytest prop_initsCC) - ,("prop_tailsCC", mytest prop_tailsCC) - ,("prop_allCC", mytest prop_allCC) - ,("prop_anyCC", mytest prop_anyCC) - ,("prop_appendCC", mytest prop_appendCC) - ,("prop_breakCC", mytest prop_breakCC) - ,("prop_concatMapCC", mytest prop_concatMapCC) - ,("prop_consCC", mytest prop_consCC) - ,("prop_unconsCC", mytest prop_unconsCC) - ,("prop_countCC", mytest prop_countCC) - ,("prop_dropCC", mytest prop_dropCC) - ,("prop_dropWhileCC", mytest prop_dropWhileCC) - ,("prop_filterCC", mytest prop_filterCC) - ,("prop_findCC", mytest prop_findCC) - ,("prop_findIndexCC", mytest prop_findIndexCC) - ,("prop_findIndicesCC", mytest prop_findIndicesCC) - ,("prop_isPrefixOfCC", mytest prop_isPrefixOfCC) - ,("prop_mapCC", mytest prop_mapCC) - ,("prop_replicateCC", mytest prop_replicateCC) - ,("prop_snocCC", mytest prop_snocCC) - ,("prop_spanCC", mytest prop_spanCC) - ,("prop_splitCC", mytest prop_splitCC) - ,("prop_splitAtCC", mytest prop_splitAtCC) - ,("prop_takeCC", mytest prop_takeCC) - ,("prop_takeWhileCC", mytest prop_takeWhileCC) - ,("prop_elemCC", mytest prop_elemCC) - ,("prop_notElemCC", mytest prop_notElemCC) - ,("prop_elemIndexCC", mytest prop_elemIndexCC) - ,("prop_elemIndicesCC", mytest prop_elemIndicesCC) - ,("prop_lengthCC", mytest prop_lengthCC) - ,("prop_headCC", mytest prop_headCC) - ,("prop_initCC", mytest prop_initCC) - ,("prop_lastCC", mytest prop_lastCC) - ,("prop_maximumCC", mytest prop_maximumCC) - ,("prop_minimumCC", mytest prop_minimumCC) - ,("prop_tailCC", mytest prop_tailCC) - ,("prop_foldl1CC", mytest prop_foldl1CC) - ,("prop_foldl1CC'", mytest prop_foldl1CC') - ,("prop_foldr1CC", mytest prop_foldr1CC) - ,("prop_foldr1CC'", mytest prop_foldr1CC') - ,("prop_scanlCC", mytest prop_scanlCC) - ,("prop_intersperseCC", mytest prop_intersperseCC) - - ,("prop_foldlCC", mytest prop_foldlCC) - ,("prop_foldlCC'", mytest prop_foldlCC') - ,("prop_foldrCC", mytest prop_foldrCC) - ,("prop_foldrCC'", mytest prop_foldrCC') - ,("prop_mapAccumLCC", mytest prop_mapAccumLCC) --- ,("prop_mapIndexedCC", mytest prop_mapIndexedCC) --- ,("prop_mapIndexedPL", mytest prop_mapIndexedPL) - - ] - -bp_tests = - [("all", mytest prop_allBP) - ,("any", mytest prop_anyBP) - ,("append", mytest prop_appendBP) - ,("compare", mytest prop_compareBP) - ,("concat", mytest prop_concatBP) - ,("cons", mytest prop_consBP) - ,("cons'", mytest prop_consBP') - ,("cons'", mytest prop_consLP') - ,("uncons", mytest prop_unconsBP) - ,("eq", mytest prop_eqBP) - ,("filter", mytest prop_filterBP) - ,("find", mytest prop_findBP) - ,("findIndex", mytest prop_findIndexBP) - ,("findIndices", mytest prop_findIndicesBP) - ,("foldl", mytest prop_foldlBP) - ,("foldl'", mytest prop_foldlBP') - ,("foldl1", mytest prop_foldl1BP) - ,("foldl1'", mytest prop_foldl1BP') - ,("foldr", mytest prop_foldrBP) - ,("foldr'", mytest prop_foldrBP') - ,("foldr1", mytest prop_foldr1BP) - ,("foldr1'", mytest prop_foldr1BP') - ,("mapAccumL", mytest prop_mapAccumLBP) --- ,("mapAccumL", mytest prop_mapAccumL_mapIndexedBP) - ,("unfoldr", mytest prop_unfoldrBP) - ,("unfoldr 2", mytest prop_unfoldr2BP) - ,("unfoldr 2", mytest prop_unfoldr2CP) - ,("head", mytest prop_headBP) - ,("init", mytest prop_initBP) - ,("isPrefixOf", mytest prop_isPrefixOfBP) - ,("last", mytest prop_lastBP) - ,("length", mytest prop_lengthBP) - ,("readInt", mytest prop_readIntBP) - ,("lines", mytest prop_linesBP) - ,("lines \\n", mytest prop_linesNLBP) - ,("map", mytest prop_mapBP) - ,("maximum ", mytest prop_maximumBP) - ,("minimum" , mytest prop_minimumBP) - ,("null", mytest prop_nullBP) - ,("reverse", mytest prop_reverseBP) - ,("snoc", mytest prop_snocBP) - ,("tail", mytest prop_tailBP) - ,("scanl", mytest prop_scanlBP) - ,("transpose", mytest prop_transposeBP) - ,("replicate", mytest prop_replicateBP) - ,("take", mytest prop_takeBP) - ,("drop", mytest prop_dropBP) - ,("splitAt", mytest prop_splitAtBP) - ,("takeWhile", mytest prop_takeWhileBP) - ,("dropWhile", mytest prop_dropWhileBP) - ,("break", mytest prop_breakBP) - ,("span", mytest prop_spanBP) - ,("split", mytest prop_splitBP) - ,("count", mytest prop_countBP) - ,("group", mytest prop_groupBP) - ,("inits", mytest prop_initsBP) - ,("tails", mytest prop_tailsBP) - ,("elem", mytest prop_elemBP) - ,("notElem", mytest prop_notElemBP) - ,("elemIndex", mytest prop_elemIndexBP) - ,("elemIndices", mytest prop_elemIndicesBP) - ,("intersperse", mytest prop_intersperseBP) - ,("concatMap", mytest prop_concatMapBP) - ] - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- --- ByteString <=> List - -pl_tests = - [("all", mytest prop_allPL) - ,("any", mytest prop_anyPL) - ,("append", mytest prop_appendPL) - ,("compare", mytest prop_comparePL) - ,("concat", mytest prop_concatPL) - ,("cons", mytest prop_consPL) - ,("eq", mytest prop_eqPL) - ,("filter", mytest prop_filterPL) - ,("filter rules",mytest prop_filterPL_rule) - ,("filter rules",mytest prop_filterLC_rule) - ,("partition", mytest prop_partitionPL) - ,("partition", mytest prop_partitionLL) - ,("find", mytest prop_findPL) - ,("findIndex", mytest prop_findIndexPL) - ,("findIndices", mytest prop_findIndicesPL) - ,("foldl", mytest prop_foldlPL) - ,("foldl'", mytest prop_foldlPL') - ,("foldl1", mytest prop_foldl1PL) - ,("foldl1'", mytest prop_foldl1PL') - ,("foldr1", mytest prop_foldr1PL) - ,("foldr", mytest prop_foldrPL) - ,("mapAccumL", mytest prop_mapAccumLPL) - ,("mapAccumR", mytest prop_mapAccumRPL) - ,("unfoldr", mytest prop_unfoldrPL) - ,("scanl", mytest prop_scanlPL) - ,("scanl1", mytest prop_scanl1PL) - ,("scanl1", mytest prop_scanl1CL) - ,("scanr", mytest prop_scanrCL) - ,("scanr", mytest prop_scanrPL) - ,("scanr1", mytest prop_scanr1PL) - ,("scanr1", mytest prop_scanr1CL) - ,("head", mytest prop_headPL) - ,("init", mytest prop_initPL) - ,("last", mytest prop_lastPL) - ,("maximum", mytest prop_maximumPL) - ,("minimum", mytest prop_minimumPL) - ,("tail", mytest prop_tailPL) - ,("zip", mytest prop_zipPL) - ,("zip", mytest prop_zipLL) - ,("zip", mytest prop_zipCL) - ,("unzip", mytest prop_unzipPL) - ,("unzip", mytest prop_unzipLL) - ,("unzip", mytest prop_unzipCL) - ,("zipWith", mytest prop_zipWithPL) --- ,("zipWith", mytest prop_zipWithCL) - ,("zipWith rules", mytest prop_zipWithPL_rules) --- ,("zipWith/zipWith'", mytest prop_zipWithPL') - - ,("isPrefixOf", mytest prop_isPrefixOfPL) - ,("isInfixOf", mytest prop_isInfixOfPL) - ,("length", mytest prop_lengthPL) - ,("map", mytest prop_mapPL) - ,("null", mytest prop_nullPL) - ,("reverse", mytest prop_reversePL) - ,("snoc", mytest prop_snocPL) - ,("transpose", mytest prop_transposePL) - ,("replicate", mytest prop_replicatePL) - ,("take", mytest prop_takePL) - ,("drop", mytest prop_dropPL) - ,("splitAt", mytest prop_splitAtPL) - ,("takeWhile", mytest prop_takeWhilePL) - ,("dropWhile", mytest prop_dropWhilePL) - ,("break", mytest prop_breakPL) - ,("span", mytest prop_spanPL) - ,("group", mytest prop_groupPL) - ,("inits", mytest prop_initsPL) - ,("tails", mytest prop_tailsPL) - ,("elem", mytest prop_elemPL) - ,("notElem", mytest prop_notElemPL) - ,("lines", mytest prop_linesPL) - ,("elemIndex", mytest prop_elemIndexPL) - ,("elemIndex", mytest prop_elemIndexCL) - ,("elemIndices", mytest prop_elemIndicesPL) - ,("concatMap", mytest prop_concatMapPL) - ,("IsString", mytest prop_isstring) - ,("IsString LC", mytest prop_isstring_lc) - ] - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- --- extra ByteString properties - -bb_tests = - [ ("bijection", mytest prop_bijectionBB) - , ("bijection'", mytest prop_bijectionBB') - , ("pack/unpack", mytest prop_packunpackBB) - , ("unpack/pack", mytest prop_packunpackBB') - , ("eq 1", mytest prop_eq1BB) - , ("eq 2", mytest prop_eq2BB) - , ("eq 3", mytest prop_eq3BB) - , ("compare 1", mytest prop_compare1BB) - , ("compare 2", mytest prop_compare2BB) - , ("compare 3", mytest prop_compare3BB) - , ("compare 4", mytest prop_compare4BB) - , ("compare 5", mytest prop_compare5BB) - , ("compare 6", mytest prop_compare6BB) - , ("compare 7", mytest prop_compare7BB) - , ("compare 7", mytest prop_compare7LL) - , ("compare 8", mytest prop_compare8BB) - , ("empty 1", mytest prop_nil1BB) - , ("empty 2", mytest prop_nil2BB) - , ("empty 1 monoid", mytest prop_nil1LL_monoid) - , ("empty 2 monoid", mytest prop_nil2LL_monoid) - , ("empty 1 monoid", mytest prop_nil1BB_monoid) - , ("empty 2 monoid", mytest prop_nil2BB_monoid) - - , ("null", mytest prop_nullBB) - , ("length 1", mytest prop_lengthBB) - , ("length 2", mytest prop_lengthSBB) - , ("cons 1", mytest prop_consBB) - , ("cons 2", mytest prop_cons1BB) - , ("cons 3", mytest prop_cons2BB) - , ("cons 4", mytest prop_cons3BB) - , ("cons 5", mytest prop_cons4BB) - , ("snoc", mytest prop_snoc1BB) - , ("head 1", mytest prop_head1BB) - , ("head 2", mytest prop_head2BB) - , ("head 3", mytest prop_head3BB) - , ("tail", mytest prop_tailBB) - , ("tail 1", mytest prop_tail1BB) - , ("last", mytest prop_lastBB) - , ("init", mytest prop_initBB) - , ("append 1", mytest prop_append1BB) - , ("append 2", mytest prop_append2BB) - , ("append 3", mytest prop_append3BB) - , ("mappend 1", mytest prop_append1BB_monoid) - , ("mappend 2", mytest prop_append2BB_monoid) - , ("mappend 3", mytest prop_append3BB_monoid) - - , ("map 1", mytest prop_map1BB) - , ("map 2", mytest prop_map2BB) - , ("map 3", mytest prop_map3BB) - , ("filter1", mytest prop_filter1BB) - , ("filter2", mytest prop_filter2BB) --- , ("map fusion", mytest prop_mapfusionBB) --- , ("filter fusion", mytest prop_filterfusionBB) - , ("reverse 1", mytest prop_reverse1BB) - , ("reverse 2", mytest prop_reverse2BB) - , ("reverse 3", mytest prop_reverse3BB) - , ("foldl 1", mytest prop_foldl1BB) - , ("foldl 2", mytest prop_foldl2BB) - , ("foldr 1", mytest prop_foldr1BB) - , ("foldr 2", mytest prop_foldr2BB) - , ("foldl1 1", mytest prop_foldl1_1BB) - , ("foldl1 2", mytest prop_foldl1_2BB) - , ("foldl1 3", mytest prop_foldl1_3BB) - , ("foldr1 1", mytest prop_foldr1_1BB) - , ("foldr1 2", mytest prop_foldr1_2BB) - , ("foldr1 3", mytest prop_foldr1_3BB) - , ("scanl/foldl", mytest prop_scanlfoldlBB) - , ("all", mytest prop_allBB) - , ("any", mytest prop_anyBB) - , ("take", mytest prop_takeBB) - , ("drop", mytest prop_dropBB) - , ("takeWhile", mytest prop_takeWhileBB) - , ("dropWhile", mytest prop_dropWhileBB) - , ("dropWhile", mytest prop_dropWhileCC_isSpace) - , ("splitAt", mytest prop_splitAtBB) - , ("span", mytest prop_spanBB) - , ("break", mytest prop_breakBB) - , ("elem", mytest prop_elemBB) - , ("notElem", mytest prop_notElemBB) - - , ("concat 1", mytest prop_concat1BB) - , ("concat 2", mytest prop_concat2BB) - , ("concat 3", mytest prop_concatBB) - , ("mconcat 1", mytest prop_concat1BB_monoid) - , ("mconcat 2", mytest prop_concat2BB_monoid) - , ("mconcat 3", mytest prop_concatBB_monoid) - - , ("mconcat 1", mytest prop_concat1LL_monoid) - , ("mconcat 2", mytest prop_concat2LL_monoid) - , ("mconcat 3", mytest prop_concatLL_monoid) - - , ("lines", mytest prop_linesBB) - , ("unlines", mytest prop_unlinesBB) - , ("unlines", mytest prop_unlinesLC) - , ("words", mytest prop_wordsBB) - , ("words", mytest prop_wordsLC) - , ("unwords", mytest prop_unwordsBB) - , ("group", mytest prop_groupBB) - , ("groupBy", mytest prop_groupByBB) - , ("groupBy", mytest prop_groupByCC) - , ("groupBy 1", mytest prop_groupBy1BB) - , ("groupBy 1", mytest prop_groupBy1CC) - , ("join", mytest prop_joinBB) - , ("elemIndex 1", mytest prop_elemIndex1BB) - , ("elemIndex 2", mytest prop_elemIndex2BB) - , ("findIndex", mytest prop_findIndexBB) - , ("findIndicies", mytest prop_findIndiciesBB) - , ("elemIndices", mytest prop_elemIndicesBB) - , ("find", mytest prop_findBB) - , ("find/findIndex", mytest prop_find_findIndexBB) - , ("sort 1", mytest prop_sort1BB) - , ("sort 2", mytest prop_sort2BB) - , ("sort 3", mytest prop_sort3BB) - , ("sort 4", mytest prop_sort4BB) - , ("sort 5", mytest prop_sort5BB) - , ("intersperse", mytest prop_intersperseBB) - , ("maximum", mytest prop_maximumBB) - , ("minimum", mytest prop_minimumBB) --- , ("breakChar", mytest prop_breakCharBB) --- , ("spanChar 1", mytest prop_spanCharBB) --- , ("spanChar 2", mytest prop_spanChar_1BB) --- , ("breakSpace", mytest prop_breakSpaceBB) --- , ("dropSpace", mytest prop_dropSpaceBB) - , ("spanEnd", mytest prop_spanEndBB) - , ("breakEnd", mytest prop_breakEndBB) - , ("breakEnd", mytest prop_breakEndCC) - , ("elemIndexEnd 1",mytest prop_elemIndexEnd1BB) - , ("elemIndexEnd 1",mytest prop_elemIndexEnd1CC) - , ("elemIndexEnd 2",mytest prop_elemIndexEnd2BB) --- , ("words'", mytest prop_wordsBB') --- , ("lines'", mytest prop_linesBB') --- , ("dropSpaceEnd", mytest prop_dropSpaceEndBB) - , ("unfoldr", mytest prop_unfoldrBB) - , ("prefix", mytest prop_prefixBB) - , ("suffix", mytest prop_suffixBB) - , ("suffix", mytest prop_suffixLL) - , ("copy", mytest prop_copyBB) - , ("copy", mytest prop_copyLL) - , ("inits", mytest prop_initsBB) - , ("tails", mytest prop_tailsBB) - , ("findSubstrings ",mytest prop_findSubstringsBB) - , ("findSubstring ",mytest prop_findSubstringBB) - , ("breakSubstring 1",mytest prop_breakSubstringBB) - , ("breakSubstring 2",mytest prop_breakSubstring_findSubstring) - , ("breakSubstring 3",mytest prop_breakSubstring_isInfixOf) - - , ("replicate1", mytest prop_replicate1BB) - , ("replicate2", mytest prop_replicate2BB) - , ("replicate3", mytest prop_replicate3BB) - , ("readInt", mytest prop_readintBB) - , ("readInt 2", mytest prop_readint2BB) - , ("readInteger", mytest prop_readintegerBB) - , ("readInteger 2", mytest prop_readinteger2BB) - , ("read", mytest prop_readLL) - , ("read", mytest prop_readBB) - , ("Lazy.readInt", mytest prop_readintLL) - , ("Lazy.readInt", mytest prop_readintLL) - , ("Lazy.readInteger", mytest prop_readintegerLL) - , ("mconcat 1", mytest prop_append1LL_monoid) - , ("mconcat 2", mytest prop_append2LL_monoid) - , ("mconcat 3", mytest prop_append3LL_monoid) --- , ("filterChar1", mytest prop_filterChar1BB) --- , ("filterChar2", mytest prop_filterChar2BB) --- , ("filterChar3", mytest prop_filterChar3BB) --- , ("filterNotChar1", mytest prop_filterNotChar1BB) --- , ("filterNotChar2", mytest prop_filterNotChar2BB) - , ("tail", mytest prop_tailSBB) - , ("index", mytest prop_indexBB) - , ("unsafeIndex", mytest prop_unsafeIndexBB) --- , ("map'", mytest prop_mapBB') - , ("filter", mytest prop_filterBB) - , ("elem", mytest prop_elemSBB) - , ("take", mytest prop_takeSBB) - , ("drop", mytest prop_dropSBB) - , ("splitAt", mytest prop_splitAtSBB) - , ("foldl", mytest prop_foldlBB) - , ("foldr", mytest prop_foldrBB) - , ("takeWhile ", mytest prop_takeWhileSBB) - , ("dropWhile ", mytest prop_dropWhileSBB) - , ("span ", mytest prop_spanSBB) - , ("break ", mytest prop_breakSBB) - , ("breakspan", mytest prop_breakspan_1BB) - , ("lines ", mytest prop_linesSBB) - , ("unlines ", mytest prop_unlinesSBB) - , ("words ", mytest prop_wordsSBB) - , ("unwords ", mytest prop_unwordsSBB) - , ("unwords ", mytest prop_unwordsSLC) --- , ("wordstokens", mytest prop_wordstokensBB) - , ("splitWith", mytest prop_splitWithBB) - , ("joinsplit", mytest prop_joinsplitBB) - , ("intercalate", mytest prop_intercalatePL) --- , ("lineIndices", mytest prop_lineIndices1BB) - , ("count", mytest prop_countBB) --- , ("linessplit", mytest prop_linessplit2BB) - , ("splitsplitWith", mytest prop_splitsplitWithBB) --- , ("joinjoinpath", mytest prop_joinjoinpathBB) - , ("zip", mytest prop_zipBB) - , ("zip", mytest prop_zipLC) - , ("zip1", mytest prop_zip1BB) - , ("zipWith", mytest prop_zipWithBB) - , ("zipWith", mytest prop_zipWithCC) - , ("zipWith", mytest prop_zipWithLC) --- , ("zipWith'", mytest prop_zipWith'BB) - , ("unzip", mytest prop_unzipBB) - , ("concatMap", mytest prop_concatMapBB) --- , ("join/joinByte", mytest prop_join_spec) --- , ("span/spanByte", mytest prop_span_spec) --- , ("break/breakByte",mytest prop_break_spec) - ] - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- --- Fusion rules - -{- -fusion_tests = --- v1 fusion - [ ("lazy loop/loop fusion", mytest prop_lazylooploop) - , ("loop/loop fusion", mytest prop_looploop) - --- v2 fusion - ,("loop/loop wrapper elim", mytest prop_loop_loop_wrapper_elimination) - ,("sequence association", mytest prop_sequenceloops_assoc) - - ,("up/up loop fusion", mytest prop_up_up_loop_fusion) - ,("down/down loop fusion", mytest prop_down_down_loop_fusion) - ,("noAcc/noAcc loop fusion", mytest prop_noAcc_noAcc_loop_fusion) - ,("noAcc/up loop fusion", mytest prop_noAcc_up_loop_fusion) - ,("up/noAcc loop fusion", mytest prop_up_noAcc_loop_fusion) - ,("noAcc/down loop fusion", mytest prop_noAcc_down_loop_fusion) - ,("down/noAcc loop fusion", mytest prop_down_noAcc_loop_fusion) - ,("map/map loop fusion", mytest prop_map_map_loop_fusion) - ,("filter/filter loop fusion", mytest prop_filter_filter_loop_fusion) - ,("map/filter loop fusion", mytest prop_map_filter_loop_fusion) - ,("filter/map loop fusion", mytest prop_filter_map_loop_fusion) - ,("map/noAcc loop fusion", mytest prop_map_noAcc_loop_fusion) - ,("noAcc/map loop fusion", mytest prop_noAcc_map_loop_fusion) - ,("map/up loop fusion", mytest prop_map_up_loop_fusion) - ,("up/map loop fusion", mytest prop_up_map_loop_fusion) - ,("map/down loop fusion", mytest prop_map_down_fusion) - ,("down/map loop fusion", mytest prop_down_map_loop_fusion) - ,("filter/noAcc loop fusion", mytest prop_filter_noAcc_loop_fusion) - ,("noAcc/filter loop fusion", mytest prop_noAcc_filter_loop_fusion) - ,("filter/up loop fusion", mytest prop_filter_up_loop_fusion) - ,("up/filter loop fusion", mytest prop_up_filter_loop_fusion) - ,("filter/down loop fusion", mytest prop_filter_down_fusion) - ,("down/filter loop fusion", mytest prop_down_filter_loop_fusion) - -{- - ,("length/loop fusion", mytest prop_length_loop_fusion_1) - ,("length/loop fusion", mytest prop_length_loop_fusion_2) - ,("length/loop fusion", mytest prop_length_loop_fusion_3) - ,("length/loop fusion", mytest prop_length_loop_fusion_4) --} - --- ,("zipwith/spec", mytest prop_zipwith_spec) - ] - --} - - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- --- Extra lazy properties - -ll_tests = - [("eq 1", mytest prop_eq1) - ,("eq 2", mytest prop_eq2) - ,("eq 3", mytest prop_eq3) - ,("eq refl", mytest prop_eq_refl) - ,("eq symm", mytest prop_eq_symm) - ,("compare 1", mytest prop_compare1) - ,("compare 2", mytest prop_compare2) - ,("compare 3", mytest prop_compare3) - ,("compare 4", mytest prop_compare4) - ,("compare 5", mytest prop_compare5) - ,("compare 6", mytest prop_compare6) - ,("compare 7", mytest prop_compare7) - ,("compare 8", mytest prop_compare8) - ,("empty 1", mytest prop_empty1) - ,("empty 2", mytest prop_empty2) - ,("pack/unpack", mytest prop_packunpack) - ,("unpack/pack", mytest prop_unpackpack) - ,("null", mytest prop_null) - ,("length 1", mytest prop_length1) - ,("length 2", mytest prop_length2) - ,("cons 1" , mytest prop_cons1) - ,("cons 2" , mytest prop_cons2) - ,("cons 3" , mytest prop_cons3) - ,("cons 4" , mytest prop_cons4) - ,("snoc" , mytest prop_snoc1) - ,("head/pack", mytest prop_head) - ,("head/unpack", mytest prop_head1) - ,("tail/pack", mytest prop_tail) - ,("tail/unpack", mytest prop_tail1) - ,("last", mytest prop_last) - ,("init", mytest prop_init) - ,("append 1", mytest prop_append1) - ,("append 2", mytest prop_append2) - ,("append 3", mytest prop_append3) - ,("map 1", mytest prop_map1) - ,("map 2", mytest prop_map2) - ,("map 3", mytest prop_map3) - ,("filter 1", mytest prop_filter1) - ,("filter 2", mytest prop_filter2) - ,("reverse", mytest prop_reverse) - ,("reverse1", mytest prop_reverse1) - ,("reverse2", mytest prop_reverse2) - ,("transpose", mytest prop_transpose) - ,("foldl", mytest prop_foldl) - ,("foldl/reverse", mytest prop_foldl_1) - ,("foldr", mytest prop_foldr) - ,("foldr/id", mytest prop_foldr_1) - ,("foldl1/foldl", mytest prop_foldl1_1) - ,("foldl1/head", mytest prop_foldl1_2) - ,("foldl1/tail", mytest prop_foldl1_3) - ,("foldr1/foldr", mytest prop_foldr1_1) - ,("foldr1/last", mytest prop_foldr1_2) - ,("foldr1/head", mytest prop_foldr1_3) - ,("concat 1", mytest prop_concat1) - ,("concat 2", mytest prop_concat2) - ,("concat/pack", mytest prop_concat3) - ,("any", mytest prop_any) - ,("all", mytest prop_all) - ,("maximum", mytest prop_maximum) - ,("minimum", mytest prop_minimum) - ,("replicate 1", mytest prop_replicate1) - ,("replicate 2", mytest prop_replicate2) - ,("take", mytest prop_take1) - ,("drop", mytest prop_drop1) - ,("splitAt", mytest prop_drop1) - ,("takeWhile", mytest prop_takeWhile) - ,("dropWhile", mytest prop_dropWhile) - ,("break", mytest prop_break) - ,("span", mytest prop_span) - ,("splitAt", mytest prop_splitAt) - ,("break/span", mytest prop_breakspan) --- ,("break/breakByte", mytest prop_breakByte) --- ,("span/spanByte", mytest prop_spanByte) - ,("split", mytest prop_split) - ,("splitWith", mytest prop_splitWith) - ,("splitWith", mytest prop_splitWith_D) - ,("splitWith", mytest prop_splitWith_C) - ,("join.split/id", mytest prop_joinsplit) --- ,("join/joinByte", mytest prop_joinjoinByte) - ,("group", mytest prop_group) - ,("groupBy", mytest prop_groupBy) - ,("groupBy", mytest prop_groupBy_LC) - ,("index", mytest prop_index) - ,("index", mytest prop_index_D) - ,("index", mytest prop_index_C) - ,("elemIndex", mytest prop_elemIndex) - ,("elemIndices", mytest prop_elemIndices) - ,("count/elemIndices", mytest prop_count) - ,("findIndex", mytest prop_findIndex) - ,("findIndices", mytest prop_findIndicies) - ,("find", mytest prop_find) - ,("find/findIndex", mytest prop_find_findIndex) - ,("elem", mytest prop_elem) - ,("notElem", mytest prop_notElem) - ,("elem/notElem", mytest prop_elem_notelem) --- ,("filterByte 1", mytest prop_filterByte) --- ,("filterByte 2", mytest prop_filterByte2) --- ,("filterNotByte 1", mytest prop_filterNotByte) --- ,("filterNotByte 2", mytest prop_filterNotByte2) - ,("isPrefixOf", mytest prop_isPrefixOf) - ,("concatMap", mytest prop_concatMap) - ,("isSpace", mytest prop_isSpaceWord8) - ] diff --git a/tests/QuickCheckUtils.hs b/tests/QuickCheckUtils.hs deleted file mode 100644 --- a/tests/QuickCheckUtils.hs +++ /dev/null @@ -1,302 +0,0 @@ -{-# OPTIONS_GHC -fglasgow-exts #-} --- --- Uses multi-param type classes --- -module QuickCheckUtils where - -import Test.QuickCheck.Batch -import Test.QuickCheck -import Text.Show.Functions - -import Control.Monad ( liftM2 ) -import Control.Monad.Instances -import Data.Char -import Data.List -import Data.Word -import Data.Int -import System.Random -import System.IO - -import Data.ByteString.Fusion -import qualified Data.ByteString as P -import qualified Data.ByteString.Lazy as L -import qualified Data.ByteString.Lazy.Internal as L (checkInvariant,ByteString(..)) - -import qualified Data.ByteString.Char8 as PC -import qualified Data.ByteString.Lazy.Char8 as LC - -{- - --- HUGS needs: - -instance Functor ((->) r) where - fmap = (.) - -instance (Arbitrary a) => Arbitrary (Maybe a) where - arbitrary = sized arbMaybe - where - arbMaybe 0 = return Nothing - arbMaybe n = fmap Just (resize (n-1) arbitrary) - coarbitrary Nothing = variant 0 - coarbitrary (Just x) = variant 1 . coarbitrary x - -instance Monad ((->) r) where - return = const - f >>= k = \ r -> k (f r) r - -instance Functor ((,) a) where - fmap f (x,y) = (x, f y) - -instance Functor (Either a) where - fmap _ (Left x) = Left x - fmap f (Right y) = Right (f y) - --} - --- Enable this to get verbose test output. Including the actual tests. -debug = False - -mytest :: Testable a => a -> Int -> IO (Bool, Int) -mytest a n = mycheck defaultConfig - { configMaxTest=n - , configEvery= \n args -> if debug then show n ++ ":\n" ++ unlines args else [] } a - -mycheck :: Testable a => Config -> a -> IO (Bool, Int) -mycheck config a = - do rnd <- newStdGen - mytests config (evaluate a) rnd 0 0 [] - -{- -mytests :: Config -> Gen Result -> StdGen -> Int -> Int -> [[String]] -> IO () -mytests config gen rnd0 ntest nfail stamps - | ntest == configMaxTest config = do done "OK," ntest stamps - | nfail == configMaxFail config = do done "Arguments exhausted after" ntest stamps - | otherwise = - do putStr (configEvery config ntest (arguments result)) >> hFlush stdout - case ok result of - Nothing -> - mytests config gen rnd1 ntest (nfail+1) stamps - Just True -> - mytests config gen rnd1 (ntest+1) nfail (stamp result:stamps) - Just False -> - putStr ( "Falsifiable after " - ++ show ntest - ++ " tests:\n" - ++ unlines (arguments result) - ) >> hFlush stdout - where - result = generate (configSize config ntest) rnd2 gen - (rnd1,rnd2) = split rnd0 --} - -mytests :: Config -> Gen Result -> StdGen -> Int -> Int -> [[String]] -> IO (Bool, Int) -mytests config gen rnd0 ntest nfail stamps - | ntest == configMaxTest config = done "OK," ntest stamps >> return (True, ntest) - | nfail == configMaxFail config = done "Arguments exhausted after" ntest stamps >> return (True, ntest) - | otherwise = - do putStr (configEvery config ntest (arguments result)) >> hFlush stdout - case ok result of - Nothing -> - mytests config gen rnd1 ntest (nfail+1) stamps - Just True -> - mytests config gen rnd1 (ntest+1) nfail (stamp result:stamps) - Just False -> - putStr ( "Falsifiable after " - ++ show ntest - ++ " tests:\n" - ++ unlines (arguments result) - ) >> hFlush stdout >> return (False, ntest) - where - result = generate (configSize config ntest) rnd2 gen - (rnd1,rnd2) = split rnd0 - -done :: String -> Int -> [[String]] -> IO () -done mesg ntest stamps = - do putStr ( mesg ++ " " ++ show ntest ++ " tests" ++ table ) - where - table = display - . map entry - . reverse - . sort - . map pairLength - . group - . sort - . filter (not . null) - $ stamps - - display [] = ".\n" - display [x] = " (" ++ x ++ ").\n" - display xs = ".\n" ++ unlines (map (++ ".") xs) - - pairLength xss@(xs:_) = (length xss, xs) - entry (n, xs) = percentage n ntest - ++ " " - ++ concat (intersperse ", " xs) - - percentage n m = show ((100 * n) `div` m) ++ "%" - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -instance Arbitrary Char where - arbitrary = choose ('\0','\255') - coarbitrary c = variant (ord c `rem` 4) - -{- -instance (Arbitrary a, Arbitrary b) => Arbitrary (PairS a b) where - arbitrary = liftM2 (:*:) arbitrary arbitrary - coarbitrary (a :*: b) = coarbitrary a . coarbitrary b --} - -instance Arbitrary Word8 where - arbitrary = choose (97, 105) - coarbitrary c = variant (fromIntegral ((fromIntegral c) `rem` 4)) - -instance Arbitrary Int64 where - arbitrary = sized $ \n -> choose (-fromIntegral n,fromIntegral n) - coarbitrary n = variant (fromIntegral (if n >= 0 then 2*n else 2*(-n) + 1)) - -{- -instance Arbitrary a => Arbitrary (MaybeS a) where - arbitrary = do a <- arbitrary ; elements [NothingS, JustS a] - coarbitrary NothingS = variant 0 - coarbitrary _ = variant 1 -- ok? --} - -{- -instance Arbitrary Char where - arbitrary = choose ('\0', '\255') -- since we have to test words, unlines too - coarbitrary c = variant (ord c `rem` 16) - -instance Arbitrary Word8 where - arbitrary = choose (minBound, maxBound) - coarbitrary c = variant (fromIntegral ((fromIntegral c) `rem` 16)) --} - -instance Random Word8 where - randomR = integralRandomR - random = randomR (minBound,maxBound) - -instance Random Int64 where - randomR = integralRandomR - random = randomR (minBound,maxBound) - -integralRandomR :: (Integral a, RandomGen g) => (a,a) -> g -> (a,g) -integralRandomR (a,b) g = case randomR (fromIntegral a :: Integer, - fromIntegral b :: Integer) g of - (x,g) -> (fromIntegral x, g) - -instance Arbitrary L.ByteString where - arbitrary = arbitrary >>= return . L.checkInvariant . L.fromChunks . filter (not. P.null) -- maintain the invariant. - coarbitrary s = coarbitrary (L.unpack s) - -instance Arbitrary P.ByteString where - arbitrary = P.pack `fmap` arbitrary - coarbitrary s = coarbitrary (P.unpack s) - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- --- --- We're doing two forms of testing here. Firstly, model based testing. --- For our Lazy and strict bytestring types, we have model types: --- --- i.e. Lazy == Byte --- \\ // --- List --- --- That is, the Lazy type can be modeled by functions in both the Byte --- and List type. For each of the 3 models, we have a set of tests that --- check those types match. --- --- The Model class connects a type and its model type, via a conversion --- function. --- --- -class Model a b where - model :: a -> b -- get the abstract vale from a concrete value - --- --- Connecting our Lazy and Strict types to their models. We also check --- the data invariant on Lazy types. --- --- These instances represent the arrows in the above diagram --- -instance Model B P where model = abstr . checkInvariant -instance Model P [W] where model = P.unpack -instance Model P [Char] where model = PC.unpack -instance Model B [W] where model = L.unpack . checkInvariant -instance Model B [Char] where model = LC.unpack . checkInvariant -instance Model Char Word8 where model = fromIntegral . ord - --- Types are trivially modeled by themselves -instance Model Bool Bool where model = id -instance Model Int Int where model = id -instance Model P P where model = id -instance Model B B where model = id -instance Model Int64 Int64 where model = id -instance Model Int64 Int where model = fromIntegral -instance Model Word8 Word8 where model = id -instance Model Ordering Ordering where model = id -instance Model Char Char where model = id - --- More structured types are modeled recursively, using the NatTrans class from Gofer. -class (Functor f, Functor g) => NatTrans f g where - eta :: f a -> g a - --- The transformation of the same type is identity -instance NatTrans [] [] where eta = id -instance NatTrans Maybe Maybe where eta = id -instance NatTrans ((->) X) ((->) X) where eta = id -instance NatTrans ((->) Char) ((->) Char) where eta = id - -instance NatTrans ((->) W) ((->) W) where eta = id - --- We have a transformation of pairs, if the pairs are in Model -instance Model f g => NatTrans ((,) f) ((,) g) where eta (f,a) = (model f, a) - --- And finally, we can take any (m a) to (n b), if we can Model m n, and a b -instance (NatTrans m n, Model a b) => Model (m a) (n b) where model x = fmap model (eta x) - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - --- In a form more useful for QC testing (and it's lazy) -checkInvariant :: L.ByteString -> L.ByteString -checkInvariant = L.checkInvariant - -abstr :: L.ByteString -> P.ByteString -abstr = P.concat . L.toChunks - --- Some short hand. -type X = Int -type W = Word8 -type P = P.ByteString -type B = L.ByteString - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- --- --- These comparison functions handle wrapping and equality. --- --- A single class for these would be nice, but note that they differe in --- the number of arguments, and those argument types, so we'd need HList --- tricks. See here: http://okmij.org/ftp/Haskell/vararg-fn.lhs --- - -eq1 f g = \a -> - model (f a) == g (model a) -eq2 f g = \a b -> - model (f a b) == g (model a) (model b) -eq3 f g = \a b c -> - model (f a b c) == g (model a) (model b) (model c) -eq4 f g = \a b c d -> - model (f a b c d) == g (model a) (model b) (model c) (model d) -eq5 f g = \a b c d e -> - model (f a b c d e) == g (model a) (model b) (model c) (model d) (model e) - --- --- And for functions that take non-null input --- -eqnotnull1 f g = \x -> (not (isNull x)) ==> eq1 f g x -eqnotnull2 f g = \x y -> (not (isNull y)) ==> eq2 f g x y -eqnotnull3 f g = \x y z -> (not (isNull z)) ==> eq3 f g x y z - -class IsNull t where isNull :: t -> Bool -instance IsNull L.ByteString where isNull = L.null -instance IsNull P.ByteString where isNull = P.null diff --git a/tests/Rules.hs b/tests/Rules.hs deleted file mode 100644 --- a/tests/Rules.hs +++ /dev/null @@ -1,32 +0,0 @@ -module Rules where --- --- Tests to ensure rules are firing. --- - -import qualified Data.ByteString.Char8 as C -import qualified Data.ByteString as P -import qualified Data.ByteString.Lazy as L -import qualified Data.ByteString.Lazy.Char8 as D -import Data.List -import Data.Char -import QuickCheckUtils - - -prop_break_C x = C.break ((==) x) `eq1` break ((==) x) -prop_break_P x = P.break ((==) x) `eq1` break ((==) x) -prop_intercalate_P c = (\s1 s2 -> P.intercalate (P.singleton c) (s1 : s2 : [])) - `eq2` - (\s1 s2 -> intercalate [c] (s1 : s2 : [])) - -prop_break_isSpace_C = C.break isSpace `eq1` break isSpace -prop_dropWhile_isSpace_C = C.dropWhile isSpace `eq1` dropWhile isSpace - -rules = - [("break (==)" , mytest prop_break_C) - ,("break (==)" , mytest prop_break_P) - ,("break isSpace" , mytest prop_break_isSpace_C) - - ,("dropWhile isSpace" , mytest prop_dropWhile_isSpace_C) - - ,("intercalate " , mytest prop_intercalate_P) - ] diff --git a/tests/Units.hs b/tests/Units.hs deleted file mode 100644 --- a/tests/Units.hs +++ /dev/null @@ -1,27 +0,0 @@ --- --- Must have rules off to avoid them making it look lazy when it isn't really --- - -import Control.Monad -import System.Exit -import Test.HUnit - -import qualified Data.ByteString.Lazy as L - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- --- The entry point - -main :: IO () -main = do counts <- runTestTT tests - when ((errors counts, failures counts) /= (0, 0)) $ - exitWith (ExitFailure 1) - -tests :: Test -tests = TestList [append_tests] - -append_tests :: Test -append_tests = TestLabel "append" $ TestList [ - TestLabel "lazy tail" $ TestCase $ - L.head (L.pack [38] `L.append` error "Tail should be lazy") @=? 38 - ] - diff --git a/tests/Usr.Dict.Words b/tests/Usr.Dict.Words deleted file mode 100644 --- a/tests/Usr.Dict.Words +++ /dev/null @@ -1,38617 +0,0 @@ -aback -abaft -abandon -abandoned -abandoning -abandonment -abandons -abase -abased -abasement -abasements -abases -abash -abashed -abashes -abashing -abasing -abate -abated -abatement -abatements 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-written -wrong -wronged -wronging -wrongly -wrongs -wrote -wrought -wrung -yank -yanked -yanking -yanks -yard -yards -yardstick -yardsticks -yarn -yarns -yawn -yawner -yawning -yea -year -yearly -yearn -yearned -yearning -yearnings -years -yeas -yeast -yeasts -yell -yelled -yeller -yelling -yellow -yellowed -yellower -yellowest -yellowing -yellowish -yellowness -yellows -yelp -yelped -yelping -yelps -yeoman -yeomen -yes -yesterday -yesterdays -yet -yield -yielded -yielding -yields -yoke -yokes -yon -yonder -you -young -younger -youngest -youngly -youngster -youngsters -your -yours -yourself -yourselves -youth -youthes -youthful -youthfully -youthfulness -zeal -zealous -zealously -zealousness -zebra -zebras -zenith -zero -zeroed -zeroes -zeroing -zeros -zeroth -zest -zigzag -zillions -zinc -zodiac -zonal -zonally -zone -zoned -zones -zoning -zoo -zoological -zoologically -zoom -zooms -zoos diff --git a/tests/Words.hs b/tests/Words.hs deleted file mode 100644 --- a/tests/Words.hs +++ /dev/null @@ -1,70 +0,0 @@ -{-# LANGUAGE BangPatterns #-} - -import System.Environment -import Control.Applicative -import Data.List -import Data.Ord -import qualified Data.Map as M -import qualified Data.ByteString.Char8 as S - -import Data.ByteString.Internal -import Data.ByteString.Unsafe -import Foreign - -main = do - f <- head <$> getArgs - x <- S.readFile f - let t = foldl' count M.empty (S.words x) :: M.Map S.ByteString Int - print . take 20 . sortBy (flip (comparing snd)) . M.toList $ t - -count counts word = M.insertWith' (+) (word) 1 counts - - - - - - - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- --- a different Ord - -newtype OrdString = OrdString S.ByteString - deriving (Eq, Show) - -instance Ord OrdString where - compare (OrdString p) (OrdString q) = compareBytes p q - -compareBytes :: ByteString -> ByteString -> Ordering -compareBytes (PS fp1 off1 len1) (PS fp2 off2 len2) - | len1 == 0 && len2 == 0 = EQ -- short cut for empty strings - | fp1 == fp2 && off1 == off2 && len1 == len2 = EQ -- short cut for the same string --- | max len1 len2 > 1 = inlinePerformIO $ - | otherwise = inlinePerformIO $ - withForeignPtr fp1 $ \p1 -> - withForeignPtr fp2 $ \p2 -> do - i <- memcmp (p1 `plusPtr` off1) (p2 `plusPtr` off2) (fromIntegral $ min len1 len2) - return $! case i `compare` 0 of - EQ -> len1 `compare` len2 - x -> x - - -{- - | otherwise = inlinePerformIO $ - withForeignPtr fp1 $ \p1 -> - withForeignPtr fp2 $ \p2 -> - cmp (p1 `plusPtr` off1) - (p2 `plusPtr` off2) 0 len1 len2 --} - --- XXX todo. -cmp :: Ptr Word8 -> Ptr Word8 -> Int -> Int -> Int-> IO Ordering -cmp p1 p2 n len1 len2 - | n == len1 = if n == len2 then return EQ else return LT - | n == len2 = return GT - | otherwise = do - a <- peekByteOff p1 n :: IO Word8 - b <- peekByteOff p2 n - case a `compare` b of - EQ -> cmp p1 p2 (n+1) len1 len2 - LT -> return LT - GT -> return GT diff --git a/tests/data b/tests/data deleted file mode 100644 --- a/tests/data +++ /dev/null @@ -1,3925 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg eBook, Utopia, by Thomas More, Edited by Henry Morley - - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.net - - - - - -Title: Utopia - - -Author: Thomas More - -Release Date: April 22, 2005 [eBook #2130] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ISO-646-US (US-ASCII) - - -***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK UTOPIA*** - - - - - - -Transcribed from the 1901 Cassell & Company Edition by David Price, email -ccx074@coventry.ac.uk - - - - - -UTOPIA - - -INTRODUCTION - - -Sir Thomas More, son of Sir John More, a justice of the King's Bench, was -born in 1478, in Milk Street, in the city of London. After his earlier -education at St. Anthony's School, in Threadneedle Street, he was placed, -as a boy, in the household of Cardinal John Morton, Archbishop of -Canterbury and Lord Chancellor. It was not unusual for persons of wealth -or influence and sons of good families to be so established together in a -relation of patron and client. The youth wore his patron's livery, and -added to his state. The patron used, afterwards, his wealth or influence -in helping his young client forward in the world. Cardinal Morton had -been in earlier days that Bishop of Ely whom Richard III. sent to the -Tower; was busy afterwards in hostility to Richard; and was a chief -adviser of Henry VII., who in 1486 made him Archbishop of Canterbury, and -nine months afterwards Lord Chancellor. Cardinal Morton--of talk at -whose table there are recollections in "Utopia"--delighted in the quick -wit of young Thomas More. He once said, "Whoever shall live to try it, -shall see this child here waiting at table prove a notable and rare man." - -At the age of about nineteen, Thomas More was sent to Canterbury College, -Oxford, by his patron, where he learnt Greek of the first men who brought -Greek studies from Italy to England--William Grocyn and Thomas Linacre. -Linacre, a physician, who afterwards took orders, was also the founder of -the College of Physicians. In 1499, More left Oxford to study law in -London, at Lincoln's Inn, and in the next year Archbishop Morton died. - -More's earnest character caused him while studying law to aim at the -subduing of the flesh, by wearing a hair shirt, taking a log for a -pillow, and whipping himself on Fridays. At the age of twenty-one he -entered Parliament, and soon after he had been called to the bar he was -made Under-Sheriff of London. In 1503 he opposed in the House of Commons -Henry VII.'s proposal for a subsidy on account of the marriage portion of -his daughter Margaret; and he opposed with so much energy that the House -refused to grant it. One went and told the king that a beardless boy had -disappointed all his expectations. During the last years, therefore, of -Henry VII. More was under the displeasure of the king, and had thoughts -of leaving the country. - -Henry VII. died in April, 1509, when More's age was a little over thirty. -In the first years of the reign of Henry VIII. he rose to large practice -in the law courts, where it is said he refused to plead in cases which he -thought unjust, and took no fees from widows, orphans, or the poor. He -would have preferred marrying the second daughter of John Colt, of New -Hall, in Essex, but chose her elder sister, that he might not subject her -to the discredit of being passed over. - -In 1513 Thomas More, still Under-Sheriff of London, is said to have -written his "History of the Life and Death of King Edward V., and of the -Usurpation of Richard III." The book, which seems to contain the -knowledge and opinions of More's patron, Morton, was not printed until -1557, when its writer had been twenty-two years dead. It was then -printed from a MS. in More's handwriting. - -In the year 1515 Wolsey, Archbishop of York, was made Cardinal by Leo X.; -Henry VIII. made him Lord Chancellor, and from that year until 1523 the -King and the Cardinal ruled England with absolute authority, and called -no parliament. In May of the year 1515 Thomas More--not knighted yet--was -joined in a commission to the Low Countries with Cuthbert Tunstal and -others to confer with the ambassadors of Charles V., then only Archduke -of Austria, upon a renewal of alliance. On that embassy More, aged about -thirty-seven, was absent from England for six months, and while at -Antwerp he established friendship with Peter Giles (Latinised AEgidius), -a scholarly and courteous young man, who was secretary to the -municipality of Antwerp. - -Cuthbert Tunstal was a rising churchman, chancellor to the Archbishop of -Canterbury, who in that year (1515) was made Archdeacon of Chester, and -in May of the next year (1516) Master of the Rolls. In 1516 he was sent -again to the Low Countries, and More then went with him to Brussels, -where they were in close companionship with Erasmus. - -More's "Utopia" was written in Latin, and is in two parts, of which the -second, describing the place ([Greek text]--or Nusquama, as he called it -sometimes in his letters--"Nowhere"), was probably written towards the -close of 1515; the first part, introductory, early in 1516. The book was -first printed at Louvain, late in 1516, under the editorship of Erasmus, -Peter Giles, and other of More's friends in Flanders. It was then -revised by More, and printed by Frobenius at Basle in November, 1518. It -was reprinted at Paris and Vienna, but was not printed in England during -More's lifetime. Its first publication in this country was in the -English translation, made in Edward's VI.'s reign (1551) by Ralph -Robinson. It was translated with more literary skill by Gilbert Burnet, -in 1684, soon after he had conducted the defence of his friend Lord -William Russell, attended his execution, vindicated his memory, and been -spitefully deprived by James II. of his lectureship at St. Clement's. -Burnet was drawn to the translation of "Utopia" by the same sense of -unreason in high places that caused More to write the book. Burnet's is -the translation given in this volume. - -The name of the book has given an adjective to our language--we call an -impracticable scheme Utopian. Yet, under the veil of a playful fiction, -the talk is intensely earnest, and abounds in practical suggestion. It -is the work of a scholarly and witty Englishman, who attacks in his own -way the chief political and social evils of his time. Beginning with -fact, More tells how he was sent into Flanders with Cuthbert Tunstal, -"whom the king's majesty of late, to the great rejoicing of all men, did -prefer to the office of Master of the Rolls;" how the commissioners of -Charles met them at Bruges, and presently returned to Brussels for -instructions; and how More then went to Antwerp, where he found a -pleasure in the society of Peter Giles which soothed his desire to see -again his wife and children, from whom he had been four months away. Then -fact slides into fiction with the finding of Raphael Hythloday (whose -name, made of two Greek words [Greek text] and [Greek text], means -"knowing in trifles"), a man who had been with Amerigo Vespucci in the -three last of the voyages to the new world lately discovered, of which -the account had been first printed in 1507, only nine years before Utopia -was written. - -Designedly fantastic in suggestion of details, "Utopia" is the work of a -scholar who had read Plato's "Republic," and had his fancy quickened -after reading Plutarch's account of Spartan life under Lycurgus. Beneath -the veil of an ideal communism, into which there has been worked some -witty extravagance, there lies a noble English argument. Sometimes More -puts the case as of France when he means England. Sometimes there is -ironical praise of the good faith of Christian kings, saving the book -from censure as a political attack on the policy of Henry VIII. Erasmus -wrote to a friend in 1517 that he should send for More's "Utopia," if he -had not read it, and "wished to see the true source of all political -evils." And to More Erasmus wrote of his book, "A burgomaster of Antwerp -is so pleased with it that he knows it all by heart." - -H. M. - - - - -DISCOURSES OF RAPHAEL HYTHLODAY, OF THE BEST STATE OF A COMMONWEALTH - - -Henry VIII., the unconquered King of England, a prince adorned with all -the virtues that become a great monarch, having some differences of no -small consequence with Charles the most serene Prince of Castile, sent me -into Flanders, as his ambassador, for treating and composing matters -between them. I was colleague and companion to that incomparable man -Cuthbert Tonstal, whom the King, with such universal applause, lately -made Master of the Rolls; but of whom I will say nothing; not because I -fear that the testimony of a friend will be suspected, but rather because -his learning and virtues are too great for me to do them justice, and so -well known, that they need not my commendations, unless I would, -according to the proverb, "Show the sun with a lantern." Those that were -appointed by the Prince to treat with us, met us at Bruges, according to -agreement; they were all worthy men. The Margrave of Bruges was their -head, and the chief man among them; but he that was esteemed the wisest, -and that spoke for the rest, was George Temse, the Provost of Casselsee: -both art and nature had concurred to make him eloquent: he was very -learned in the law; and, as he had a great capacity, so, by a long -practice in affairs, he was very dexterous at unravelling them. After we -had several times met, without coming to an agreement, they went to -Brussels for some days, to know the Prince's pleasure; and, since our -business would admit it, I went to Antwerp. While I was there, among -many that visited me, there was one that was more acceptable to me than -any other, Peter Giles, born at Antwerp, who is a man of great honour, -and of a good rank in his town, though less than he deserves; for I do -not know if there be anywhere to be found a more learned and a better -bred young man; for as he is both a very worthy and a very knowing -person, so he is so civil to all men, so particularly kind to his -friends, and so full of candour and affection, that there is not, -perhaps, above one or two anywhere to be found, that is in all respects -so perfect a friend: he is extraordinarily modest, there is no artifice -in him, and yet no man has more of a prudent simplicity. His -conversation was so pleasant and so innocently cheerful, that his company -in a great measure lessened any longings to go back to my country, and to -my wife and children, which an absence of four months had quickened very -much. One day, as I was returning home from mass at St. Mary's, which is -the chief church, and the most frequented of any in Antwerp, I saw him, -by accident, talking with a stranger, who seemed past the flower of his -age; his face was tanned, he had a long beard, and his cloak was hanging -carelessly about him, so that, by his looks and habit, I concluded he was -a seaman. As soon as Peter saw me, he came and saluted me, and as I was -returning his civility, he took me aside, and pointing to him with whom -he had been discoursing, he said, "Do you see that man? I was just -thinking to bring him to you." I answered, "He should have been very -welcome on your account." "And on his own too," replied he, "if you knew -the man, for there is none alive that can give so copious an account of -unknown nations and countries as he can do, which I know you very much -desire." "Then," said I, "I did not guess amiss, for at first sight I -took him for a seaman." "But you are much mistaken," said he, "for he -has not sailed as a seaman, but as a traveller, or rather a philosopher. -This Raphael, who from his family carries the name of Hythloday, is not -ignorant of the Latin tongue, but is eminently learned in the Greek, -having applied himself more particularly to that than to the former, -because he had given himself much to philosophy, in which he knew that -the Romans have left us nothing that is valuable, except what is to be -found in Seneca and Cicero. He is a Portuguese by birth, and was so -desirous of seeing the world, that he divided his estate among his -brothers, ran the same hazard as Americus Vesputius, and bore a share in -three of his four voyages that are now published; only he did not return -with him in his last, but obtained leave of him, almost by force, that he -might be one of those twenty-four who were left at the farthest place at -which they touched in their last voyage to New Castile. The leaving him -thus did not a little gratify one that was more fond of travelling than -of returning home to be buried in his own country; for he used often to -say, that the way to heaven was the same from all places, and he that had -no grave had the heavens still over him. Yet this disposition of mind -had cost him dear, if God had not been very gracious to him; for after -he, with five Castalians, had travelled over many countries, at last, by -strange good fortune, he got to Ceylon, and from thence to Calicut, where -he, very happily, found some Portuguese ships; and, beyond all men's -expectations, returned to his native country." When Peter had said this -to me, I thanked him for his kindness in intending to give me the -acquaintance of a man whose conversation he knew would be so acceptable; -and upon that Raphael and I embraced each other. After those civilities -were past which are usual with strangers upon their first meeting, we all -went to my house, and entering into the garden, sat down on a green bank -and entertained one another in discourse. He told us that when Vesputius -had sailed away, he, and his companions that stayed behind in New -Castile, by degrees insinuated themselves into the affections of the -people of the country, meeting often with them and treating them gently; -and at last they not only lived among them without danger, but conversed -familiarly with them, and got so far into the heart of a prince, whose -name and country I have forgot, that he both furnished them plentifully -with all things necessary, and also with the conveniences of travelling, -both boats when they went by water, and waggons when they trained over -land: he sent with them a very faithful guide, who was to introduce and -recommend them to such other princes as they had a mind to see: and after -many days' journey, they came to towns, and cities, and to commonwealths, -that were both happily governed and well peopled. Under the equator, and -as far on both sides of it as the sun moves, there lay vast deserts that -were parched with the perpetual heat of the sun; the soil was withered, -all things looked dismally, and all places were either quite uninhabited, -or abounded with wild beasts and serpents, and some few men, that were -neither less wild nor less cruel than the beasts themselves. But, as -they went farther, a new scene opened, all things grew milder, the air -less burning, the soil more verdant, and even the beasts were less wild: -and, at last, there were nations, towns, and cities, that had not only -mutual commerce among themselves and with their neighbours, but traded, -both by sea and land, to very remote countries. There they found the -conveniencies of seeing many countries on all hands, for no ship went any -voyage into which he and his companions were not very welcome. The first -vessels that they saw were flat-bottomed, their sails were made of reeds -and wicker, woven close together, only some were of leather; but, -afterwards, they found ships made with round keels and canvas sails, and -in all respects like our ships, and the seamen understood both astronomy -and navigation. He got wonderfully into their favour by showing them the -use of the needle, of which till then they were utterly ignorant. They -sailed before with great caution, and only in summer time; but now they -count all seasons alike, trusting wholly to the loadstone, in which they -are, perhaps, more secure than safe; so that there is reason to fear that -this discovery, which was thought would prove so much to their advantage, -may, by their imprudence, become an occasion of much mischief to them. -But it were too long to dwell on all that he told us he had observed in -every place, it would be too great a digression from our present purpose: -whatever is necessary to be told concerning those wise and prudent -institutions which he observed among civilised nations, may perhaps be -related by us on a more proper occasion. We asked him many questions -concerning all these things, to which he answered very willingly; we made -no inquiries after monsters, than which nothing is more common; for -everywhere one may hear of ravenous dogs and wolves, and cruel -men-eaters, but it is not so easy to find states that are well and wisely -governed. - -As he told us of many things that were amiss in those new-discovered -countries, so he reckoned up not a few things, from which patterns might -be taken for correcting the errors of these nations among whom we live; -of which an account may be given, as I have already promised, at some -other time; for, at present, I intend only to relate those particulars -that he told us, of the manners and laws of the Utopians: but I will -begin with the occasion that led us to speak of that commonwealth. After -Raphael had discoursed with great judgment on the many errors that were -both among us and these nations, had treated of the wise institutions -both here and there, and had spoken as distinctly of the customs and -government of every nation through which he had past, as if he had spent -his whole life in it, Peter, being struck with admiration, said, "I -wonder, Raphael, how it comes that you enter into no king's service, for -I am sure there are none to whom you would not be very acceptable; for -your learning and knowledge, both of men and things, is such, that you -would not only entertain them very pleasantly, but be of great use to -them, by the examples you could set before them, and the advices you -could give them; and by this means you would both serve your own -interest, and be of great use to all your friends." "As for my friends," -answered he, "I need not be much concerned, having already done for them -all that was incumbent on me; for when I was not only in good health, but -fresh and young, I distributed that among my kindred and friends which -other people do not part with till they are old and sick: when they then -unwillingly give that which they can enjoy no longer themselves. I think -my friends ought to rest contented with this, and not to expect that for -their sakes I should enslave myself to any king whatsoever." "Soft and -fair!" said Peter; "I do not mean that you should be a slave to any king, -but only that you should assist them and be useful to them." "The change -of the word," said he, "does not alter the matter." "But term it as you -will," replied Peter, "I do not see any other way in which you can be so -useful, both in private to your friends and to the public, and by which -you can make your own condition happier." "Happier?" answered Raphael, -"is that to be compassed in a way so abhorrent to my genius? Now I live -as I will, to which I believe, few courtiers can pretend; and there are -so many that court the favour of great men, that there will be no great -loss if they are not troubled either with me or with others of my -temper." Upon this, said I, "I perceive, Raphael, that you neither -desire wealth nor greatness; and, indeed, I value and admire such a man -much more than I do any of the great men in the world. Yet I think you -would do what would well become so generous and philosophical a soul as -yours is, if you would apply your time and thoughts to public affairs, -even though you may happen to find it a little uneasy to yourself; and -this you can never do with so much advantage as by being taken into the -council of some great prince and putting him on noble and worthy actions, -which I know you would do if you were in such a post; for the springs -both of good and evil flow from the prince over a whole nation, as from a -lasting fountain. So much learning as you have, even without practice in -affairs, or so great a practice as you have had, without any other -learning, would render you a very fit counsellor to any king whatsoever." -"You are doubly mistaken," said he, "Mr. More, both in your opinion of me -and in the judgment you make of things: for as I have not that capacity -that you fancy I have, so if I had it, the public would not be one jot -the better when I had sacrificed my quiet to it. For most princes apply -themselves more to affairs of war than to the useful arts of peace; and -in these I neither have any knowledge, nor do I much desire it; they are -generally more set on acquiring new kingdoms, right or wrong, than on -governing well those they possess: and, among the ministers of princes, -there are none that are not so wise as to need no assistance, or at -least, that do not think themselves so wise that they imagine they need -none; and if they court any, it is only those for whom the prince has -much personal favour, whom by their fawning and flatteries they endeavour -to fix to their own interests; and, indeed, nature has so made us, that -we all love to be flattered and to please ourselves with our own notions: -the old crow loves his young, and the ape her cubs. Now if in such a -court, made up of persons who envy all others and only admire themselves, -a person should but propose anything that he had either read in history -or observed in his travels, the rest would think that the reputation of -their wisdom would sink, and that their interests would be much depressed -if they could not run it down: and, if all other things failed, then they -would fly to this, that such or such things pleased our ancestors, and it -were well for us if we could but match them. They would set up their -rest on such an answer, as a sufficient confutation of all that could be -said, as if it were a great misfortune that any should be found wiser -than his ancestors. But though they willingly let go all the good things -that were among those of former ages, yet, if better things are proposed, -they cover themselves obstinately with this excuse of reverence to past -times. I have met with these proud, morose, and absurd judgments of -things in many places, particularly once in England." "Were you ever -there?" said I. "Yes, I was," answered he, "and stayed some months -there, not long after the rebellion in the West was suppressed, with a -great slaughter of the poor people that were engaged in it. - -"I was then much obliged to that reverend prelate, John Morton, -Archbishop of Canterbury, Cardinal, and Chancellor of England; a man," -said he, "Peter (for Mr. More knows well what he was), that was not less -venerable for his wisdom and virtues than for the high character he bore: -he was of a middle stature, not broken with age; his looks begot -reverence rather than fear; his conversation was easy, but serious and -grave; he sometimes took pleasure to try the force of those that came as -suitors to him upon business by speaking sharply, though decently, to -them, and by that he discovered their spirit and presence of mind; with -which he was much delighted when it did not grow up to impudence, as -bearing a great resemblance to his own temper, and he looked on such -persons as the fittest men for affairs. He spoke both gracefully and -weightily; he was eminently skilled in the law, had a vast understanding, -and a prodigious memory; and those excellent talents with which nature -had furnished him were improved by study and experience. When I was in -England the King depended much on his counsels, and the Government seemed -to be chiefly supported by him; for from his youth he had been all along -practised in affairs; and, having passed through many traverses of -fortune, he had, with great cost, acquired a vast stock of wisdom, which -is not soon lost when it is purchased so dear. One day, when I was -dining with him, there happened to be at table one of the English -lawyers, who took occasion to run out in a high commendation of the -severe execution of justice upon thieves, 'who,' as he said, 'were then -hanged so fast that there were sometimes twenty on one gibbet!' and, upon -that, he said, 'he could not wonder enough how it came to pass that, -since so few escaped, there were yet so many thieves left, who were still -robbing in all places.' Upon this, I (who took the boldness to speak -freely before the Cardinal) said, 'There was no reason to wonder at the -matter, since this way of punishing thieves was neither just in itself -nor good for the public; for, as the severity was too great, so the -remedy was not effectual; simple theft not being so great a crime that it -ought to cost a man his life; no punishment, how severe soever, being -able to restrain those from robbing who can find out no other way of -livelihood. In this,' said I, 'not only you in England, but a great part -of the world, imitate some ill masters, that are readier to chastise -their scholars than to teach them. There are dreadful punishments -enacted against thieves, but it were much better to make such good -provisions by which every man might be put in a method how to live, and -so be preserved from the fatal necessity of stealing and of dying for -it.' 'There has been care enough taken for that,' said he; 'there are -many handicrafts, and there is husbandry, by which they may make a shift -to live, unless they have a greater mind to follow ill courses.' 'That -will not serve your turn,' said I, 'for many lose their limbs in civil or -foreign wars, as lately in the Cornish rebellion, and some time ago in -your wars with France, who, being thus mutilated in the service of their -king and country, can no more follow their old trades, and are too old to -learn new ones; but since wars are only accidental things, and have -intervals, let us consider those things that fall out every day. There -is a great number of noblemen among you that are themselves as idle as -drones, that subsist on other men's labour, on the labour of their -tenants, whom, to raise their revenues, they pare to the quick. This, -indeed, is the only instance of their frugality, for in all other things -they are prodigal, even to the beggaring of themselves; but, besides -this, they carry about with them a great number of idle fellows, who -never learned any art by which they may gain their living; and these, as -soon as either their lord dies, or they themselves fall sick, are turned -out of doors; for your lords are readier to feed idle people than to take -care of the sick; and often the heir is not able to keep together so -great a family as his predecessor did. Now, when the stomachs of those -that are thus turned out of doors grow keen, they rob no less keenly; and -what else can they do? For when, by wandering about, they have worn out -both their health and their clothes, and are tattered, and look ghastly, -men of quality will not entertain them, and poor men dare not do it, -knowing that one who has been bred up in idleness and pleasure, and who -was used to walk about with his sword and buckler, despising all the -neighbourhood with an insolent scorn as far below him, is not fit for the -spade and mattock; nor will he serve a poor man for so small a hire and -in so low a diet as he can afford to give him.' To this he answered, -'This sort of men ought to be particularly cherished, for in them -consists the force of the armies for which we have occasion; since their -birth inspires them with a nobler sense of honour than is to be found -among tradesmen or ploughmen.' 'You may as well say,' replied I, 'that -you must cherish thieves on the account of wars, for you will never want -the one as long as you have the other; and as robbers prove sometimes -gallant soldiers, so soldiers often prove brave robbers, so near an -alliance there is between those two sorts of life. But this bad custom, -so common among you, of keeping many servants, is not peculiar to this -nation. In France there is yet a more pestiferous sort of people, for -the whole country is full of soldiers, still kept up in time of peace (if -such a state of a nation can be called a peace); and these are kept in -pay upon the same account that you plead for those idle retainers about -noblemen: this being a maxim of those pretended statesmen, that it is -necessary for the public safety to have a good body of veteran soldiers -ever in readiness. They think raw men are not to be depended on, and -they sometimes seek occasions for making war, that they may train up -their soldiers in the art of cutting throats, or, as Sallust observed, -"for keeping their hands in use, that they may not grow dull by too long -an intermission." But France has learned to its cost how dangerous it is -to feed such beasts. The fate of the Romans, Carthaginians, and Syrians, -and many other nations and cities, which were both overturned and quite -ruined by those standing armies, should make others wiser; and the folly -of this maxim of the French appears plainly even from this, that their -trained soldiers often find your raw men prove too hard for them, of -which I will not say much, lest you may think I flatter the English. -Every day's experience shows that the mechanics in the towns or the -clowns in the country are not afraid of fighting with those idle -gentlemen, if they are not disabled by some misfortune in their body or -dispirited by extreme want; so that you need not fear that those well- -shaped and strong men (for it is only such that noblemen love to keep -about them till they spoil them), who now grow feeble with ease and are -softened with their effeminate manner of life, would be less fit for -action if they were well bred and well employed. And it seems very -unreasonable that, for the prospect of a war, which you need never have -but when you please, you should maintain so many idle men, as will always -disturb you in time of peace, which is ever to be more considered than -war. But I do not think that this necessity of stealing arises only from -hence; there is another cause of it, more peculiar to England.' 'What is -that?' said the Cardinal: 'The increase of pasture,' said I, 'by which -your sheep, which are naturally mild, and easily kept in order, may be -said now to devour men and unpeople, not only villages, but towns; for -wherever it is found that the sheep of any soil yield a softer and richer -wool than ordinary, there the nobility and gentry, and even those holy -men, the dobots! not contented with the old rents which their farms -yielded, nor thinking it enough that they, living at their ease, do no -good to the public, resolve to do it hurt instead of good. They stop the -course of agriculture, destroying houses and towns, reserving only the -churches, and enclose grounds that they may lodge their sheep in them. As -if forests and parks had swallowed up too little of the land, those -worthy countrymen turn the best inhabited places into solitudes; for when -an insatiable wretch, who is a plague to his country, resolves to enclose -many thousand acres of ground, the owners, as well as tenants, are turned -out of their possessions by trick or by main force, or, being wearied out -by ill usage, they are forced to sell them; by which means those -miserable people, both men and women, married and unmarried, old and -young, with their poor but numerous families (since country business -requires many hands), are all forced to change their seats, not knowing -whither to go; and they must sell, almost for nothing, their household -stuff, which could not bring them much money, even though they might stay -for a buyer. When that little money is at an end (for it will be soon -spent), what is left for them to do but either to steal, and so to be -hanged (God knows how justly!), or to go about and beg? and if they do -this they are put in prison as idle vagabonds, while they would willingly -work but can find none that will hire them; for there is no more occasion -for country labour, to which they have been bred, when there is no arable -ground left. One shepherd can look after a flock, which will stock an -extent of ground that would require many hands if it were to be ploughed -and reaped. This, likewise, in many places raises the price of corn. The -price of wool is also so risen that the poor people, who were wont to -make cloth, are no more able to buy it; and this, likewise, makes many of -them idle: for since the increase of pasture God has punished the avarice -of the owners by a rot among the sheep, which has destroyed vast numbers -of them--to us it might have seemed more just had it fell on the owners -themselves. But, suppose the sheep should increase ever so much, their -price is not likely to fall; since, though they cannot be called a -monopoly, because they are not engrossed by one person, yet they are in -so few hands, and these are so rich, that, as they are not pressed to -sell them sooner than they have a mind to it, so they never do it till -they have raised the price as high as possible. And on the same account -it is that the other kinds of cattle are so dear, because many villages -being pulled down, and all country labour being much neglected, there are -none who make it their business to breed them. The rich do not breed -cattle as they do sheep, but buy them lean and at low prices; and, after -they have fattened them on their grounds, sell them again at high rates. -And I do not think that all the inconveniences this will produce are yet -observed; for, as they sell the cattle dear, so, if they are consumed -faster than the breeding countries from which they are brought can afford -them, then the stock must decrease, and this must needs end in great -scarcity; and by these means, this your island, which seemed as to this -particular the happiest in the world, will suffer much by the cursed -avarice of a few persons: besides this, the rising of corn makes all -people lessen their families as much as they can; and what can those who -are dismissed by them do but either beg or rob? And to this last a man -of a great mind is much sooner drawn than to the former. Luxury likewise -breaks in apace upon you to set forward your poverty and misery; there is -an excessive vanity in apparel, and great cost in diet, and that not only -in noblemen's families, but even among tradesmen, among the farmers -themselves, and among all ranks of persons. You have also many infamous -houses, and, besides those that are known, the taverns and ale-houses are -no better; add to these dice, cards, tables, football, tennis, and -quoits, in which money runs fast away; and those that are initiated into -them must, in the conclusion, betake themselves to robbing for a supply. -Banish these plagues, and give orders that those who have dispeopled so -much soil may either rebuild the villages they have pulled down or let -out their grounds to such as will do it; restrain those engrossings of -the rich, that are as bad almost as monopolies; leave fewer occasions to -idleness; let agriculture be set up again, and the manufacture of the -wool be regulated, that so there may be work found for those companies of -idle people whom want forces to be thieves, or who now, being idle -vagabonds or useless servants, will certainly grow thieves at last. If -you do not find a remedy to these evils it is a vain thing to boast of -your severity in punishing theft, which, though it may have the -appearance of justice, yet in itself is neither just nor convenient; for -if you suffer your people to be ill-educated, and their manners to be -corrupted from their infancy, and then punish them for those crimes to -which their first education disposed them, what else is to be concluded -from this but that you first make thieves and then punish them?' - -"While I was talking thus, the Counsellor, who was present, had prepared -an answer, and had resolved to resume all I had said, according to the -formality of a debate, in which things are generally repeated more -faithfully than they are answered, as if the chief trial to be made were -of men's memories. 'You have talked prettily, for a stranger,' said he, -'having heard of many things among us which you have not been able to -consider well; but I will make the whole matter plain to you, and will -first repeat in order all that you have said; then I will show how much -your ignorance of our affairs has misled you; and will, in the last -place, answer all your arguments. And, that I may begin where I -promised, there were four things--' 'Hold your peace!' said the -Cardinal; 'this will take up too much time; therefore we will, at -present, ease you of the trouble of answering, and reserve it to our next -meeting, which shall be to-morrow, if Raphael's affairs and yours can -admit of it. But, Raphael,' said he to me, 'I would gladly know upon -what reason it is that you think theft ought not to be punished by death: -would you give way to it? or do you propose any other punishment that -will be more useful to the public? for, since death does not restrain -theft, if men thought their lives would be safe, what fear or force could -restrain ill men? On the contrary, they would look on the mitigation of -the punishment as an invitation to commit more crimes.' I answered, 'It -seems to me a very unjust thing to take away a man's life for a little -money, for nothing in the world can be of equal value with a man's life: -and if it be said, "that it is not for the money that one suffers, but -for his breaking the law," I must say, extreme justice is an extreme -injury: for we ought not to approve of those terrible laws that make the -smallest offences capital, nor of that opinion of the Stoics that makes -all crimes equal; as if there were no difference to be made between the -killing a man and the taking his purse, between which, if we examine -things impartially, there is no likeness nor proportion. God has -commanded us not to kill, and shall we kill so easily for a little money? -But if one shall say, that by that law we are only forbid to kill any -except when the laws of the land allow of it, upon the same grounds, laws -may be made, in some cases, to allow of adultery and perjury: for God -having taken from us the right of disposing either of our own or of other -people's lives, if it is pretended that the mutual consent of men in -making laws can authorise man-slaughter in cases in which God has given -us no example, that it frees people from the obligation of the divine -law, and so makes murder a lawful action, what is this, but to give a -preference to human laws before the divine? and, if this is once -admitted, by the same rule men may, in all other things, put what -restrictions they please upon the laws of God. If, by the Mosaical law, -though it was rough and severe, as being a yoke laid on an obstinate and -servile nation, men were only fined, and not put to death for theft, we -cannot imagine, that in this new law of mercy, in which God treats us -with the tenderness of a father, He has given us a greater licence to -cruelty than He did to the Jews. Upon these reasons it is, that I think -putting thieves to death is not lawful; and it is plain and obvious that -it is absurd and of ill consequence to the commonwealth that a thief and -a murderer should be equally punished; for if a robber sees that his -danger is the same if he is convicted of theft as if he were guilty of -murder, this will naturally incite him to kill the person whom otherwise -he would only have robbed; since, if the punishment is the same, there is -more security, and less danger of discovery, when he that can best make -it is put out of the way; so that terrifying thieves too much provokes -them to cruelty. - -"But as to the question, 'What more convenient way of punishment can be -found?' I think it much easier to find out that than to invent anything -that is worse; why should we doubt but the way that was so long in use -among the old Romans, who understood so well the arts of government, was -very proper for their punishment? They condemned such as they found -guilty of great crimes to work their whole lives in quarries, or to dig -in mines with chains about them. But the method that I liked best was -that which I observed in my travels in Persia, among the Polylerits, who -are a considerable and well-governed people: they pay a yearly tribute to -the King of Persia, but in all other respects they are a free nation, and -governed by their own laws: they lie far from the sea, and are environed -with hills; and, being contented with the productions of their own -country, which is very fruitful, they have little commerce with any other -nation; and as they, according to the genius of their country, have no -inclination to enlarge their borders, so their mountains and the pension -they pay to the Persian, secure them from all invasions. Thus they have -no wars among them; they live rather conveniently than with splendour, -and may be rather called a happy nation than either eminent or famous; -for I do not think that they are known, so much as by name, to any but -their next neighbours. Those that are found guilty of theft among them -are bound to make restitution to the owner, and not, as it is in other -places, to the prince, for they reckon that the prince has no more right -to the stolen goods than the thief; but if that which was stolen is no -more in being, then the goods of the thieves are estimated, and -restitution being made out of them, the remainder is given to their wives -and children; and they themselves are condemned to serve in the public -works, but are neither imprisoned nor chained, unless there happens to be -some extraordinary circumstance in their crimes. They go about loose and -free, working for the public: if they are idle or backward to work they -are whipped, but if they work hard they are well used and treated without -any mark of reproach; only the lists of them are called always at night, -and then they are shut up. They suffer no other uneasiness but this of -constant labour; for, as they work for the public, so they are well -entertained out of the public stock, which is done differently in -different places: in some places whatever is bestowed on them is raised -by a charitable contribution; and, though this way may seem uncertain, -yet so merciful are the inclinations of that people, that they are -plentifully supplied by it; but in other places public revenues are set -aside for them, or there is a constant tax or poll-money raised for their -maintenance. In some places they are set to no public work, but every -private man that has occasion to hire workmen goes to the market-places -and hires them of the public, a little lower than he would do a freeman. -If they go lazily about their task he may quicken them with the whip. By -this means there is always some piece of work or other to be done by -them; and, besides their livelihood, they earn somewhat still to the -public. They all wear a peculiar habit, of one certain colour, and their -hair is cropped a little above their ears, and a piece of one of their -ears is cut off. Their friends are allowed to give them either meat, -drink, or clothes, so they are of their proper colour; but it is death, -both to the giver and taker, if they give them money; nor is it less -penal for any freeman to take money from them upon any account -whatsoever: and it is also death for any of these slaves (so they are -called) to handle arms. Those of every division of the country are -distinguished by a peculiar mark, which it is capital for them to lay -aside, to go out of their bounds, or to talk with a slave of another -jurisdiction, and the very attempt of an escape is no less penal than an -escape itself. It is death for any other slave to be accessory to it; -and if a freeman engages in it he is condemned to slavery. Those that -discover it are rewarded--if freemen, in money; and if slaves, with -liberty, together with a pardon for being accessory to it; that so they -might find their account rather in repenting of their engaging in such a -design than in persisting in it. - -"These are their laws and rules in relation to robbery, and it is obvious -that they are as advantageous as they are mild and gentle; since vice is -not only destroyed and men preserved, but they are treated in such a -manner as to make them see the necessity of being honest and of employing -the rest of their lives in repairing the injuries they had formerly done -to society. Nor is there any hazard of their falling back to their old -customs; and so little do travellers apprehend mischief from them that -they generally make use of them for guides from one jurisdiction to -another; for there is nothing left them by which they can rob or be the -better for it, since, as they are disarmed, so the very having of money -is a sufficient conviction: and as they are certainly punished if -discovered, so they cannot hope to escape; for their habit being in all -the parts of it different from what is commonly worn, they cannot fly -away, unless they would go naked, and even then their cropped ear would -betray them. The only danger to be feared from them is their conspiring -against the government; but those of one division and neighbourhood can -do nothing to any purpose unless a general conspiracy were laid amongst -all the slaves of the several jurisdictions, which cannot be done, since -they cannot meet or talk together; nor will any venture on a design where -the concealment would be so dangerous and the discovery so profitable. -None are quite hopeless of recovering their freedom, since by their -obedience and patience, and by giving good grounds to believe that they -will change their manner of life for the future, they may expect at last -to obtain their liberty, and some are every year restored to it upon the -good character that is given of them. When I had related all this, I -added that I did not see why such a method might not be followed with -more advantage than could ever be expected from that severe justice which -the Counsellor magnified so much. To this he answered, 'That it could -never take place in England without endangering the whole nation.' As he -said this he shook his head, made some grimaces, and held his peace, -while all the company seemed of his opinion, except the Cardinal, who -said, 'That it was not easy to form a judgment of its success, since it -was a method that never yet had been tried; but if,' said he, 'when -sentence of death were passed upon a thief, the prince would reprieve him -for a while, and make the experiment upon him, denying him the privilege -of a sanctuary; and then, if it had a good effect upon him, it might take -place; and, if it did not succeed, the worst would be to execute the -sentence on the condemned persons at last; and I do not see,' added he, -'why it would be either unjust, inconvenient, or at all dangerous to -admit of such a delay; in my opinion the vagabonds ought to be treated in -the same manner, against whom, though we have made many laws, yet we have -not been able to gain our end.' When the Cardinal had done, they all -commended the motion, though they had despised it when it came from me, -but more particularly commended what related to the vagabonds, because it -was his own observation. - -"I do not know whether it be worth while to tell what followed, for it -was very ridiculous; but I shall venture at it, for as it is not foreign -to this matter, so some good use may be made of it. There was a Jester -standing by, that counterfeited the fool so naturally that he seemed to -be really one; the jests which he offered were so cold and dull that we -laughed more at him than at them, yet sometimes he said, as it were by -chance, things that were not unpleasant, so as to justify the old -proverb, 'That he who throws the dice often, will sometimes have a lucky -hit.' When one of the company had said that I had taken care of the -thieves, and the Cardinal had taken care of the vagabonds, so that there -remained nothing but that some public provision might be made for the -poor whom sickness or old age had disabled from labour, 'Leave that to -me,' said the Fool, 'and I shall take care of them, for there is no sort -of people whose sight I abhor more, having been so often vexed with them -and with their sad complaints; but as dolefully soever as they have told -their tale, they could never prevail so far as to draw one penny from me; -for either I had no mind to give them anything, or, when I had a mind to -do it, I had nothing to give them; and they now know me so well that they -will not lose their labour, but let me pass without giving me any -trouble, because they hope for nothing--no more, in faith, than if I were -a priest; but I would have a law made for sending all these beggars to -monasteries, the men to the Benedictines, to be made lay-brothers, and -the women to be nuns.' The Cardinal smiled, and approved of it in jest, -but the rest liked it in earnest. There was a divine present, who, -though he was a grave morose man, yet he was so pleased with this -reflection that was made on the priests and the monks that he began to -play with the Fool, and said to him, 'This will not deliver you from all -beggars, except you take care of us Friars.' 'That is done already,' -answered the Fool, 'for the Cardinal has provided for you by what he -proposed for restraining vagabonds and setting them to work, for I know -no vagabonds like you.' This was well entertained by the whole company, -who, looking at the Cardinal, perceived that he was not ill-pleased at -it; only the Friar himself was vexed, as may be easily imagined, and fell -into such a passion that he could not forbear railing at the Fool, and -calling him knave, slanderer, backbiter, and son of perdition, and then -cited some dreadful threatenings out of the Scriptures against him. Now -the Jester thought he was in his element, and laid about him freely. -'Good Friar,' said he, 'be not angry, for it is written, "In patience -possess your soul."' The Friar answered (for I shall give you his own -words), 'I am not angry, you hangman; at least, I do not sin in it, for -the Psalmist says, "Be ye angry and sin not."' Upon this the Cardinal -admonished him gently, and wished him to govern his passions. 'No, my -lord,' said he, 'I speak not but from a good zeal, which I ought to have, -for holy men have had a good zeal, as it is said, "The zeal of thy house -hath eaten me up;" and we sing in our church that those who mocked Elisha -as he went up to the house of God felt the effects of his zeal, which -that mocker, that rogue, that scoundrel, will perhaps feel.' 'You do -this, perhaps, with a good intention,' said the Cardinal, 'but, in my -opinion, it were wiser in you, and perhaps better for you, not to engage -in so ridiculous a contest with a Fool.' 'No, my lord,' answered he, -'that were not wisely done, for Solomon, the wisest of men, said, "Answer -a Fool according to his folly," which I now do, and show him the ditch -into which he will fall, if he is not aware of it; for if the many -mockers of Elisha, who was but one bald man, felt the effect of his zeal, -what will become of the mocker of so many Friars, among whom there are so -many bald men? We have, likewise, a bull, by which all that jeer us are -excommunicated.' When the Cardinal saw that there was no end of this -matter he made a sign to the Fool to withdraw, turned the discourse -another way, and soon after rose from the table, and, dismissing us, went -to hear causes. - -"Thus, Mr. More, I have run out into a tedious story, of the length of -which I had been ashamed, if (as you earnestly begged it of me) I had not -observed you to hearken to it as if you had no mind to lose any part of -it. I might have contracted it, but I resolved to give it you at large, -that you might observe how those that despised what I had proposed, no -sooner perceived that the Cardinal did not dislike it but presently -approved of it, fawned so on him and flattered him to such a degree, that -they in good earnest applauded those things that he only liked in jest; -and from hence you may gather how little courtiers would value either me -or my counsels." - -To this I answered, "You have done me a great kindness in this relation; -for as everything has been related by you both wisely and pleasantly, so -you have made me imagine that I was in my own country and grown young -again, by recalling that good Cardinal to my thoughts, in whose family I -was bred from my childhood; and though you are, upon other accounts, very -dear to me, yet you are the dearer because you honour his memory so much; -but, after all this, I cannot change my opinion, for I still think that -if you could overcome that aversion which you have to the courts of -princes, you might, by the advice which it is in your power to give, do a -great deal of good to mankind, and this is the chief design that every -good man ought to propose to himself in living; for your friend Plato -thinks that nations will be happy when either philosophers become kings -or kings become philosophers. It is no wonder if we are so far from that -happiness while philosophers will not think it their duty to assist kings -with their counsels." "They are not so base-minded," said he, "but that -they would willingly do it; many of them have already done it by their -books, if those that are in power would but hearken to their good advice. -But Plato judged right, that except kings themselves became philosophers, -they who from their childhood are corrupted with false notions would -never fall in entirely with the counsels of philosophers, and this he -himself found to be true in the person of Dionysius. - -"Do not you think that if I were about any king, proposing good laws to -him, and endeavouring to root out all the cursed seeds of evil that I -found in him, I should either be turned out of his court, or, at least, -be laughed at for my pains? For instance, what could I signify if I were -about the King of France, and were called into his cabinet council, where -several wise men, in his hearing, were proposing many expedients; as, by -what arts and practices Milan may be kept, and Naples, that has so often -slipped out of their hands, recovered; how the Venetians, and after them -the rest of Italy, may be subdued; and then how Flanders, Brabant, and -all Burgundy, and some other kingdoms which he has swallowed already in -his designs, may be added to his empire? One proposes a league with the -Venetians, to be kept as long as he finds his account in it, and that he -ought to communicate counsels with them, and give them some share of the -spoil till his success makes him need or fear them less, and then it will -be easily taken out of their hands; another proposes the hiring the -Germans and the securing the Switzers by pensions; another proposes the -gaining the Emperor by money, which is omnipotent with him; another -proposes a peace with the King of Arragon, and, in order to cement it, -the yielding up the King of Navarre's pretensions; another thinks that -the Prince of Castile is to be wrought on by the hope of an alliance, and -that some of his courtiers are to be gained to the French faction by -pensions. The hardest point of all is, what to do with England; a treaty -of peace is to be set on foot, and, if their alliance is not to be -depended on, yet it is to be made as firm as possible, and they are to be -called friends, but suspected as enemies: therefore the Scots are to be -kept in readiness to be let loose upon England on every occasion; and -some banished nobleman is to be supported underhand (for by the League it -cannot be done avowedly) who has a pretension to the crown, by which -means that suspected prince may be kept in awe. Now when things are in -so great a fermentation, and so many gallant men are joining counsels how -to carry on the war, if so mean a man as I should stand up and wish them -to change all their counsels--to let Italy alone and stay at home, since -the kingdom of France was indeed greater than could be well governed by -one man; that therefore he ought not to think of adding others to it; and -if, after this, I should propose to them the resolutions of the -Achorians, a people that lie on the south-east of Utopia, who long ago -engaged in war in order to add to the dominions of their prince another -kingdom, to which he had some pretensions by an ancient alliance: this -they conquered, but found that the trouble of keeping it was equal to -that by which it was gained; that the conquered people were always either -in rebellion or exposed to foreign invasions, while they were obliged to -be incessantly at war, either for or against them, and consequently could -never disband their army; that in the meantime they were oppressed with -taxes, their money went out of the kingdom, their blood was spilt for the -glory of their king without procuring the least advantage to the people, -who received not the smallest benefit from it even in time of peace; and -that, their manners being corrupted by a long war, robbery and murders -everywhere abounded, and their laws fell into contempt; while their king, -distracted with the care of two kingdoms, was the less able to apply his -mind to the interest of either. When they saw this, and that there would -be no end to these evils, they by joint counsels made an humble address -to their king, desiring him to choose which of the two kingdoms he had -the greatest mind to keep, since he could not hold both; for they were -too great a people to be governed by a divided king, since no man would -willingly have a groom that should be in common between him and another. -Upon which the good prince was forced to quit his new kingdom to one of -his friends (who was not long after dethroned), and to be contented with -his old one. To this I would add that after all those warlike attempts, -the vast confusions, and the consumption both of treasure and of people -that must follow them, perhaps upon some misfortune they might be forced -to throw up all at last; therefore it seemed much more eligible that the -king should improve his ancient kingdom all he could, and make it -flourish as much as possible; that he should love his people, and be -beloved of them; that he should live among them, govern them gently and -let other kingdoms alone, since that which had fallen to his share was -big enough, if not too big, for him:--pray, how do you think would such a -speech as this be heard?" - -"I confess," said I, "I think not very well." - -"But what," said he, "if I should sort with another kind of ministers, -whose chief contrivances and consultations were by what art the prince's -treasures might be increased? where one proposes raising the value of -specie when the king's debts are large, and lowering it when his revenues -were to come in, that so he might both pay much with a little, and in a -little receive a great deal. Another proposes a pretence of a war, that -money might be raised in order to carry it on, and that a peace be -concluded as soon as that was done; and this with such appearances of -religion as might work on the people, and make them impute it to the -piety of their prince, and to his tenderness for the lives of his -subjects. A third offers some old musty laws that have been antiquated -by a long disuse (and which, as they had been forgotten by all the -subjects, so they had also been broken by them), and proposes the levying -the penalties of these laws, that, as it would bring in a vast treasure, -so there might be a very good pretence for it, since it would look like -the executing a law and the doing of justice. A fourth proposes the -prohibiting of many things under severe penalties, especially such as -were against the interest of the people, and then the dispensing with -these prohibitions, upon great compositions, to those who might find -their advantage in breaking them. This would serve two ends, both of -them acceptable to many; for as those whose avarice led them to -transgress would be severely fined, so the selling licences dear would -look as if a prince were tender of his people, and would not easily, or -at low rates, dispense with anything that might be against the public -good. Another proposes that the judges must be made sure, that they may -declare always in favour of the prerogative; that they must be often sent -for to court, that the king may hear them argue those points in which he -is concerned; since, how unjust soever any of his pretensions may be, yet -still some one or other of them, either out of contradiction to others, -or the pride of singularity, or to make their court, would find out some -pretence or other to give the king a fair colour to carry the point. For -if the judges but differ in opinion, the clearest thing in the world is -made by that means disputable, and truth being once brought in question, -the king may then take advantage to expound the law for his own profit; -while the judges that stand out will be brought over, either through fear -or modesty; and they being thus gained, all of them may be sent to the -Bench to give sentence boldly as the king would have it; for fair -pretences will never be wanting when sentence is to be given in the -prince's favour. It will either be said that equity lies of his side, or -some words in the law will be found sounding that way, or some forced -sense will be put on them; and, when all other things fail, the king's -undoubted prerogative will be pretended, as that which is above all law, -and to which a religious judge ought to have a special regard. Thus all -consent to that maxim of Crassus, that a prince cannot have treasure -enough, since he must maintain his armies out of it; that a king, even -though he would, can do nothing unjustly; that all property is in him, -not excepting the very persons of his subjects; and that no man has any -other property but that which the king, out of his goodness, thinks fit -to leave him. And they think it is the prince's interest that there be -as little of this left as may be, as if it were his advantage that his -people should have neither riches nor liberty, since these things make -them less easy and willing to submit to a cruel and unjust government. -Whereas necessity and poverty blunts them, makes them patient, beats them -down, and breaks that height of spirit that might otherwise dispose them -to rebel. Now what if, after all these propositions were made, I should -rise up and assert that such counsels were both unbecoming a king and -mischievous to him; and that not only his honour, but his safety, -consisted more in his people's wealth than in his own; if I should show -that they choose a king for their own sake, and not for his; that, by his -care and endeavours, they may be both easy and safe; and that, therefore, -a prince ought to take more care of his people's happiness than of his -own, as a shepherd is to take more care of his flock than of himself? It -is also certain that they are much mistaken that think the poverty of a -nation is a mean of the public safety. Who quarrel more than beggars? -who does more earnestly long for a change than he that is uneasy in his -present circumstances? and who run to create confusions with so desperate -a boldness as those who, having nothing to lose, hope to gain by them? If -a king should fall under such contempt or envy that he could not keep his -subjects in their duty but by oppression and ill usage, and by rendering -them poor and miserable, it were certainly better for him to quit his -kingdom than to retain it by such methods as make him, while he keeps the -name of authority, lose the majesty due to it. Nor is it so becoming the -dignity of a king to reign over beggars as over rich and happy subjects. -And therefore Fabricius, a man of a noble and exalted temper, said 'he -would rather govern rich men than be rich himself; since for one man to -abound in wealth and pleasure when all about him are mourning and -groaning, is to be a gaoler and not a king.' He is an unskilful -physician that cannot cure one disease without casting his patient into -another. So he that can find no other way for correcting the errors of -his people but by taking from them the conveniences of life, shows that -he knows not what it is to govern a free nation. He himself ought rather -to shake off his sloth, or to lay down his pride, for the contempt or -hatred that his people have for him takes its rise from the vices in -himself. Let him live upon what belongs to him without wronging others, -and accommodate his expense to his revenue. Let him punish crimes, and, -by his wise conduct, let him endeavour to prevent them, rather than be -severe when he has suffered them to be too common. Let him not rashly -revive laws that are abrogated by disuse, especially if they have been -long forgotten and never wanted. And let him never take any penalty for -the breach of them to which a judge would not give way in a private man, -but would look on him as a crafty and unjust person for pretending to it. -To these things I would add that law among the Macarians--a people that -live not far from Utopia--by which their king, on the day on which he -began to reign, is tied by an oath, confirmed by solemn sacrifices, never -to have at once above a thousand pounds of gold in his treasures, or so -much silver as is equal to that in value. This law, they tell us, was -made by an excellent king who had more regard to the riches of his -country than to his own wealth, and therefore provided against the -heaping up of so much treasure as might impoverish the people. He -thought that moderate sum might be sufficient for any accident, if either -the king had occasion for it against the rebels, or the kingdom against -the invasion of an enemy; but that it was not enough to encourage a -prince to invade other men's rights--a circumstance that was the chief -cause of his making that law. He also thought that it was a good -provision for that free circulation of money so necessary for the course -of commerce and exchange. And when a king must distribute all those -extraordinary accessions that increase treasure beyond the due pitch, it -makes him less disposed to oppress his subjects. Such a king as this -will be the terror of ill men, and will be beloved by all the good. - -"If, I say, I should talk of these or such-like things to men that had -taken their bias another way, how deaf would they be to all I could say!" -"No doubt, very deaf," answered I; "and no wonder, for one is never to -offer propositions or advice that we are certain will not be entertained. -Discourses so much out of the road could not avail anything, nor have any -effect on men whose minds were prepossessed with different sentiments. -This philosophical way of speculation is not unpleasant among friends in -a free conversation; but there is no room for it in the courts of -princes, where great affairs are carried on by authority." "That is what -I was saying," replied he, "that there is no room for philosophy in the -courts of princes." "Yes, there is," said I, "but not for this -speculative philosophy, that makes everything to be alike fitting at all -times; but there is another philosophy that is more pliable, that knows -its proper scene, accommodates itself to it, and teaches a man with -propriety and decency to act that part which has fallen to his share. If -when one of Plautus' comedies is upon the stage, and a company of -servants are acting their parts, you should come out in the garb of a -philosopher, and repeat, out of _Octavia_, a discourse of Seneca's to -Nero, would it not be better for you to say nothing than by mixing things -of such different natures to make an impertinent tragi-comedy? for you -spoil and corrupt the play that is in hand when you mix with it things of -an opposite nature, even though they are much better. Therefore go -through with the play that is acting the best you can, and do not -confound it because another that is pleasanter comes into your thoughts. -It is even so in a commonwealth and in the councils of princes; if ill -opinions cannot be quite rooted out, and you cannot cure some received -vice according to your wishes, you must not, therefore, abandon the -commonwealth, for the same reasons as you should not forsake the ship in -a storm because you cannot command the winds. You are not obliged to -assault people with discourses that are out of their road, when you see -that their received notions must prevent your making an impression upon -them: you ought rather to cast about and to manage things with all the -dexterity in your power, so that, if you are not able to make them go -well, they may be as little ill as possible; for, except all men were -good, everything cannot be right, and that is a blessing that I do not at -present hope to see." "According to your argument," answered he, "all -that I could be able to do would be to preserve myself from being mad -while I endeavoured to cure the madness of others; for, if I speak with, -I must repeat what I have said to you; and as for lying, whether a -philosopher can do it or not I cannot tell: I am sure I cannot do it. But -though these discourses may be uneasy and ungrateful to them, I do not -see why they should seem foolish or extravagant; indeed, if I should -either propose such things as Plato has contrived in his 'Commonwealth,' -or as the Utopians practise in theirs, though they might seem better, as -certainly they are, yet they are so different from our establishment, -which is founded on property (there being no such thing among them), that -I could not expect that it would have any effect on them. But such -discourses as mine, which only call past evils to mind and give warning -of what may follow, leave nothing in them that is so absurd that they may -not be used at any time, for they can only be unpleasant to those who are -resolved to run headlong the contrary way; and if we must let alone -everything as absurd or extravagant--which, by reason of the wicked lives -of many, may seem uncouth--we must, even among Christians, give over -pressing the greatest part of those things that Christ hath taught us, -though He has commanded us not to conceal them, but to proclaim on the -housetops that which He taught in secret. The greatest parts of His -precepts are more opposite to the lives of the men of this age than any -part of my discourse has been, but the preachers seem to have learned -that craft to which you advise me: for they, observing that the world -would not willingly suit their lives to the rules that Christ has given, -have fitted His doctrine, as if it had been a leaden rule, to their -lives, that so, some way or other, they might agree with one another. But -I see no other effect of this compliance except it be that men become -more secure in their wickedness by it; and this is all the success that I -can have in a court, for I must always differ from the rest, and then I -shall signify nothing; or, if I agree with them, I shall then only help -forward their madness. I do not comprehend what you mean by your -'casting about,' or by 'the bending and handling things so dexterously -that, if they go not well, they may go as little ill as may be;' for in -courts they will not bear with a man's holding his peace or conniving at -what others do: a man must barefacedly approve of the worst counsels and -consent to the blackest designs, so that he would pass for a spy, or, -possibly, for a traitor, that did but coldly approve of such wicked -practices; and therefore when a man is engaged in such a society, he will -be so far from being able to mend matters by his 'casting about,' as you -call it, that he will find no occasions of doing any good--the ill -company will sooner corrupt him than be the better for him; or if, -notwithstanding all their ill company, he still remains steady and -innocent, yet their follies and knavery will be imputed to him; and, by -mixing counsels with them, he must bear his share of all the blame that -belongs wholly to others. - -"It was no ill simile by which Plato set forth the unreasonableness of a -philosopher's meddling with government. 'If a man,' says he, 'were to -see a great company run out every day into the rain and take delight in -being wet--if he knew that it would be to no purpose for him to go and -persuade them to return to their houses in order to avoid the storm, and -that all that could be expected by his going to speak to them would be -that he himself should be as wet as they, it would be best for him to -keep within doors, and, since he had not influence enough to correct -other people's folly, to take care to preserve himself.' - -"Though, to speak plainly my real sentiments, I must freely own that as -long as there is any property, and while money is the standard of all -other things, I cannot think that a nation can be governed either justly -or happily: not justly, because the best things will fall to the share of -the worst men; nor happily, because all things will be divided among a -few (and even these are not in all respects happy), the rest being left -to be absolutely miserable. Therefore, when I reflect on the wise and -good constitution of the Utopians, among whom all things are so well -governed and with so few laws, where virtue hath its due reward, and yet -there is such an equality that every man lives in plenty--when I compare -with them so many other nations that are still making new laws, and yet -can never bring their constitution to a right regulation; where, -notwithstanding every one has his property, yet all the laws that they -can invent have not the power either to obtain or preserve it, or even to -enable men certainly to distinguish what is their own from what is -another's, of which the many lawsuits that every day break out, and are -eternally depending, give too plain a demonstration--when, I say, I -balance all these things in my thoughts, I grow more favourable to Plato, -and do not wonder that he resolved not to make any laws for such as would -not submit to a community of all things; for so wise a man could not but -foresee that the setting all upon a level was the only way to make a -nation happy; which cannot be obtained so long as there is property, for -when every man draws to himself all that he can compass, by one title or -another, it must needs follow that, how plentiful soever a nation may be, -yet a few dividing the wealth of it among themselves, the rest must fall -into indigence. So that there will be two sorts of people among them, -who deserve that their fortunes should be interchanged--the former -useless, but wicked and ravenous; and the latter, who by their constant -industry serve the public more than themselves, sincere and modest -men--from whence I am persuaded that till property is taken away, there -can be no equitable or just distribution of things, nor can the world be -happily governed; for as long as that is maintained, the greatest and the -far best part of mankind, will be still oppressed with a load of cares -and anxieties. I confess, without taking it quite away, those pressures -that lie on a great part of mankind may be made lighter, but they can -never be quite removed; for if laws were made to determine at how great -an extent in soil, and at how much money, every man must stop--to limit -the prince, that he might not grow too great; and to restrain the people, -that they might not become too insolent--and that none might factiously -aspire to public employments, which ought neither to be sold nor made -burdensome by a great expense, since otherwise those that serve in them -would be tempted to reimburse themselves by cheats and violence, and it -would become necessary to find out rich men for undergoing those -employments, which ought rather to be trusted to the wise. These laws, I -say, might have such effect as good diet and care might have on a sick -man whose recovery is desperate; they might allay and mitigate the -disease, but it could never be quite healed, nor the body politic be -brought again to a good habit as long as property remains; and it will -fall out, as in a complication of diseases, that by applying a remedy to -one sore you will provoke another, and that which removes the one ill -symptom produces others, while the strengthening one part of the body -weakens the rest." "On the contrary," answered I, "it seems to me that -men cannot live conveniently where all things are common. How can there -be any plenty where every man will excuse himself from labour? for as the -hope of gain doth not excite him, so the confidence that he has in other -men's industry may make him slothful. If people come to be pinched with -want, and yet cannot dispose of anything as their own, what can follow -upon this but perpetual sedition and bloodshed, especially when the -reverence and authority due to magistrates falls to the ground? for I -cannot imagine how that can be kept up among those that are in all things -equal to one another." "I do not wonder," said he, "that it appears so -to you, since you have no notion, or at least no right one, of such a -constitution; but if you had been in Utopia with me, and had seen their -laws and rules, as I did, for the space of five years, in which I lived -among them, and during which time I was so delighted with them that -indeed I should never have left them if it had not been to make the -discovery of that new world to the Europeans, you would then confess that -you had never seen a people so well constituted as they." "You will not -easily persuade me," said Peter, "that any nation in that new world is -better governed than those among us; for as our understandings are not -worse than theirs, so our government (if I mistake not) being more -ancient, a long practice has helped us to find out many conveniences of -life, and some happy chances have discovered other things to us which no -man's understanding could ever have invented." "As for the antiquity -either of their government or of ours," said he, "you cannot pass a true -judgment of it unless you had read their histories; for, if they are to -be believed, they had towns among them before these parts were so much as -inhabited; and as for those discoveries that have been either hit on by -chance or made by ingenious men, these might have happened there as well -as here. I do not deny but we are more ingenious than they are, but they -exceed us much in industry and application. They knew little concerning -us before our arrival among them. They call us all by a general name of -'The nations that lie beyond the equinoctial line;' for their chronicle -mentions a shipwreck that was made on their coast twelve hundred years -ago, and that some Romans and Egyptians that were in the ship, getting -safe ashore, spent the rest of their days amongst them; and such was -their ingenuity that from this single opportunity they drew the advantage -of learning from those unlooked-for guests, and acquired all the useful -arts that were then among the Romans, and which were known to these -shipwrecked men; and by the hints that they gave them they themselves -found out even some of those arts which they could not fully explain, so -happily did they improve that accident of having some of our people cast -upon their shore. But if such an accident has at any time brought any -from thence into Europe, we have been so far from improving it that we do -not so much as remember it, as, in aftertimes perhaps, it will be forgot -by our people that I was ever there; for though they, from one such -accident, made themselves masters of all the good inventions that were -among us, yet I believe it would be long before we should learn or put in -practice any of the good institutions that are among them. And this is -the true cause of their being better governed and living happier than we, -though we come not short of them in point of understanding or outward -advantages." Upon this I said to him, "I earnestly beg you would -describe that island very particularly to us; be not too short, but set -out in order all things relating to their soil, their rivers, their -towns, their people, their manners, constitution, laws, and, in a word, -all that you imagine we desire to know; and you may well imagine that we -desire to know everything concerning them of which we are hitherto -ignorant." "I will do it very willingly," said he, "for I have digested -the whole matter carefully, but it will take up some time." "Let us go, -then," said I, "first and dine, and then we shall have leisure enough." -He consented; we went in and dined, and after dinner came back and sat -down in the same place. I ordered my servants to take care that none -might come and interrupt us, and both Peter and I desired Raphael to be -as good as his word. When he saw that we were very intent upon it he -paused a little to recollect himself, and began in this manner:-- - -"The island of Utopia is in the middle two hundred miles broad, and holds -almost at the same breadth over a great part of it, but it grows narrower -towards both ends. Its figure is not unlike a crescent. Between its -horns the sea comes in eleven miles broad, and spreads itself into a -great bay, which is environed with land to the compass of about five -hundred miles, and is well secured from winds. In this bay there is no -great current; the whole coast is, as it were, one continued harbour, -which gives all that live in the island great convenience for mutual -commerce. But the entry into the bay, occasioned by rocks on the one -hand and shallows on the other, is very dangerous. In the middle of it -there is one single rock which appears above water, and may, therefore, -easily be avoided; and on the top of it there is a tower, in which a -garrison is kept; the other rocks lie under water, and are very -dangerous. The channel is known only to the natives; so that if any -stranger should enter into the bay without one of their pilots he would -run great danger of shipwreck. For even they themselves could not pass -it safe if some marks that are on the coast did not direct their way; and -if these should be but a little shifted, any fleet that might come -against them, how great soever it were, would be certainly lost. On the -other side of the island there are likewise many harbours; and the coast -is so fortified, both by nature and art, that a small number of men can -hinder the descent of a great army. But they report (and there remains -good marks of it to make it credible) that this was no island at first, -but a part of the continent. Utopus, that conquered it (whose name it -still carries, for Abraxa was its first name), brought the rude and -uncivilised inhabitants into such a good government, and to that measure -of politeness, that they now far excel all the rest of mankind. Having -soon subdued them, he designed to separate them from the continent, and -to bring the sea quite round them. To accomplish this he ordered a deep -channel to be dug, fifteen miles long; and that the natives might not -think he treated them like slaves, he not only forced the inhabitants, -but also his own soldiers, to labour in carrying it on. As he set a vast -number of men to work, he, beyond all men's expectations, brought it to a -speedy conclusion. And his neighbours, who at first laughed at the folly -of the undertaking, no sooner saw it brought to perfection than they were -struck with admiration and terror. - -"There are fifty-four cities in the island, all large and well built, the -manners, customs, and laws of which are the same, and they are all -contrived as near in the same manner as the ground on which they stand -will allow. The nearest lie at least twenty-four miles' distance from -one another, and the most remote are not so far distant but that a man -can go on foot in one day from it to that which lies next it. Every city -sends three of their wisest senators once a year to Amaurot, to consult -about their common concerns; for that is the chief town of the island, -being situated near the centre of it, so that it is the most convenient -place for their assemblies. The jurisdiction of every city extends at -least twenty miles, and, where the towns lie wider, they have much more -ground. No town desires to enlarge its bounds, for the people consider -themselves rather as tenants than landlords. They have built, over all -the country, farmhouses for husbandmen, which are well contrived, and -furnished with all things necessary for country labour. Inhabitants are -sent, by turns, from the cities to dwell in them; no country family has -fewer than forty men and women in it, besides two slaves. There is a -master and a mistress set over every family, and over thirty families -there is a magistrate. Every year twenty of this family come back to the -town after they have stayed two years in the country, and in their room -there are other twenty sent from the town, that they may learn country -work from those that have been already one year in the country, as they -must teach those that come to them the next from the town. By this means -such as dwell in those country farms are never ignorant of agriculture, -and so commit no errors which might otherwise be fatal and bring them -under a scarcity of corn. But though there is every year such a shifting -of the husbandmen to prevent any man being forced against his will to -follow that hard course of life too long, yet many among them take such -pleasure in it that they desire leave to continue in it many years. These -husbandmen till the ground, breed cattle, hew wood, and convey it to the -towns either by land or water, as is most convenient. They breed an -infinite multitude of chickens in a very curious manner; for the hens do -not sit and hatch them, but a vast number of eggs are laid in a gentle -and equal heat in order to be hatched, and they are no sooner out of the -shell, and able to stir about, but they seem to consider those that feed -them as their mothers, and follow them as other chickens do the hen that -hatched them. They breed very few horses, but those they have are full -of mettle, and are kept only for exercising their youth in the art of -sitting and riding them; for they do not put them to any work, either of -ploughing or carriage, in which they employ oxen. For though their -horses are stronger, yet they find oxen can hold out longer; and as they -are not subject to so many diseases, so they are kept upon a less charge -and with less trouble. And even when they are so worn out that they are -no more fit for labour, they are good meat at last. They sow no corn but -that which is to be their bread; for they drink either wine, cider or -perry, and often water, sometimes boiled with honey or liquorice, with -which they abound; and though they know exactly how much corn will serve -every town and all that tract of country which belongs to it, yet they -sow much more and breed more cattle than are necessary for their -consumption, and they give that overplus of which they make no use to -their neighbours. When they want anything in the country which it does -not produce, they fetch that from the town, without carrying anything in -exchange for it. And the magistrates of the town take care to see it -given them; for they meet generally in the town once a month, upon a -festival day. When the time of harvest comes, the magistrates in the -country send to those in the towns and let them know how many hands they -will need for reaping the harvest; and the number they call for being -sent to them, they commonly despatch it all in one day. - - - -OF THEIR TOWNS, PARTICULARLY OF AMAUROT - - -"He that knows one of their towns knows them all--they are so like one -another, except where the situation makes some difference. I shall -therefore describe one of them, and none is so proper as Amaurot; for as -none is more eminent (all the rest yielding in precedence to this, -because it is the seat of their supreme council), so there was none of -them better known to me, I having lived five years all together in it. - -"It lies upon the side of a hill, or, rather, a rising ground. Its -figure is almost square, for from the one side of it, which shoots up -almost to the top of the hill, it runs down, in a descent for two miles, -to the river Anider; but it is a little broader the other way that runs -along by the bank of that river. The Anider rises about eighty miles -above Amaurot, in a small spring at first. But other brooks falling into -it, of which two are more considerable than the rest, as it runs by -Amaurot it is grown half a mile broad; but, it still grows larger and -larger, till, after sixty miles' course below it, it is lost in the -ocean. Between the town and the sea, and for some miles above the town, -it ebbs and flows every six hours with a strong current. The tide comes -up about thirty miles so full that there is nothing but salt water in the -river, the fresh water being driven back with its force; and above that, -for some miles, the water is brackish; but a little higher, as it runs by -the town, it is quite fresh; and when the tide ebbs, it continues fresh -all along to the sea. There is a bridge cast over the river, not of -timber, but of fair stone, consisting of many stately arches; it lies at -that part of the town which is farthest from the sea, so that the ships, -without any hindrance, lie all along the side of the town. There is, -likewise, another river that runs by it, which, though it is not great, -yet it runs pleasantly, for it rises out of the same hill on which the -town stands, and so runs down through it and falls into the Anider. The -inhabitants have fortified the fountain-head of this river, which springs -a little without the towns; that so, if they should happen to be -besieged, the enemy might not be able to stop or divert the course of the -water, nor poison it; from thence it is carried, in earthen pipes, to the -lower streets. And for those places of the town to which the water of -that small river cannot be conveyed, they have great cisterns for -receiving the rain-water, which supplies the want of the other. The town -is compassed with a high and thick wall, in which there are many towers -and forts; there is also a broad and deep dry ditch, set thick with -thorns, cast round three sides of the town, and the river is instead of a -ditch on the fourth side. The streets are very convenient for all -carriage, and are well sheltered from the winds. Their buildings are -good, and are so uniform that a whole side of a street looks like one -house. The streets are twenty feet broad; there lie gardens behind all -their houses. These are large, but enclosed with buildings, that on all -hands face the streets, so that every house has both a door to the street -and a back door to the garden. Their doors have all two leaves, which, -as they are easily opened, so they shut of their own accord; and, there -being no property among them, every man may freely enter into any house -whatsoever. At every ten years' end they shift their houses by lots. -They cultivate their gardens with great care, so that they have both -vines, fruits, herbs, and flowers in them; and all is so well ordered and -so finely kept that I never saw gardens anywhere that were both so -fruitful and so beautiful as theirs. And this humour of ordering their -gardens so well is not only kept up by the pleasure they find in it, but -also by an emulation between the inhabitants of the several streets, who -vie with each other. And there is, indeed, nothing belonging to the -whole town that is both more useful and more pleasant. So that he who -founded the town seems to have taken care of nothing more than of their -gardens; for they say the whole scheme of the town was designed at first -by Utopus, but he left all that belonged to the ornament and improvement -of it to be added by those that should come after him, that being too -much for one man to bring to perfection. Their records, that contain the -history of their town and State, are preserved with an exact care, and -run backwards seventeen hundred and sixty years. From these it appears -that their houses were at first low and mean, like cottages, made of any -sort of timber, and were built with mud walls and thatched with straw. -But now their houses are three storeys high, the fronts of them are faced -either with stone, plastering, or brick, and between the facings of their -walls they throw in their rubbish. Their roofs are flat, and on them -they lay a sort of plaster, which costs very little, and yet is so -tempered that it is not apt to take fire, and yet resists the weather -more than lead. They have great quantities of glass among them, with -which they glaze their windows; they use also in their windows a thin -linen cloth, that is so oiled or gummed that it both keeps out the wind -and gives free admission to the light. - - - -OF THEIR MAGISTRATES - - -"Thirty families choose every year a magistrate, who was anciently called -the Syphogrant, but is now called the Philarch; and over every ten -Syphogrants, with the families subject to them, there is another -magistrate, who was anciently called the Tranibore, but of late the -Archphilarch. All the Syphogrants, who are in number two hundred, choose -the Prince out of a list of four who are named by the people of the four -divisions of the city; but they take an oath, before they proceed to an -election, that they will choose him whom they think most fit for the -office: they give him their voices secretly, so that it is not known for -whom every one gives his suffrage. The Prince is for life, unless he is -removed upon suspicion of some design to enslave the people. The -Tranibors are new chosen every year, but yet they are, for the most part, -continued; all their other magistrates are only annual. The Tranibors -meet every third day, and oftener if necessary, and consult with the -Prince either concerning the affairs of the State in general, or such -private differences as may arise sometimes among the people, though that -falls out but seldom. There are always two Syphogrants called into the -council chamber, and these are changed every day. It is a fundamental -rule of their government, that no conclusion can be made in anything that -relates to the public till it has been first debated three several days -in their council. It is death for any to meet and consult concerning the -State, unless it be either in their ordinary council, or in the assembly -of the whole body of the people. - -"These things have been so provided among them that the Prince and the -Tranibors may not conspire together to change the government and enslave -the people; and therefore when anything of great importance is set on -foot, it is sent to the Syphogrants, who, after they have communicated it -to the families that belong to their divisions, and have considered it -among themselves, make report to the senate; and, upon great occasions, -the matter is referred to the council of the whole island. One rule -observed in their council is, never to debate a thing on the same day in -which it is first proposed; for that is always referred to the next -meeting, that so men may not rashly and in the heat of discourse engage -themselves too soon, which might bias them so much that, instead of -consulting the good of the public, they might rather study to support -their first opinions, and by a perverse and preposterous sort of shame -hazard their country rather than endanger their own reputation, or -venture the being suspected to have wanted foresight in the expedients -that they at first proposed; and therefore, to prevent this, they take -care that they may rather be deliberate than sudden in their motions. - - - -OF THEIR TRADES, AND MANNER OF LIFE - - -"Agriculture is that which is so universally understood among them that -no person, either man or woman, is ignorant of it; they are instructed in -it from their childhood, partly by what they learn at school, and partly -by practice, they being led out often into the fields about the town, -where they not only see others at work but are likewise exercised in it -themselves. Besides agriculture, which is so common to them all, every -man has some peculiar trade to which he applies himself; such as the -manufacture of wool or flax, masonry, smith's work, or carpenter's work; -for there is no sort of trade that is in great esteem among them. -Throughout the island they wear the same sort of clothes, without any -other distinction except what is necessary to distinguish the two sexes -and the married and unmarried. The fashion never alters, and as it is -neither disagreeable nor uneasy, so it is suited to the climate, and -calculated both for their summers and winters. Every family makes their -own clothes; but all among them, women as well as men, learn one or other -of the trades formerly mentioned. Women, for the most part, deal in wool -and flax, which suit best with their weakness, leaving the ruder trades -to the men. The same trade generally passes down from father to son, -inclinations often following descent: but if any man's genius lies -another way he is, by adoption, translated into a family that deals in -the trade to which he is inclined; and when that is to be done, care is -taken, not only by his father, but by the magistrate, that he may be put -to a discreet and good man: and if, after a person has learned one trade, -he desires to acquire another, that is also allowed, and is managed in -the same manner as the former. When he has learned both, he follows that -which he likes best, unless the public has more occasion for the other. - -The chief, and almost the only, business of the Syphogrants is to take -care that no man may live idle, but that every one may follow his trade -diligently; yet they do not wear themselves out with perpetual toil from -morning to night, as if they were beasts of burden, which as it is indeed -a heavy slavery, so it is everywhere the common course of life amongst -all mechanics except the Utopians: but they, dividing the day and night -into twenty-four hours, appoint six of these for work, three of which are -before dinner and three after; they then sup, and at eight o'clock, -counting from noon, go to bed and sleep eight hours: the rest of their -time, besides that taken up in work, eating, and sleeping, is left to -every man's discretion; yet they are not to abuse that interval to luxury -and idleness, but must employ it in some proper exercise, according to -their various inclinations, which is, for the most part, reading. It is -ordinary to have public lectures every morning before daybreak, at which -none are obliged to appear but those who are marked out for literature; -yet a great many, both men and women, of all ranks, go to hear lectures -of one sort or other, according to their inclinations: but if others that -are not made for contemplation, choose rather to employ themselves at -that time in their trades, as many of them do, they are not hindered, but -are rather commended, as men that take care to serve their country. After -supper they spend an hour in some diversion, in summer in their gardens, -and in winter in the halls where they eat, where they entertain each -other either with music or discourse. They do not so much as know dice, -or any such foolish and mischievous games. They have, however, two sorts -of games not unlike our chess; the one is between several numbers, in -which one number, as it were, consumes another; the other resembles a -battle between the virtues and the vices, in which the enmity in the -vices among themselves, and their agreement against virtue, is not -unpleasantly represented; together with the special opposition between -the particular virtues and vices; as also the methods by which vice -either openly assaults or secretly undermines virtue; and virtue, on the -other hand, resists it. But the time appointed for labour is to be -narrowly examined, otherwise you may imagine that since there are only -six hours appointed for work, they may fall under a scarcity of necessary -provisions: but it is so far from being true that this time is not -sufficient for supplying them with plenty of all things, either necessary -or convenient, that it is rather too much; and this you will easily -apprehend if you consider how great a part of all other nations is quite -idle. First, women generally do little, who are the half of mankind; and -if some few women are diligent, their husbands are idle: then consider -the great company of idle priests, and of those that are called religious -men; add to these all rich men, chiefly those that have estates in land, -who are called noblemen and gentlemen, together with their families, made -up of idle persons, that are kept more for show than use; add to these -all those strong and lusty beggars that go about pretending some disease -in excuse for their begging; and upon the whole account you will find -that the number of those by whose labours mankind is supplied is much -less than you perhaps imagined: then consider how few of those that work -are employed in labours that are of real service, for we, who measure all -things by money, give rise to many trades that are both vain and -superfluous, and serve only to support riot and luxury: for if those who -work were employed only in such things as the conveniences of life -require, there would be such an abundance of them that the prices of them -would so sink that tradesmen could not be maintained by their gains; if -all those who labour about useless things were set to more profitable -employments, and if all they that languish out their lives in sloth and -idleness (every one of whom consumes as much as any two of the men that -are at work) were forced to labour, you may easily imagine that a small -proportion of time would serve for doing all that is either necessary, -profitable, or pleasant to mankind, especially while pleasure is kept -within its due bounds: this appears very plainly in Utopia; for there, in -a great city, and in all the territory that lies round it, you can scarce -find five hundred, either men or women, by their age and strength capable -of labour, that are not engaged in it. Even the Syphogrants, though -excused by the law, yet do not excuse themselves, but work, that by their -examples they may excite the industry of the rest of the people; the like -exemption is allowed to those who, being recommended to the people by the -priests, are, by the secret suffrages of the Syphogrants, privileged from -labour, that they may apply themselves wholly to study; and if any of -these fall short of those hopes that they seemed at first to give, they -are obliged to return to work; and sometimes a mechanic that so employs -his leisure hours as to make a considerable advancement in learning is -eased from being a tradesman and ranked among their learned men. Out of -these they choose their ambassadors, their priests, their Tranibors, and -the Prince himself, anciently called their Barzenes, but is called of -late their Ademus. - -"And thus from the great numbers among them that are neither suffered to -be idle nor to be employed in any fruitless labour, you may easily make -the estimate how much may be done in those few hours in which they are -obliged to labour. But, besides all that has been already said, it is to -be considered that the needful arts among them are managed with less -labour than anywhere else. The building or the repairing of houses among -us employ many hands, because often a thriftless heir suffers a house -that his father built to fall into decay, so that his successor must, at -a great cost, repair that which he might have kept up with a small -charge; it frequently happens that the same house which one person built -at a vast expense is neglected by another, who thinks he has a more -delicate sense of the beauties of architecture, and he, suffering it to -fall to ruin, builds another at no less charge. But among the Utopians -all things are so regulated that men very seldom build upon a new piece -of ground, and are not only very quick in repairing their houses, but -show their foresight in preventing their decay, so that their buildings -are preserved very long with but very little labour, and thus the -builders, to whom that care belongs, are often without employment, except -the hewing of timber and the squaring of stones, that the materials may -be in readiness for raising a building very suddenly when there is any -occasion for it. As to their clothes, observe how little work is spent -in them; while they are at labour they are clothed with leather and -skins, cut carelessly about them, which will last seven years, and when -they appear in public they put on an upper garment which hides the other; -and these are all of one colour, and that is the natural colour of the -wool. As they need less woollen cloth than is used anywhere else, so -that which they make use of is much less costly; they use linen cloth -more, but that is prepared with less labour, and they value cloth only by -the whiteness of the linen or the cleanness of the wool, without much -regard to the fineness of the thread. While in other places four or five -upper garments of woollen cloth of different colours, and as many vests -of silk, will scarce serve one man, and while those that are nicer think -ten too few, every man there is content with one, which very often serves -him two years; nor is there anything that can tempt a man to desire more, -for if he had them he would neither be the, warmer nor would he make one -jot the better appearance for it. And thus, since they are all employed -in some useful labour, and since they content themselves with fewer -things, it falls out that there is a great abundance of all things among -them; so that it frequently happens that, for want of other work, vast -numbers are sent out to mend the highways; but when no public undertaking -is to be performed, the hours of working are lessened. The magistrates -never engage the people in unnecessary labour, since the chief end of the -constitution is to regulate labour by the necessities of the public, and -to allow the people as much time as is necessary for the improvement of -their minds, in which they think the happiness of life consists. - - - -OF THEIR TRAFFIC - - -"But it is now time to explain to you the mutual intercourse of this -people, their commerce, and the rules by which all things are distributed -among them. - -"As their cities are composed of families, so their families are made up -of those that are nearly related to one another. Their women, when they -grow up, are married out, but all the males, both children and -grand-children, live still in the same house, in great obedience to their -common parent, unless age has weakened his understanding, and in that -case he that is next to him in age comes in his room; but lest any city -should become either too great, or by any accident be dispeopled, -provision is made that none of their cities may contain above six -thousand families, besides those of the country around it. No family may -have less than ten and more than sixteen persons in it, but there can be -no determined number for the children under age; this rule is easily -observed by removing some of the children of a more fruitful couple to -any other family that does not abound so much in them. By the same rule -they supply cities that do not increase so fast from others that breed -faster; and if there is any increase over the whole island, then they -draw out a number of their citizens out of the several towns and send -them over to the neighbouring continent, where, if they find that the -inhabitants have more soil than they can well cultivate, they fix a -colony, taking the inhabitants into their society if they are willing to -live with them; and where they do that of their own accord, they quickly -enter into their method of life and conform to their rules, and this -proves a happiness to both nations; for, according to their constitution, -such care is taken of the soil that it becomes fruitful enough for both, -though it might be otherwise too narrow and barren for any one of them. -But if the natives refuse to conform themselves to their laws they drive -them out of those bounds which they mark out for themselves, and use -force if they resist, for they account it a very just cause of war for a -nation to hinder others from possessing a part of that soil of which they -make no use, but which is suffered to lie idle and uncultivated, since -every man has, by the law of nature, a right to such a waste portion of -the earth as is necessary for his subsistence. If an accident has so -lessened the number of the inhabitants of any of their towns that it -cannot be made up from the other towns of the island without diminishing -them too much (which is said to have fallen out but twice since they were -first a people, when great numbers were carried off by the plague), the -loss is then supplied by recalling as many as are wanted from their -colonies, for they will abandon these rather than suffer the towns in the -island to sink too low. - -"But to return to their manner of living in society: the oldest man of -every family, as has been already said, is its governor; wives serve -their husbands, and children their parents, and always the younger serves -the elder. Every city is divided into four equal parts, and in the -middle of each there is a market-place. What is brought thither, and -manufactured by the several families, is carried from thence to houses -appointed for that purpose, in which all things of a sort are laid by -themselves; and thither every father goes, and takes whatsoever he or his -family stand in need of, without either paying for it or leaving anything -in exchange. There is no reason for giving a denial to any person, since -there is such plenty of everything among them; and there is no danger of -a man's asking for more than he needs; they have no inducements to do -this, since they are sure they shall always be supplied: it is the fear -of want that makes any of the whole race of animals either greedy or -ravenous; but, besides fear, there is in man a pride that makes him fancy -it a particular glory to excel others in pomp and excess; but by the laws -of the Utopians, there is no room for this. Near these markets there are -others for all sorts of provisions, where there are not only herbs, -fruits, and bread, but also fish, fowl, and cattle. There are also, -without their towns, places appointed near some running water for killing -their beasts and for washing away their filth, which is done by their -slaves; for they suffer none of their citizens to kill their cattle, -because they think that pity and good-nature, which are among the best of -those affections that are born with us, are much impaired by the -butchering of animals; nor do they suffer anything that is foul or -unclean to be brought within their towns, lest the air should be infected -by ill-smells, which might prejudice their health. In every street there -are great halls, that lie at an equal distance from each other, -distinguished by particular names. The Syphogrants dwell in those that -are set over thirty families, fifteen lying on one side of it, and as -many on the other. In these halls they all meet and have their repasts; -the stewards of every one of them come to the market-place at an -appointed hour, and according to the number of those that belong to the -hall they carry home provisions. But they take more care of their sick -than of any others; these are lodged and provided for in public -hospitals. They have belonging to every town four hospitals, that are -built without their walls, and are so large that they may pass for little -towns; by this means, if they had ever such a number of sick persons, -they could lodge them conveniently, and at such a distance that such of -them as are sick of infectious diseases may be kept so far from the rest -that there can be no danger of contagion. The hospitals are furnished -and stored with all things that are convenient for the ease and recovery -of the sick; and those that are put in them are looked after with such -tender and watchful care, and are so constantly attended by their skilful -physicians, that as none is sent to them against their will, so there is -scarce one in a whole town that, if he should fall ill, would not choose -rather to go thither than lie sick at home. - -"After the steward of the hospitals has taken for the sick whatsoever the -physician prescribes, then the best things that are left in the market -are distributed equally among the halls in proportion to their numbers; -only, in the first place, they serve the Prince, the Chief Priest, the -Tranibors, the Ambassadors, and strangers, if there are any, which, -indeed, falls out but seldom, and for whom there are houses, well -furnished, particularly appointed for their reception when they come -among them. At the hours of dinner and supper the whole Syphogranty -being called together by sound of trumpet, they meet and eat together, -except only such as are in the hospitals or lie sick at home. Yet, after -the halls are served, no man is hindered to carry provisions home from -the market-place, for they know that none does that but for some good -reason; for though any that will may eat at home, yet none does it -willingly, since it is both ridiculous and foolish for any to give -themselves the trouble to make ready an ill dinner at home when there is -a much more plentiful one made ready for him so near hand. All the -uneasy and sordid services about these halls are performed by their -slaves; but the dressing and cooking their meat, and the ordering their -tables, belong only to the women, all those of every family taking it by -turns. They sit at three or more tables, according to their number; the -men sit towards the wall, and the women sit on the other side, that if -any of them should be taken suddenly ill, which is no uncommon case -amongst women with child, she may, without disturbing the rest, rise and -go to the nurses' room (who are there with the sucking children), where -there is always clean water at hand and cradles, in which they may lay -the young children if there is occasion for it, and a fire, that they may -shift and dress them before it. Every child is nursed by its own mother -if death or sickness does not intervene; and in that case the -Syphogrants' wives find out a nurse quickly, which is no hard matter, for -any one that can do it offers herself cheerfully; for as they are much -inclined to that piece of mercy, so the child whom they nurse considers -the nurse as its mother. All the children under five years old sit among -the nurses; the rest of the younger sort of both sexes, till they are fit -for marriage, either serve those that sit at table, or, if they are not -strong enough for that, stand by them in great silence and eat what is -given them; nor have they any other formality of dining. In the middle -of the first table, which stands across the upper end of the hall, sit -the Syphogrant and his wife, for that is the chief and most conspicuous -place; next to him sit two of the most ancient, for there go always four -to a mess. If there is a temple within the Syphogranty, the Priest and -his wife sit with the Syphogrant above all the rest; next them there is a -mixture of old and young, who are so placed that as the young are set -near others, so they are mixed with the more ancient; which, they say, -was appointed on this account: that the gravity of the old people, and -the reverence that is due to them, might restrain the younger from all -indecent words and gestures. Dishes are not served up to the whole table -at first, but the best are first set before the old, whose seats are -distinguished from the young, and, after them, all the rest are served -alike. The old men distribute to the younger any curious meats that -happen to be set before them, if there is not such an abundance of them -that the whole company may be served alike. - -"Thus old men are honoured with a particular respect, yet all the rest -fare as well as they. Both dinner and supper are begun with some lecture -of morality that is read to them; but it is so short that it is not -tedious nor uneasy to them to hear it. From hence the old men take -occasion to entertain those about them with some useful and pleasant -enlargements; but they do not engross the whole discourse so to -themselves during their meals that the younger may not put in for a -share; on the contrary, they engage them to talk, that so they may, in -that free way of conversation, find out the force of every one's spirit -and observe his temper. They despatch their dinners quickly, but sit -long at supper, because they go to work after the one, and are to sleep -after the other, during which they think the stomach carries on the -concoction more vigorously. They never sup without music, and there is -always fruit served up after meat; while they are at table some burn -perfumes and sprinkle about fragrant ointments and sweet waters--in -short, they want nothing that may cheer up their spirits; they give -themselves a large allowance that way, and indulge themselves in all such -pleasures as are attended with no inconvenience. Thus do those that are -in the towns live together; but in the country, where they live at a -great distance, every one eats at home, and no family wants any necessary -sort of provision, for it is from them that provisions are sent unto -those that live in the towns. - - - -OF THE TRAVELLING OF THE UTOPIANS - - -If any man has a mind to visit his friends that live in some other town, -or desires to travel and see the rest of the country, he obtains leave -very easily from the Syphogrant and Tranibors, when there is no -particular occasion for him at home. Such as travel carry with them a -passport from the Prince, which both certifies the licence that is -granted for travelling, and limits the time of their return. They are -furnished with a waggon and a slave, who drives the oxen and looks after -them; but, unless there are women in the company, the waggon is sent back -at the end of the journey as a needless encumbrance. While they are on -the road they carry no provisions with them, yet they want for nothing, -but are everywhere treated as if they were at home. If they stay in any -place longer than a night, every one follows his proper occupation, and -is very well used by those of his own trade; but if any man goes out of -the city to which he belongs without leave, and is found rambling without -a passport, he is severely treated, he is punished as a fugitive, and -sent home disgracefully; and, if he falls again into the like fault, is -condemned to slavery. If any man has a mind to travel only over the -precinct of his own city, he may freely do it, with his father's -permission and his wife's consent; but when he comes into any of the -country houses, if he expects to be entertained by them, he must labour -with them and conform to their rules; and if he does this, he may freely -go over the whole precinct, being then as useful to the city to which he -belongs as if he were still within it. Thus you see that there are no -idle persons among them, nor pretences of excusing any from labour. There -are no taverns, no ale-houses, nor stews among them, nor any other -occasions of corrupting each other, of getting into corners, or forming -themselves into parties; all men live in full view, so that all are -obliged both to perform their ordinary task and to employ themselves well -in their spare hours; and it is certain that a people thus ordered must -live in great abundance of all things, and these being equally -distributed among them, no man can want or be obliged to beg. - -"In their great council at Amaurot, to which there are three sent from -every town once a year, they examine what towns abound in provisions and -what are under any scarcity, that so the one may be furnished from the -other; and this is done freely, without any sort of exchange; for, -according to their plenty or scarcity, they supply or are supplied from -one another, so that indeed the whole island is, as it were, one family. -When they have thus taken care of their whole country, and laid up stores -for two years (which they do to prevent the ill consequences of an -unfavourable season), they order an exportation of the overplus, both of -corn, honey, wool, flax, wood, wax, tallow, leather, and cattle, which -they send out, commonly in great quantities, to other nations. They -order a seventh part of all these goods to be freely given to the poor of -the countries to which they send them, and sell the rest at moderate -rates; and by this exchange they not only bring back those few things -that they need at home (for, indeed, they scarce need anything but iron), -but likewise a great deal of gold and silver; and by their driving this -trade so long, it is not to be imagined how vast a treasure they have got -among them, so that now they do not much care whether they sell off their -merchandise for money in hand or upon trust. A great part of their -treasure is now in bonds; but in all their contracts no private man -stands bound, but the writing runs in the name of the town; and the towns -that owe them money raise it from those private hands that owe it to -them, lay it up in their public chamber, or enjoy the profit of it till -the Utopians call for it; and they choose rather to let the greatest part -of it lie in their hands, who make advantage by it, than to call for it -themselves; but if they see that any of their other neighbours stand more -in need of it, then they call it in and lend it to them. Whenever they -are engaged in war, which is the only occasion in which their treasure -can be usefully employed, they make use of it themselves; in great -extremities or sudden accidents they employ it in hiring foreign troops, -whom they more willingly expose to danger than their own people; they -give them great pay, knowing well that this will work even on their -enemies; that it will engage them either to betray their own side, or, at -least, to desert it; and that it is the best means of raising mutual -jealousies among them. For this end they have an incredible treasure; -but they do not keep it as a treasure, but in such a manner as I am -almost afraid to tell, lest you think it so extravagant as to be hardly -credible. This I have the more reason to apprehend because, if I had not -seen it myself, I could not have been easily persuaded to have believed -it upon any man's report. - -"It is certain that all things appear incredible to us in proportion as -they differ from known customs; but one who can judge aright will not -wonder to find that, since their constitution differs so much from ours, -their value of gold and silver should be measured by a very different -standard; for since they have no use for money among themselves, but keep -it as a provision against events which seldom happen, and between which -there are generally long intervening intervals, they value it no farther -than it deserves--that is, in proportion to its use. So that it is plain -they must prefer iron either to gold or silver, for men can no more live -without iron than without fire or water; but Nature has marked out no use -for the other metals so essential as not easily to be dispensed with. The -folly of men has enhanced the value of gold and silver because of their -scarcity; whereas, on the contrary, it is their opinion that Nature, as -an indulgent parent, has freely given us all the best things in great -abundance, such as water and earth, but has laid up and hid from us the -things that are vain and useless. - -"If these metals were laid up in any tower in the kingdom it would raise -a jealousy of the Prince and Senate, and give birth to that foolish -mistrust into which the people are apt to fall--a jealousy of their -intending to sacrifice the interest of the public to their own private -advantage. If they should work it into vessels, or any sort of plate, -they fear that the people might grow too fond of it, and so be unwilling -to let the plate be run down, if a war made it necessary, to employ it in -paying their soldiers. To prevent all these inconveniences they have -fallen upon an expedient which, as it agrees with their other policy, so -is it very different from ours, and will scarce gain belief among us who -value gold so much, and lay it up so carefully. They eat and drink out -of vessels of earth or glass, which make an agreeable appearance, though -formed of brittle materials; while they make their chamber-pots and close- -stools of gold and silver, and that not only in their public halls but in -their private houses. Of the same metals they likewise make chains and -fetters for their slaves, to some of which, as a badge of infamy, they -hang an earring of gold, and make others wear a chain or a coronet of the -same metal; and thus they take care by all possible means to render gold -and silver of no esteem; and from hence it is that while other nations -part with their gold and silver as unwillingly as if one tore out their -bowels, those of Utopia would look on their giving in all they possess of -those metals (when there were any use for them) but as the parting with a -trifle, or as we would esteem the loss of a penny! They find pearls on -their coasts, and diamonds and carbuncles on their rocks; they do not -look after them, but, if they find them by chance, they polish them, and -with them they adorn their children, who are delighted with them, and -glory in them during their childhood; but when they grow to years, and -see that none but children use such baubles, they of their own accord, -without being bid by their parents, lay them aside, and would be as much -ashamed to use them afterwards as children among us, when they come to -years, are of their puppets and other toys. - -"I never saw a clearer instance of the opposite impressions that -different customs make on people than I observed in the ambassadors of -the Anemolians, who came to Amaurot when I was there. As they came to -treat of affairs of great consequence, the deputies from several towns -met together to wait for their coming. The ambassadors of the nations -that lie near Utopia, knowing their customs, and that fine clothes are in -no esteem among them, that silk is despised, and gold is a badge of -infamy, used to come very modestly clothed; but the Anemolians, lying -more remote, and having had little commerce with them, understanding that -they were coarsely clothed, and all in the same manner, took it for -granted that they had none of those fine things among them of which they -made no use; and they, being a vainglorious rather than a wise people, -resolved to set themselves out with so much pomp that they should look -like gods, and strike the eyes of the poor Utopians with their splendour. -Thus three ambassadors made their entry with a hundred attendants, all -clad in garments of different colours, and the greater part in silk; the -ambassadors themselves, who were of the nobility of their country, were -in cloth-of-gold, and adorned with massy chains, earrings and rings of -gold; their caps were covered with bracelets set full of pearls and other -gems--in a word, they were set out with all those things that among the -Utopians were either the badges of slavery, the marks of infamy, or the -playthings of children. It was not unpleasant to see, on the one side, -how they looked big, when they compared their rich habits with the plain -clothes of the Utopians, who were come out in great numbers to see them -make their entry; and, on the other, to observe how much they were -mistaken in the impression which they hoped this pomp would have made on -them. It appeared so ridiculous a show to all that had never stirred out -of their country, and had not seen the customs of other nations, that -though they paid some reverence to those that were the most meanly clad, -as if they had been the ambassadors, yet when they saw the ambassadors -themselves so full of gold and chains, they looked upon them as slaves, -and forbore to treat them with reverence. You might have seen the -children who were grown big enough to despise their playthings, and who -had thrown away their jewels, call to their mothers, push them gently, -and cry out, 'See that great fool, that wears pearls and gems as if he -were yet a child!' while their mothers very innocently replied, 'Hold -your peace! this, I believe, is one of the ambassadors' fools.' Others -censured the fashion of their chains, and observed, 'That they were of no -use, for they were too slight to bind their slaves, who could easily -break them; and, besides, hung so loose about them that they thought it -easy to throw their away, and so get from them." But after the -ambassadors had stayed a day among them, and saw so vast a quantity of -gold in their houses (which was as much despised by them as it was -esteemed in other nations), and beheld more gold and silver in the chains -and fetters of one slave than all their ornaments amounted to, their -plumes fell, and they were ashamed of all that glory for which they had -formed valued themselves, and accordingly laid it aside--a resolution -that they immediately took when, on their engaging in some free discourse -with the Utopians, they discovered their sense of such things and their -other customs. The Utopians wonder how any man should be so much taken -with the glaring doubtful lustre of a jewel or a stone, that can look up -to a star or to the sun himself; or how any should value himself because -his cloth is made of a finer thread; for, how fine soever that thread may -be, it was once no better than the fleece of a sheep, and that sheep, was -a sheep still, for all its wearing it. They wonder much to hear that -gold, which in itself is so useless a thing, should be everywhere so much -esteemed that even man, for whom it was made, and by whom it has its -value, should yet be thought of less value than this metal; that a man of -lead, who has no more sense than a log of wood, and is as bad as he is -foolish, should have many wise and good men to serve him, only because he -has a great heap of that metal; and that if it should happen that by some -accident or trick of law (which, sometimes produces as great changes as -chance itself) all this wealth should pass from the master to the meanest -varlet of his whole family, he himself would very soon become one of his -servants, as if he were a thing that belonged to his wealth, and so were -bound to follow its fortune! But they much more admire and detest the -folly of those who, when they see a rich man, though they neither owe him -anything, nor are in any sort dependent on his bounty, yet, merely -because he is rich, give him little less than divine honours, even though -they know him to be so covetous and base-minded that, notwithstanding all -his wealth, he will not part with one farthing of it to them as long as -he lives! - -"These and such like notions have that people imbibed, partly from their -education, being bred in a country whose customs and laws are opposite to -all such foolish maxims, and partly from their learning and studies--for -though there are but few in any town that are so wholly excused from -labour as to give themselves entirely up to their studies (these being -only such persons as discover from their childhood an extraordinary -capacity and disposition for letters), yet their children and a great -part of the nation, both men and women, are taught to spend those hours -in which they are not obliged to work in reading; and this they do -through the whole progress of life. They have all their learning in -their own tongue, which is both a copious and pleasant language, and in -which a man can fully express his mind; it runs over a great tract of -many countries, but it is not equally pure in all places. They had never -so much as heard of the names of any of those philosophers that are so -famous in these parts of the world, before we went among them; and yet -they had made the same discoveries as the Greeks, both in music, logic, -arithmetic, and geometry. But as they are almost in everything equal to -the ancient philosophers, so they far exceed our modern logicians for -they have never yet fallen upon the barbarous niceties that our youth are -forced to learn in those trifling logical schools that are among us. They -are so far from minding chimeras and fantastical images made in the mind -that none of them could comprehend what we meant when we talked to them -of a man in the abstract as common to all men in particular (so that -though we spoke of him as a thing that we could point at with our -fingers, yet none of them could perceive him) and yet distinct from every -one, as if he were some monstrous Colossus or giant; yet, for all this -ignorance of these empty notions, they knew astronomy, and were perfectly -acquainted with the motions of the heavenly bodies; and have many -instruments, well contrived and divided, by which they very accurately -compute the course and positions of the sun, moon, and stars. But for -the cheat of divining by the stars, by their oppositions or conjunctions, -it has not so much as entered into their thoughts. They have a -particular sagacity, founded upon much observation, in judging of the -weather, by which they know when they may look for rain, wind, or other -alterations in the air; but as to the philosophy of these things, the -cause of the saltness of the sea, of its ebbing and flowing, and of the -original and nature both of the heavens and the earth, they dispute of -them partly as our ancient philosophers have done, and partly upon some -new hypothesis, in which, as they differ from them, so they do not in all -things agree among themselves. - -"As to moral philosophy, they have the same disputes among them as we -have here. They examine what are properly good, both for the body and -the mind; and whether any outward thing can be called truly _good_, or if -that term belong only to the endowments of the soul. They inquire, -likewise, into the nature of virtue and pleasure. But their chief -dispute is concerning the happiness of a man, and wherein it -consists--whether in some one thing or in a great many. They seem, -indeed, more inclinable to that opinion that places, if not the whole, -yet the chief part, of a man's happiness in pleasure; and, what may seem -more strange, they make use of arguments even from religion, -notwithstanding its severity and roughness, for the support of that -opinion so indulgent to pleasure; for they never dispute concerning -happiness without fetching some arguments from the principles of religion -as well as from natural reason, since without the former they reckon that -all our inquiries after happiness must be but conjectural and defective. - -"These are their religious principles:--That the soul of man is immortal, -and that God of His goodness has designed that it should be happy; and -that He has, therefore, appointed rewards for good and virtuous actions, -and punishments for vice, to be distributed after this life. Though -these principles of religion are conveyed down among them by tradition, -they think that even reason itself determines a man to believe and -acknowledge them; and freely confess that if these were taken away, no -man would be so insensible as not to seek after pleasure by all possible -means, lawful or unlawful, using only this caution--that a lesser -pleasure might not stand in the way of a greater, and that no pleasure -ought to be pursued that should draw a great deal of pain after it; for -they think it the maddest thing in the world to pursue virtue, that is a -sour and difficult thing, and not only to renounce the pleasures of life, -but willingly to undergo much pain and trouble, if a man has no prospect -of a reward. And what reward can there be for one that has passed his -whole life, not only without pleasure, but in pain, if there is nothing -to be expected after death? Yet they do not place happiness in all sorts -of pleasures, but only in those that in themselves are good and honest. -There is a party among them who place happiness in bare virtue; others -think that our natures are conducted by virtue to happiness, as that -which is the chief good of man. They define virtue thus--that it is a -living according to Nature, and think that we are made by God for that -end; they believe that a man then follows the dictates of Nature when he -pursues or avoids things according to the direction of reason. They say -that the first dictate of reason is the kindling in us a love and -reverence for the Divine Majesty, to whom we owe both all that we have -and, all that we can ever hope for. In the next place, reason directs us -to keep our minds as free from passion and as cheerful as we can, and -that we should consider ourselves as bound by the ties of good-nature and -humanity to use our utmost endeavours to help forward the happiness of -all other persons; for there never was any man such a morose and severe -pursuer of virtue, such an enemy to pleasure, that though he set hard -rules for men to undergo, much pain, many watchings, and other rigors, -yet did not at the same time advise them to do all they could in order to -relieve and ease the miserable, and who did not represent gentleness and -good-nature as amiable dispositions. And from thence they infer that if -a man ought to advance the welfare and comfort of the rest of mankind -(there being no virtue more proper and peculiar to our nature than to -ease the miseries of others, to free from trouble and anxiety, in -furnishing them with the comforts of life, in which pleasure consists) -Nature much more vigorously leads them to do all this for himself. A -life of pleasure is either a real evil, and in that case we ought not to -assist others in their pursuit of it, but, on the contrary, to keep them -from it all we can, as from that which is most hurtful and deadly; or if -it is a good thing, so that we not only may but ought to help others to -it, why, then, ought not a man to begin with himself? since no man can be -more bound to look after the good of another than after his own; for -Nature cannot direct us to be good and kind to others, and yet at the -same time to be unmerciful and cruel to ourselves. Thus as they define -virtue to be living according to Nature, so they imagine that Nature -prompts all people on to seek after pleasure as the end of all they do. -They also observe that in order to our supporting the pleasures of life, -Nature inclines us to enter into society; for there is no man so much -raised above the rest of mankind as to be the only favourite of Nature, -who, on the contrary, seems to have placed on a level all those that -belong to the same species. Upon this they infer that no man ought to -seek his own conveniences so eagerly as to prejudice others; and -therefore they think that not only all agreements between private persons -ought to be observed, but likewise that all those laws ought to be kept -which either a good prince has published in due form, or to which a -people that is neither oppressed with tyranny nor circumvented by fraud -has consented, for distributing those conveniences of life which afford -us all our pleasures. - -"They think it is an evidence of true wisdom for a man to pursue his own -advantage as far as the laws allow it, they account it piety to prefer -the public good to one's private concerns, but they think it unjust for a -man to seek for pleasure by snatching another man's pleasures from him; -and, on the contrary, they think it a sign of a gentle and good soul for -a man to dispense with his own advantage for the good of others, and that -by this means a good man finds as much pleasure one way as he parts with -another; for as he may expect the like from others when he may come to -need it, so, if that should fail him, yet the sense of a good action, and -the reflections that he makes on the love and gratitude of those whom he -has so obliged, gives the mind more pleasure than the body could have -found in that from which it had restrained itself. They are also -persuaded that God will make up the loss of those small pleasures with a -vast and endless joy, of which religion easily convinces a good soul. - -"Thus, upon an inquiry into the whole matter, they reckon that all our -actions, and even all our virtues, terminate in pleasure, as in our chief -end and greatest happiness; and they call every motion or state, either -of body or mind, in which Nature teaches us to delight, a pleasure. Thus -they cautiously limit pleasure only to those appetites to which Nature -leads us; for they say that Nature leads us only to those delights to -which reason, as well as sense, carries us, and by which we neither -injure any other person nor lose the possession of greater pleasures, and -of such as draw no troubles after them. But they look upon those -delights which men by a foolish, though common, mistake call pleasure, as -if they could change as easily the nature of things as the use of words, -as things that greatly obstruct their real happiness, instead of -advancing it, because they so entirely possess the minds of those that -are once captivated by them with a false notion of pleasure that there is -no room left for pleasures of a truer or purer kind. - -"There are many things that in themselves have nothing that is truly -delightful; on the contrary, they have a good deal of bitterness in them; -and yet, from our perverse appetites after forbidden objects, are not -only ranked among the pleasures, but are made even the greatest designs, -of life. Among those who pursue these sophisticated pleasures they -reckon such as I mentioned before, who think themselves really the better -for having fine clothes; in which they think they are doubly mistaken, -both in the opinion they have of their clothes, and in that they have of -themselves. For if you consider the use of clothes, why should a fine -thread be thought better than a coarse one? And yet these men, as if -they had some real advantages beyond others, and did not owe them wholly -to their mistakes, look big, seem to fancy themselves to be more -valuable, and imagine that a respect is due to them for the sake of a -rich garment, to which they would not have pretended if they had been -more meanly clothed, and even resent it as an affront if that respect is -not paid them. It is also a great folly to be taken with outward marks -of respect, which signify nothing; for what true or real pleasure can one -man find in another's standing bare or making legs to him? Will the -bending another man's knees give ease to yours? and will the head's being -bare cure the madness of yours? And yet it is wonderful to see how this -false notion of pleasure bewitches many who delight themselves with the -fancy of their nobility, and are pleased with this conceit--that they are -descended from ancestors who have been held for some successions rich, -and who have had great possessions; for this is all that makes nobility -at present. Yet they do not think themselves a whit the less noble, -though their immediate parents have left none of this wealth to them, or -though they themselves have squandered it away. The Utopians have no -better opinion of those who are much taken with gems and precious stones, -and who account it a degree of happiness next to a divine one if they can -purchase one that is very extraordinary, especially if it be of that sort -of stones that is then in greatest request, for the same sort is not at -all times universally of the same value, nor will men buy it unless it be -dismounted and taken out of the gold. The jeweller is then made to give -good security, and required solemnly to swear that the stone is true, -that, by such an exact caution, a false one might not be bought instead -of a true; though, if you were to examine it, your eye could find no -difference between the counterfeit and that which is true; so that they -are all one to you, as much as if you were blind. Or can it be thought -that they who heap up a useless mass of wealth, not for any use that it -is to bring them, but merely to please themselves with the contemplation -of it, enjoy any true pleasure in it? The delight they find is only a -false shadow of joy. Those are no better whose error is somewhat -different from the former, and who hide it out of their fear of losing -it; for what other name can fit the hiding it in the earth, or, rather, -the restoring it to it again, it being thus cut off from being useful -either to its owner or to the rest of mankind? And yet the owner, having -hid it carefully, is glad, because he thinks he is now sure of it. If it -should be stole, the owner, though he might live perhaps ten years after -the theft, of which he knew nothing, would find no difference between his -having or losing it, for both ways it was equally useless to him. - -"Among those foolish pursuers of pleasure they reckon all that delight in -hunting, in fowling, or gaming, of whose madness they have only heard, -for they have no such things among them. But they have asked us, 'What -sort of pleasure is it that men can find in throwing the dice?' (for if -there were any pleasure in it, they think the doing it so often should -give one a surfeit of it); 'and what pleasure can one find in hearing the -barking and howling of dogs, which seem rather odious than pleasant -sounds?' Nor can they comprehend the pleasure of seeing dogs run after a -hare, more than of seeing one dog run after another; for if the seeing -them run is that which gives the pleasure, you have the same -entertainment to the eye on both these occasions, since that is the same -in both cases. But if the pleasure lies in seeing the hare killed and -torn by the dogs, this ought rather to stir pity, that a weak, harmless, -and fearful hare should be devoured by strong, fierce, and cruel dogs. -Therefore all this business of hunting is, among the Utopians, turned -over to their butchers, and those, as has been already said, are all -slaves, and they look on hunting as one of the basest parts of a -butcher's work, for they account it both more profitable and more decent -to kill those beasts that are more necessary and useful to mankind, -whereas the killing and tearing of so small and miserable an animal can -only attract the huntsman with a false show of pleasure, from which he -can reap but small advantage. They look on the desire of the bloodshed, -even of beasts, as a mark of a mind that is already corrupted with -cruelty, or that at least, by too frequent returns of so brutal a -pleasure, must degenerate into it. - -"Thus though the rabble of mankind look upon these, and on innumerable -other things of the same nature, as pleasures, the Utopians, on the -contrary, observing that there is nothing in them truly pleasant, -conclude that they are not to be reckoned among pleasures; for though -these things may create some tickling in the senses (which seems to be a -true notion of pleasure), yet they imagine that this does not arise from -the thing itself, but from a depraved custom, which may so vitiate a -man's taste that bitter things may pass for sweet, as women with child -think pitch or tallow taste sweeter than honey; but as a man's sense, -when corrupted either by a disease or some ill habit, does not change the -nature of other things, so neither can it change the nature of pleasure. - -"They reckon up several sorts of pleasures, which they call true ones; -some belong to the body, and others to the mind. The pleasures of the -mind lie in knowledge, and in that delight which the contemplation of -truth carries with it; to which they add the joyful reflections on a well- -spent life, and the assured hopes of a future happiness. They divide the -pleasures of the body into two sorts--the one is that which gives our -senses some real delight, and is performed either by recruiting Nature -and supplying those parts which feed the internal heat of life by eating -and drinking, or when Nature is eased of any surcharge that oppresses it, -when we are relieved from sudden pain, or that which arises from -satisfying the appetite which Nature has wisely given to lead us to the -propagation of the species. There is another kind of pleasure that -arises neither from our receiving what the body requires, nor its being -relieved when overcharged, and yet, by a secret unseen virtue, affects -the senses, raises the passions, and strikes the mind with generous -impressions--this is, the pleasure that arises from music. Another kind -of bodily pleasure is that which results from an undisturbed and vigorous -constitution of body, when life and active spirits seem to actuate every -part. This lively health, when entirely free from all mixture of pain, -of itself gives an inward pleasure, independent of all external objects -of delight; and though this pleasure does not so powerfully affect us, -nor act so strongly on the senses as some of the others, yet it may be -esteemed as the greatest of all pleasures; and almost all the Utopians -reckon it the foundation and basis of all the other joys of life, since -this alone makes the state of life easy and desirable, and when this is -wanting, a man is really capable of no other pleasure. They look upon -freedom from pain, if it does not rise from perfect health, to be a state -of stupidity rather than of pleasure. This subject has been very -narrowly canvassed among them, and it has been debated whether a firm and -entire health could be called a pleasure or not. Some have thought that -there was no pleasure but what was 'excited' by some sensible motion in -the body. But this opinion has been long ago excluded from among them; -so that now they almost universally agree that health is the greatest of -all bodily pleasures; and that as there is a pain in sickness which is as -opposite in its nature to pleasure as sickness itself is to health, so -they hold that health is accompanied with pleasure. And if any should -say that sickness is not really pain, but that it only carries pain along -with it, they look upon that as a fetch of subtlety that does not much -alter the matter. It is all one, in their opinion, whether it be said -that health is in itself a pleasure, or that it begets a pleasure, as -fire gives heat, so it be granted that all those whose health is entire -have a true pleasure in the enjoyment of it. And they reason thus:--'What -is the pleasure of eating, but that a man's health, which had been -weakened, does, with the assistance of food, drive away hunger, and so -recruiting itself, recovers its former vigour? And being thus refreshed -it finds a pleasure in that conflict; and if the conflict is pleasure, -the victory must yet breed a greater pleasure, except we fancy that it -becomes stupid as soon as it has obtained that which it pursued, and so -neither knows nor rejoices in its own welfare.' If it is said that -health cannot be felt, they absolutely deny it; for what man is in -health, that does not perceive it when he is awake? Is there any man -that is so dull and stupid as not to acknowledge that he feels a delight -in health? And what is delight but another name for pleasure? - -"But, of all pleasures, they esteem those to be most valuable that lie in -the mind, the chief of which arise out of true virtue and the witness of -a good conscience. They account health the chief pleasure that belongs -to the body; for they think that the pleasure of eating and drinking, and -all the other delights of sense, are only so far desirable as they give -or maintain health; but they are not pleasant in themselves otherwise -than as they resist those impressions that our natural infirmities are -still making upon us. For as a wise man desires rather to avoid diseases -than to take physic, and to be freed from pain rather than to find ease -by remedies, so it is more desirable not to need this sort of pleasure -than to be obliged to indulge it. If any man imagines that there is a -real happiness in these enjoyments, he must then confess that he would be -the happiest of all men if he were to lead his life in perpetual hunger, -thirst, and itching, and, by consequence, in perpetual eating, drinking, -and scratching himself; which any one may easily see would be not only a -base, but a miserable, state of a life. These are, indeed, the lowest of -pleasures, and the least pure, for we can never relish them but when they -are mixed with the contrary pains. The pain of hunger must give us the -pleasure of eating, and here the pain out-balances the pleasure. And as -the pain is more vehement, so it lasts much longer; for as it begins -before the pleasure, so it does not cease but with the pleasure that -extinguishes it, and both expire together. They think, therefore, none -of those pleasures are to be valued any further than as they are -necessary; yet they rejoice in them, and with due gratitude acknowledge -the tenderness of the great Author of Nature, who has planted in us -appetites, by which those things that are necessary for our preservation -are likewise made pleasant to us. For how miserable a thing would life -be if those daily diseases of hunger and thirst were to be carried off by -such bitter drugs as we must use for those diseases that return seldomer -upon us! And thus these pleasant, as well as proper, gifts of Nature -maintain the strength and the sprightliness of our bodies. - -"They also entertain themselves with the other delights let in at their -eyes, their ears, and their nostrils as the pleasant relishes and -seasoning of life, which Nature seems to have marked out peculiarly for -man, since no other sort of animals contemplates the figure and beauty of -the universe, nor is delighted with smells any further than as they -distinguish meats by them; nor do they apprehend the concords or discords -of sound. Yet, in all pleasures whatsoever, they take care that a lesser -joy does not hinder a greater, and that pleasure may never breed pain, -which they think always follows dishonest pleasures. But they think it -madness for a man to wear out the beauty of his face or the force of his -natural strength, to corrupt the sprightliness of his body by sloth and -laziness, or to waste it by fasting; that it is madness to weaken the -strength of his constitution and reject the other delights of life, -unless by renouncing his own satisfaction he can either serve the public -or promote the happiness of others, for which he expects a greater -recompense from God. So that they look on such a course of life as the -mark of a mind that is both cruel to itself and ungrateful to the Author -of Nature, as if we would not be beholden to Him for His favours, and -therefore rejects all His blessings; as one who should afflict himself -for the empty shadow of virtue, or for no better end than to render -himself capable of bearing those misfortunes which possibly will never -happen. - -"This is their notion of virtue and of pleasure: they think that no man's -reason can carry him to a truer idea of them unless some discovery from -heaven should inspire him with sublimer notions. I have not now the -leisure to examine whether they think right or wrong in this matter; nor -do I judge it necessary, for I have only undertaken to give you an -account of their constitution, but not to defend all their principles. I -am sure that whatever may be said of their notions, there is not in the -whole world either a better people or a happier government. Their bodies -are vigorous and lively; and though they are but of a middle stature, and -have neither the fruitfullest soil nor the purest air in the world; yet -they fortify themselves so well, by their temperate course of life, -against the unhealthiness of their air, and by their industry they so -cultivate their soil, that there is nowhere to be seen a greater -increase, both of corn and cattle, nor are there anywhere healthier men -and freer from diseases; for one may there see reduced to practice not -only all the art that the husbandman employs in manuring and improving an -ill soil, but whole woods plucked up by the roots, and in other places -new ones planted, where there were none before. Their principal motive -for this is the convenience of carriage, that their timber may be either -near their towns or growing on the banks of the sea, or of some rivers, -so as to be floated to them; for it is a harder work to carry wood at any -distance over land than corn. The people are industrious, apt to learn, -as well as cheerful and pleasant, and none can endure more labour when it -is necessary; but, except in that case, they love their ease. They are -unwearied pursuers of knowledge; for when we had given them some hints of -the learning and discipline of the Greeks, concerning whom we only -instructed them (for we know that there was nothing among the Romans, -except their historians and their poets, that they would value much), it -was strange to see how eagerly they were set on learning that language: -we began to read a little of it to them, rather in compliance with their -importunity than out of any hopes of their reaping from it any great -advantage: but, after a very short trial, we found they made such -progress, that we saw our labour was like to be more successful than we -could have expected: they learned to write their characters and to -pronounce their language so exactly, had so quick an apprehension, they -remembered it so faithfully, and became so ready and correct in the use -of it, that it would have looked like a miracle if the greater part of -those whom we taught had not been men both of extraordinary capacity and -of a fit age for instruction: they were, for the greatest part, chosen -from among their learned men by their chief council, though some studied -it of their own accord. In three years' time they became masters of the -whole language, so that they read the best of the Greek authors very -exactly. I am, indeed, apt to think that they learned that language the -more easily from its having some relation to their own. I believe that -they were a colony of the Greeks; for though their language comes nearer -the Persian, yet they retain many names, both for their towns and -magistrates, that are of Greek derivation. I happened to carry a great -many books with me, instead of merchandise, when I sailed my fourth -voyage; for I was so far from thinking of soon coming back, that I rather -thought never to have returned at all, and I gave them all my books, -among which were many of Plato's and some of Aristotle's works: I had -also Theophrastus on Plants, which, to my great regret, was imperfect; -for having laid it carelessly by, while we were at sea, a monkey had -seized upon it, and in many places torn out the leaves. They have no -books of grammar but Lascares, for I did not carry Theodorus with me; nor -have they any dictionaries but Hesichius and Dioscerides. They esteem -Plutarch highly, and were much taken with Lucian's wit and with his -pleasant way of writing. As for the poets, they have Aristophanes, -Homer, Euripides, and Sophocles of Aldus's edition; and for historians, -Thucydides, Herodotus, and Herodian. One of my companions, Thricius -Apinatus, happened to carry with him some of Hippocrates's works and -Galen's Microtechne, which they hold in great estimation; for though -there is no nation in the world that needs physic so little as they do, -yet there is not any that honours it so much; they reckon the knowledge -of it one of the pleasantest and most profitable parts of philosophy, by -which, as they search into the secrets of nature, so they not only find -this study highly agreeable, but think that such inquiries are very -acceptable to the Author of nature; and imagine, that as He, like the -inventors of curious engines amongst mankind, has exposed this great -machine of the universe to the view of the only creatures capable of -contemplating it, so an exact and curious observer, who admires His -workmanship, is much more acceptable to Him than one of the herd, who, -like a beast incapable of reason, looks on this glorious scene with the -eyes of a dull and unconcerned spectator. - -"The minds of the Utopians, when fenced with a love for learning, are -very ingenious in discovering all such arts as are necessary to carry it -to perfection. Two things they owe to us, the manufacture of paper and -the art of printing; yet they are not so entirely indebted to us for -these discoveries but that a great part of the invention was their own. -We showed them some books printed by Aldus, we explained to them the way -of making paper and the mystery of printing; but, as we had never -practised these arts, we described them in a crude and superficial -manner. They seized the hints we gave them; and though at first they -could not arrive at perfection, yet by making many essays they at last -found out and corrected all their errors and conquered every difficulty. -Before this they only wrote on parchment, on reeds, or on the barks of -trees; but now they have established the manufactures of paper and set up -printing presses, so that, if they had but a good number of Greek -authors, they would be quickly supplied with many copies of them: at -present, though they have no more than those I have mentioned, yet, by -several impressions, they have multiplied them into many thousands. If -any man was to go among them that had some extraordinary talent, or that -by much travelling had observed the customs of many nations (which made -us to be so well received), he would receive a hearty welcome, for they -are very desirous to know the state of the whole world. Very few go -among them on the account of traffic; for what can a man carry to them -but iron, or gold, or silver? which merchants desire rather to export -than import to a strange country: and as for their exportation, they -think it better to manage that themselves than to leave it to foreigners, -for by this means, as they understand the state of the neighbouring -countries better, so they keep up the art of navigation which cannot be -maintained but by much practice. - - - -OF THEIR SLAVES, AND OF THEIR MARRIAGES - - -"They do not make slaves of prisoners of war, except those that are taken -in battle, nor of the sons of their slaves, nor of those of other -nations: the slaves among them are only such as are condemned to that -state of life for the commission of some crime, or, which is more common, -such as their merchants find condemned to die in those parts to which -they trade, whom they sometimes redeem at low rates, and in other places -have them for nothing. They are kept at perpetual labour, and are always -chained, but with this difference, that their own natives are treated -much worse than others: they are considered as more profligate than the -rest, and since they could not be restrained by the advantages of so -excellent an education, are judged worthy of harder usage. Another sort -of slaves are the poor of the neighbouring countries, who offer of their -own accord to come and serve them: they treat these better, and use them -in all other respects as well as their own countrymen, except their -imposing more labour upon them, which is no hard task to those that have -been accustomed to it; and if any of these have a mind to go back to -their own country, which, indeed, falls out but seldom, as they do not -force them to stay, so they do not send them away empty-handed. - -"I have already told you with what care they look after their sick, so -that nothing is left undone that can contribute either to their case or -health; and for those who are taken with fixed and incurable diseases, -they use all possible ways to cherish them and to make their lives as -comfortable as possible. They visit them often and take great pains to -make their time pass off easily; but when any is taken with a torturing -and lingering pain, so that there is no hope either of recovery or ease, -the priests and magistrates come and exhort them, that, since they are -now unable to go on with the business of life, are become a burden to -themselves and to all about them, and they have really out-lived -themselves, they should no longer nourish such a rooted distemper, but -choose rather to die since they cannot live but in much misery; being -assured that if they thus deliver themselves from torture, or are willing -that others should do it, they shall be happy after death: since, by -their acting thus, they lose none of the pleasures, but only the troubles -of life, they think they behave not only reasonably but in a manner -consistent with religion and piety; because they follow the advice given -them by their priests, who are the expounders of the will of God. Such -as are wrought on by these persuasions either starve themselves of their -own accord, or take opium, and by that means die without pain. But no -man is forced on this way of ending his life; and if they cannot be -persuaded to it, this does not induce them to fail in their attendance -and care of them: but as they believe that a voluntary death, when it is -chosen upon such an authority, is very honourable, so if any man takes -away his own life without the approbation of the priests and the senate, -they give him none of the honours of a decent funeral, but throw his body -into a ditch. - -"Their women are not married before eighteen nor their men before two-and- -twenty, and if any of them run into forbidden embraces before marriage -they are severely punished, and the privilege of marriage is denied them -unless they can obtain a special warrant from the Prince. Such disorders -cast a great reproach upon the master and mistress of the family in which -they happen, for it is supposed that they have failed in their duty. The -reason of punishing this so severely is, because they think that if they -were not strictly restrained from all vagrant appetites, very few would -engage in a state in which they venture the quiet of their whole lives, -by being confined to one person, and are obliged to endure all the -inconveniences with which it is accompanied. In choosing their wives -they use a method that would appear to us very absurd and ridiculous, but -it is constantly observed among them, and is accounted perfectly -consistent with wisdom. Before marriage some grave matron presents the -bride, naked, whether she is a virgin or a widow, to the bridegroom, and -after that some grave man presents the bridegroom, naked, to the bride. -We, indeed, both laughed at this, and condemned it as very indecent. But -they, on the other hand, wondered at the folly of the men of all other -nations, who, if they are but to buy a horse of a small value, are so -cautious that they will see every part of him, and take off both his -saddle and all his other tackle, that there may be no secret ulcer hid -under any of them, and that yet in the choice of a wife, on which depends -the happiness or unhappiness of the rest of his life, a man should -venture upon trust, and only see about a handsbreadth of the face, all -the rest of the body being covered, under which may lie hid what may be -contagious as well as loathsome. All men are not so wise as to choose a -woman only for her good qualities, and even wise men consider the body as -that which adds not a little to the mind, and it is certain there may be -some such deformity covered with clothes as may totally alienate a man -from his wife, when it is too late to part with her; if such a thing is -discovered after marriage a man has no remedy but patience; they, -therefore, think it is reasonable that there should be good provision -made against such mischievous frauds. - -"There was so much the more reason for them to make a regulation in this -matter, because they are the only people of those parts that neither -allow of polygamy nor of divorces, except in the case of adultery or -insufferable perverseness, for in these cases the Senate dissolves the -marriage and grants the injured person leave to marry again; but the -guilty are made infamous and are never allowed the privilege of a second -marriage. None are suffered to put away their wives against their wills, -from any great calamity that may have fallen on their persons, for they -look on it as the height of cruelty and treachery to abandon either of -the married persons when they need most the tender care of their consort, -and that chiefly in the case of old age, which, as it carries many -diseases along with it, so it is a disease of itself. But it frequently -falls out that when a married couple do not well agree, they, by mutual -consent, separate, and find out other persons with whom they hope they -may live more happily; yet this is not done without obtaining leave of -the Senate, which never admits of a divorce but upon a strict inquiry -made, both by the senators and their wives, into the grounds upon which -it is desired, and even when they are satisfied concerning the reasons of -it they go on but slowly, for they imagine that too great easiness in -granting leave for new marriages would very much shake the kindness of -married people. They punish severely those that defile the marriage bed; -if both parties are married they are divorced, and the injured persons -may marry one another, or whom they please, but the adulterer and the -adulteress are condemned to slavery, yet if either of the injured persons -cannot shake off the love of the married person they may live with them -still in that state, but they must follow them to that labour to which -the slaves are condemned, and sometimes the repentance of the condemned, -together with the unshaken kindness of the innocent and injured person, -has prevailed so far with the Prince that he has taken off the sentence; -but those that relapse after they are once pardoned are punished with -death. - -"Their law does not determine the punishment for other crimes, but that -is left to the Senate, to temper it according to the circumstances of the -fact. Husbands have power to correct their wives and parents to chastise -their children, unless the fault is so great that a public punishment is -thought necessary for striking terror into others. For the most part -slavery is the punishment even of the greatest crimes, for as that is no -less terrible to the criminals themselves than death, so they think the -preserving them in a state of servitude is more for the interest of the -commonwealth than killing them, since, as their labour is a greater -benefit to the public than their death could be, so the sight of their -misery is a more lasting terror to other men than that which would be -given by their death. If their slaves rebel, and will not bear their -yoke and submit to the labour that is enjoined them, they are treated as -wild beasts that cannot be kept in order, neither by a prison nor by -their chains, and are at last put to death. But those who bear their -punishment patiently, and are so much wrought on by that pressure that -lies so hard on them, that it appears they are really more troubled for -the crimes they have committed than for the miseries they suffer, are not -out of hope, but that, at last, either the Prince will, by his -prerogative, or the people, by their intercession, restore them again to -their liberty, or, at least, very much mitigate their slavery. He that -tempts a married woman to adultery is no less severely punished than he -that commits it, for they believe that a deliberate design to commit a -crime is equal to the fact itself, since its not taking effect does not -make the person that miscarried in his attempt at all the less guilty. - -"They take great pleasure in fools, and as it is thought a base and -unbecoming thing to use them ill, so they do not think it amiss for -people to divert themselves with their folly; and, in their opinion, this -is a great advantage to the fools themselves; for if men were so sullen -and severe as not at all to please themselves with their ridiculous -behaviour and foolish sayings, which is all that they can do to recommend -themselves to others, it could not be expected that they would be so well -provided for nor so tenderly used as they must otherwise be. If any man -should reproach another for his being misshaped or imperfect in any part -of his body, it would not at all be thought a reflection on the person so -treated, but it would be accounted scandalous in him that had upbraided -another with what he could not help. It is thought a sign of a sluggish -and sordid mind not to preserve carefully one's natural beauty; but it is -likewise infamous among them to use paint. They all see that no beauty -recommends a wife so much to her husband as the probity of her life and -her obedience; for as some few are caught and held only by beauty, so all -are attracted by the other excellences which charm all the world. - -"As they fright men from committing crimes by punishments, so they invite -them to the love of virtue by public honours; therefore they erect -statues to the memories of such worthy men as have deserved well of their -country, and set these in their market-places, both to perpetuate the -remembrance of their actions and to be an incitement to their posterity -to follow their example. - -"If any man aspires to any office he is sure never to compass it. They -all live easily together, for none of the magistrates are either insolent -or cruel to the people; they affect rather to be called fathers, and, by -being really so, they well deserve the name; and the people pay them all -the marks of honour the more freely because none are exacted from them. -The Prince himself has no distinction, either of garments or of a crown; -but is only distinguished by a sheaf of corn carried before him; as the -High Priest is also known by his being preceded by a person carrying a -wax light. - -"They have but few laws, and such is their constitution that they need -not many. They very much condemn other nations whose laws, together with -the commentaries on them, swell up to so many volumes; for they think it -an unreasonable thing to oblige men to obey a body of laws that are both -of such a bulk, and so dark as not to be read and understood by every one -of the subjects. - -"They have no lawyers among them, for they consider them as a sort of -people whose profession it is to disguise matters and to wrest the laws, -and, therefore, they think it is much better that every man should plead -his own cause, and trust it to the judge, as in other places the client -trusts it to a counsellor; by this means they both cut off many delays -and find out truth more certainly; for after the parties have laid open -the merits of the cause, without those artifices which lawyers are apt to -suggest, the judge examines the whole matter, and supports the simplicity -of such well-meaning persons, whom otherwise crafty men would be sure to -run down; and thus they avoid those evils which appear very remarkably -among all those nations that labour under a vast load of laws. Every one -of them is skilled in their law; for, as it is a very short study, so the -plainest meaning of which words are capable is always the sense of their -laws; and they argue thus: all laws are promulgated for this end, that -every man may know his duty; and, therefore, the plainest and most -obvious sense of the words is that which ought to be put upon them, since -a more refined exposition cannot be easily comprehended, and would only -serve to make the laws become useless to the greater part of mankind, and -especially to those who need most the direction of them; for it is all -one not to make a law at all or to couch it in such terms that, without a -quick apprehension and much study, a man cannot find out the true meaning -of it, since the generality of mankind are both so dull, and so much -employed in their several trades, that they have neither the leisure nor -the capacity requisite for such an inquiry. - -"Some of their neighbours, who are masters of their own liberties (having -long ago, by the assistance of the Utopians, shaken off the yoke of -tyranny, and being much taken with those virtues which they observe among -them), have come to desire that they would send magistrates to govern -them, some changing them every year, and others every five years; at the -end of their government they bring them back to Utopia, with great -expressions of honour and esteem, and carry away others to govern in -their stead. In this they seem to have fallen upon a very good expedient -for their own happiness and safety; for since the good or ill condition -of a nation depends so much upon their magistrates, they could not have -made a better choice than by pitching on men whom no advantages can bias; -for wealth is of no use to them, since they must so soon go back to their -own country, and they, being strangers among them, are not engaged in any -of their heats or animosities; and it is certain that when public -judicatories are swayed, either by avarice or partial affections, there -must follow a dissolution of justice, the chief sinew of society. - -"The Utopians call those nations that come and ask magistrates from them -Neighbours; but those to whom they have been of more particular service, -Friends; and as all other nations are perpetually either making leagues -or breaking them, they never enter into an alliance with any state. They -think leagues are useless things, and believe that if the common ties of -humanity do not knit men together, the faith of promises will have no -great effect; and they are the more confirmed in this by what they see -among the nations round about them, who are no strict observers of -leagues and treaties. We know how religiously they are observed in -Europe, more particularly where the Christian doctrine is received, among -whom they are sacred and inviolable! which is partly owing to the justice -and goodness of the princes themselves, and partly to the reverence they -pay to the popes, who, as they are the most religious observers of their -own promises, so they exhort all other princes to perform theirs, and, -when fainter methods do not prevail, they compel them to it by the -severity of the pastoral censure, and think that it would be the most -indecent thing possible if men who are particularly distinguished by the -title of 'The Faithful' should not religiously keep the faith of their -treaties. But in that new-found world, which is not more distant from us -in situation than the people are in their manners and course of life, -there is no trusting to leagues, even though they were made with all the -pomp of the most sacred ceremonies; on the contrary, they are on this -account the sooner broken, some slight pretence being found in the words -of the treaties, which are purposely couched in such ambiguous terms that -they can never be so strictly bound but they will always find some -loophole to escape at, and thus they break both their leagues and their -faith; and this is done with such impudence, that those very men who -value themselves on having suggested these expedients to their princes -would, with a haughty scorn, declaim against such craft; or, to speak -plainer, such fraud and deceit, if they found private men make use of it -in their bargains, and would readily say that they deserved to be hanged. - -"By this means it is that all sort of justice passes in the world for a -low-spirited and vulgar virtue, far below the dignity of royal -greatness--or at least there are set up two sorts of justice; the one is -mean and creeps on the ground, and, therefore, becomes none but the lower -part of mankind, and so must be kept in severely by many restraints, that -it may not break out beyond the bounds that are set to it; the other is -the peculiar virtue of princes, which, as it is more majestic than that -which becomes the rabble, so takes a freer compass, and thus lawful and -unlawful are only measured by pleasure and interest. These practices of -the princes that lie about Utopia, who make so little account of their -faith, seem to be the reasons that determine them to engage in no -confederacy. Perhaps they would change their mind if they lived among -us; but yet, though treaties were more religiously observed, they would -still dislike the custom of making them, since the world has taken up a -false maxim upon it, as if there were no tie of nature uniting one nation -to another, only separated perhaps by a mountain or a river, and that all -were born in a state of hostility, and so might lawfully do all that -mischief to their neighbours against which there is no provision made by -treaties; and that when treaties are made they do not cut off the enmity -or restrain the licence of preying upon each other, if, by the -unskilfulness of wording them, there are not effectual provisoes made -against them; they, on the other hand, judge that no man is to be -esteemed our enemy that has never injured us, and that the partnership of -human nature is instead of a league; and that kindness and good nature -unite men more effectually and with greater strength than any agreements -whatsoever, since thereby the engagements of men's hearts become stronger -than the bond and obligation of words. - - - -OF THEIR MILITARY DISCIPLINE - - -They detest war as a very brutal thing, and which, to the reproach of -human nature, is more practised by men than by any sort of beasts. They, -in opposition to the sentiments of almost all other nations, think that -there is nothing more inglorious than that glory that is gained by war; -and therefore, though they accustom themselves daily to military -exercises and the discipline of war, in which not only their men, but -their women likewise, are trained up, that, in cases of necessity, they -may not be quite useless, yet they do not rashly engage in war, unless it -be either to defend themselves or their friends from any unjust -aggressors, or, out of good nature or in compassion, assist an oppressed -nation in shaking off the yoke of tyranny. They, indeed, help their -friends not only in defensive but also in offensive wars; but they never -do that unless they had been consulted before the breach was made, and, -being satisfied with the grounds on which they went, they had found that -all demands of reparation were rejected, so that a war was unavoidable. -This they think to be not only just when one neighbour makes an inroad on -another by public order, and carries away the spoils, but when the -merchants of one country are oppressed in another, either under pretence -of some unjust laws, or by the perverse wresting of good ones. This they -count a juster cause of war than the other, because those injuries are -done under some colour of laws. This was the only ground of that war in -which they engaged with the Nephelogetes against the Aleopolitanes, a -little before our time; for the merchants of the former having, as they -thought, met with great injustice among the latter, which (whether it was -in itself right or wrong) drew on a terrible war, in which many of their -neighbours were engaged; and their keenness in carrying it on being -supported by their strength in maintaining it, it not only shook some -very flourishing states and very much afflicted others, but, after a -series of much mischief ended in the entire conquest and slavery of the -Aleopolitanes, who, though before the war they were in all respects much -superior to the Nephelogetes, were yet subdued; but, though the Utopians -had assisted them in the war, yet they pretended to no share of the -spoil. - -"But, though they so vigorously assist their friends in obtaining -reparation for the injuries they have received in affairs of this nature, -yet, if any such frauds were committed against themselves, provided no -violence was done to their persons, they would only, on their being -refused satisfaction, forbear trading with such a people. This is not -because they consider their neighbours more than their own citizens; but, -since their neighbours trade every one upon his own stock, fraud is a -more sensible injury to them than it is to the Utopians, among whom the -public, in such a case, only suffers, as they expect no thing in return -for the merchandise they export but that in which they so much abound, -and is of little use to them, the loss does not much affect them. They -think, therefore, it would be too severe to revenge a loss attended with -so little inconvenience, either to their lives or their subsistence, with -the death of many persons; but if any of their people are either killed -or wounded wrongfully, whether it be done by public authority, or only by -private men, as soon as they hear of it they send ambassadors, and demand -that the guilty persons may be delivered up to them, and if that is -denied, they declare war; but if it be complied with, the offenders are -condemned either to death or slavery. - -"They would be both troubled and ashamed of a bloody victory over their -enemies; and think it would be as foolish a purchase as to buy the most -valuable goods at too high a rate. And in no victory do they glory so -much as in that which is gained by dexterity and good conduct without -bloodshed. In such cases they appoint public triumphs, and erect -trophies to the honour of those who have succeeded; for then do they -reckon that a man acts suitably to his nature, when he conquers his enemy -in such a way as that no other creature but a man could be capable of, -and that is by the strength of his understanding. Bears, lions, boars, -wolves, and dogs, and all other animals, employ their bodily force one -against another, in which, as many of them are superior to men, both in -strength and fierceness, so they are all subdued by his reason and -understanding. - -"The only design of the Utopians in war is to obtain that by force which, -if it had been granted them in time, would have prevented the war; or, if -that cannot be done, to take so severe a revenge on those that have -injured them that they may be terrified from doing the like for the time -to come. By these ends they measure all their designs, and manage them -so, that it is visible that the appetite of fame or vainglory does not -work so much on there as a just care of their own security. - -"As soon as they declare war, they take care to have a great many -schedules, that are sealed with their common seal, affixed in the most -conspicuous places of their enemies' country. This is carried secretly, -and done in many places all at once. In these they promise great rewards -to such as shall kill the prince, and lesser in proportion to such as -shall kill any other persons who are those on whom, next to the prince -himself, they cast the chief balance of the war. And they double the sum -to him that, instead of killing the person so marked out, shall take him -alive, and put him in their hands. They offer not only indemnity, but -rewards, to such of the persons themselves that are so marked, if they -will act against their countrymen. By this means those that are named in -their schedules become not only distrustful of their fellow-citizens, but -are jealous of one another, and are much distracted by fear and danger; -for it has often fallen out that many of them, and even the prince -himself, have been betrayed, by those in whom they have trusted most; for -the rewards that the Utopians offer are so immeasurably great, that there -is no sort of crime to which men cannot be drawn by them. They consider -the risk that those run who undertake such services, and offer a -recompense proportioned to the danger--not only a vast deal of gold, but -great revenues in lands, that lie among other nations that are their -friends, where they may go and enjoy them very securely; and they observe -the promises they make of their kind most religiously. They very much -approve of this way of corrupting their enemies, though it appears to -others to be base and cruel; but they look on it as a wise course, to -make an end of what would be otherwise a long war, without so much as -hazarding one battle to decide it. They think it likewise an act of -mercy and love to mankind to prevent the great slaughter of those that -must otherwise be killed in the progress of the war, both on their own -side and on that of their enemies, by the death of a few that are most -guilty; and that in so doing they are kind even to their enemies, and -pity them no less than their own people, as knowing that the greater part -of them do not engage in the war of their own accord, but are driven into -it by the passions of their prince. - -"If this method does not succeed with them, then they sow seeds of -contention among their enemies, and animate the prince's brother, or some -of the nobility, to aspire to the crown. If they cannot disunite them by -domestic broils, then they engage their neighbours against them, and make -them set on foot some old pretensions, which are never wanting to princes -when they have occasion for them. These they plentifully supply with -money, though but very sparingly with any auxiliary troops; for they are -so tender of their own people that they would not willingly exchange one -of them, even with the prince of their enemies' country. - -"But as they keep their gold and silver only for such an occasion, so, -when that offers itself, they easily part with it; since it would be no -convenience to them, though they should reserve nothing of it to -themselves. For besides the wealth that they have among them at home, -they have a vast treasure abroad; many nations round about them being -deep in their debt: so that they hire soldiers from all places for -carrying on their wars; but chiefly from the Zapolets, who live five -hundred miles east of Utopia. They are a rude, wild, and fierce nation, -who delight in the woods and rocks, among which they were born and bred -up. They are hardened both against heat, cold, and labour, and know -nothing of the delicacies of life. They do not apply themselves to -agriculture, nor do they care either for their houses or their clothes: -cattle is all that they look after; and for the greatest part they live -either by hunting or upon rapine; and are made, as it were, only for war. -They watch all opportunities of engaging in it, and very readily embrace -such as are offered them. Great numbers of them will frequently go out, -and offer themselves for a very low pay, to serve any that will employ -them: they know none of the arts of life, but those that lead to the -taking it away; they serve those that hire them, both with much courage -and great fidelity; but will not engage to serve for any determined time, -and agree upon such terms, that the next day they may go over to the -enemies of those whom they serve if they offer them a greater -encouragement; and will, perhaps, return to them the day after that upon -a higher advance of their pay. There are few wars in which they make not -a considerable part of the armies of both sides: so it often falls out -that they who are related, and were hired in the same country, and so -have lived long and familiarly together, forgetting both their relations -and former friendship, kill one another upon no other consideration than -that of being hired to it for a little money by princes of different -interests; and such a regard have they for money that they are easily -wrought on by the difference of one penny a day to change sides. So -entirely does their avarice influence them; and yet this money, which -they value so highly, is of little use to them; for what they purchase -thus with their blood they quickly waste on luxury, which among them is -but of a poor and miserable form. - -"This nation serves the Utopians against all people whatsoever, for they -pay higher than any other. The Utopians hold this for a maxim, that as -they seek out the best sort of men for their own use at home, so they -make use of this worst sort of men for the consumption of war; and -therefore they hire them with the offers of vast rewards to expose -themselves to all sorts of hazards, out of which the greater part never -returns to claim their promises; yet they make them good most religiously -to such as escape. This animates them to adventure again, whenever there -is occasion for it; for the Utopians are not at all troubled how many of -these happen to be killed, and reckon it a service done to mankind if -they could be a means to deliver the world from such a lewd and vicious -sort of people, that seem to have run together, as to the drain of human -nature. Next to these, they are served in their wars with those upon -whose account they undertake them, and with the auxiliary troops of their -other friends, to whom they join a few of their own people, and send some -man of eminent and approved virtue to command in chief. There are two -sent with him, who, during his command, are but private men, but the -first is to succeed him if he should happen to be either killed or taken; -and, in case of the like misfortune to him, the third comes in his place; -and thus they provide against all events, that such accidents as may -befall their generals may not endanger their armies. When they draw out -troops of their own people, they take such out of every city as freely -offer themselves, for none are forced to go against their wills, since -they think that if any man is pressed that wants courage, he will not -only act faintly, but by his cowardice dishearten others. But if an -invasion is made on their country, they make use of such men, if they -have good bodies, though they are not brave; and either put them aboard -their ships, or place them on the walls of their towns, that being so -posted, they may find no opportunity of flying away; and thus either -shame, the heat of action, or the impossibility of flying, bears down -their cowardice; they often make a virtue of necessity, and behave -themselves well, because nothing else is left them. But as they force no -man to go into any foreign war against his will, so they do not hinder -those women who are willing to go along with their husbands; on the -contrary, they encourage and praise them, and they stand often next their -husbands in the front of the army. They also place together those who -are related, parents, and children, kindred, and those that are mutually -allied, near one another; that those whom nature has inspired with the -greatest zeal for assisting one another may be the nearest and readiest -to do it; and it is matter of great reproach if husband or wife survive -one another, or if a child survives his parent, and therefore when they -come to be engaged in action, they continue to fight to the last man, if -their enemies stand before them: and as they use all prudent methods to -avoid the endangering their own men, and if it is possible let all the -action and danger fall upon the troops that they hire, so if it becomes -necessary for themselves to engage, they then charge with as much courage -as they avoided it before with prudence: nor is it a fierce charge at -first, but it increases by degrees; and as they continue in action, they -grow more obstinate, and press harder upon the enemy, insomuch that they -will much sooner die than give ground; for the certainty that their -children will be well looked after when they are dead frees them from all -that anxiety concerning them which often masters men of great courage; -and thus they are animated by a noble and invincible resolution. Their -skill in military affairs increases their courage: and the wise -sentiments which, according to the laws of their country, are instilled -into them in their education, give additional vigour to their minds: for -as they do not undervalue life so as prodigally to throw it away, they -are not so indecently fond of it as to preserve it by base and unbecoming -methods. In the greatest heat of action the bravest of their youth, who -have devoted themselves to that service, single out the general of their -enemies, set on him either openly or by ambuscade; pursue him everywhere, -and when spent and wearied out, are relieved by others, who never give -over the pursuit, either attacking him with close weapons when they can -get near him, or with those which wound at a distance, when others get in -between them. So that, unless he secures himself by flight, they seldom -fail at last to kill or to take him prisoner. When they have obtained a -victory, they kill as few as possible, and are much more bent on taking -many prisoners than on killing those that fly before them. Nor do they -ever let their men so loose in the pursuit of their enemies as not to -retain an entire body still in order; so that if they have been forced to -engage the last of their battalions before they could gain the day, they -will rather let their enemies all escape than pursue them when their own -army is in disorder; remembering well what has often fallen out to -themselves, that when the main body of their army has been quite defeated -and broken, when their enemies, imagining the victory obtained, have let -themselves loose into an irregular pursuit, a few of them that lay for a -reserve, waiting a fit opportunity, have fallen on them in their chase, -and when straggling in disorder, and apprehensive of no danger, but -counting the day their own, have turned the whole action, and, wresting -out of their hands a victory that seemed certain and undoubted, while the -vanquished have suddenly become victorious. - -"It is hard to tell whether they are more dexterous in laying or avoiding -ambushes. They sometimes seem to fly when it is far from their thoughts; -and when they intend to give ground, they do it so that it is very hard -to find out their design. If they see they are ill posted, or are like -to be overpowered by numbers, they then either march off in the night -with great silence, or by some stratagem delude their enemies. If they -retire in the day-time, they do it in such order that it is no less -dangerous to fall upon them in a retreat than in a march. They fortify -their camps with a deep and large trench; and throw up the earth that is -dug out of it for a wall; nor do they employ only their slaves in this, -but the whole army works at it, except those that are then upon the -guard; so that when so many hands are at work, a great line and a strong -fortification is finished in so short a time that it is scarce credible. -Their armour is very strong for defence, and yet is not so heavy as to -make them uneasy in their marches; they can even swim with it. All that -are trained up to war practise swimming. Both horse and foot make great -use of arrows, and are very expert. They have no swords, but fight with -a pole-axe that is both sharp and heavy, by which they thrust or strike -down an enemy. They are very good at finding out warlike machines, and -disguise them so well that the enemy does not perceive them till he feels -the use of them; so that he cannot prepare such a defence as would render -them useless; the chief consideration had in the making them is that they -may be easily carried and managed. - -"If they agree to a truce, they observe it so religiously that no -provocations will make them break it. They never lay their enemies' -country waste nor burn their corn, and even in their marches they take -all possible care that neither horse nor foot may tread it down, for they -do not know but that they may have use for it themselves. They hurt no -man whom they find disarmed, unless he is a spy. When a town is -surrendered to them, they take it into their protection; and when they -carry a place by storm they never plunder it, but put those only to the -sword that oppose the rendering of it up, and make the rest of the -garrison slaves, but for the other inhabitants, they do them no hurt; and -if any of them had advised a surrender, they give them good rewards out -of the estates of those that they condemn, and distribute the rest among -their auxiliary troops, but they themselves take no share of the spoil. - -"When a war is ended, they do not oblige their friends to reimburse their -expenses; but they obtain them of the conquered, either in money, which -they keep for the next occasion, or in lands, out of which a constant -revenue is to be paid them; by many increases the revenue which they draw -out from several countries on such occasions is now risen to above -700,000 ducats a year. They send some of their own people to receive -these revenues, who have orders to live magnificently and like princes, -by which means they consume much of it upon the place; and either bring -over the rest to Utopia or lend it to that nation in which it lies. This -they most commonly do, unless some great occasion, which falls out but -very seldom, should oblige them to call for it all. It is out of these -lands that they assign rewards to such as they encourage to adventure on -desperate attempts. If any prince that engages in war with them is -making preparations for invading their country, they prevent him, and -make his country the seat of the war; for they do not willingly suffer -any war to break in upon their island; and if that should happen, they -would only defend themselves by their own people; but would not call for -auxiliary troops to their assistance. - - - -OF THE RELIGIONS OF THE UTOPIANS - - -"There are several sorts of religions, not only in different parts of the -island, but even in every town; some worshipping the sun, others the moon -or one of the planets. Some worship such men as have been eminent in -former times for virtue or glory, not only as ordinary deities, but as -the supreme god. Yet the greater and wiser sort of them worship none of -these, but adore one eternal, invisible, infinite, and incomprehensible -Deity; as a Being that is far above all our apprehensions, that is spread -over the whole universe, not by His bulk, but by His power and virtue; -Him they call the Father of All, and acknowledge that the beginnings, the -increase, the progress, the vicissitudes, and the end of all things come -only from Him; nor do they offer divine honours to any but to Him alone. -And, indeed, though they differ concerning other things, yet all agree in -this: that they think there is one Supreme Being that made and governs -the world, whom they call, in the language of their country, Mithras. -They differ in this: that one thinks the god whom he worships is this -Supreme Being, and another thinks that his idol is that god; but they all -agree in one principle, that whoever is this Supreme Being, He is also -that great essence to whose glory and majesty all honours are ascribed by -the consent of all nations. - -"By degrees they fall off from the various superstitions that are among -them, and grow up to that one religion that is the best and most in -request; and there is no doubt to be made, but that all the others had -vanished long ago, if some of those who advised them to lay aside their -superstitions had not met with some unhappy accidents, which, being -considered as inflicted by heaven, made them afraid that the god whose -worship had like to have been abandoned had interposed and revenged -themselves on those who despised their authority. - -"After they had heard from us an account of the doctrine, the course of -life, and the miracles of Christ, and of the wonderful constancy of so -many martyrs, whose blood, so willingly offered up by them, was the chief -occasion of spreading their religion over a vast number of nations, it is -not to be imagined how inclined they were to receive it. I shall not -determine whether this proceeded from any secret inspiration of God, or -whether it was because it seemed so favourable to that community of -goods, which is an opinion so particular as well as so dear to them; -since they perceived that Christ and His followers lived by that rule, -and that it was still kept up in some communities among the sincerest -sort of Christians. From whichsoever of these motives it might be, true -it is, that many of them came over to our religion, and were initiated -into it by baptism. But as two of our number were dead, so none of the -four that survived were in priests' orders, we, therefore, could only -baptise them, so that, to our great regret, they could not partake of the -other sacraments, that can only be administered by priests, but they are -instructed concerning them and long most vehemently for them. They have -had great disputes among themselves, whether one chosen by them to be a -priest would not be thereby qualified to do all the things that belong to -that character, even though he had no authority derived from the Pope, -and they seemed to be resolved to choose some for that employment, but -they had not done it when I left them. - -"Those among them that have not received our religion do not fright any -from it, and use none ill that goes over to it, so that all the while I -was there one man was only punished on this occasion. He being newly -baptised did, notwithstanding all that we could say to the contrary, -dispute publicly concerning the Christian religion, with more zeal than -discretion, and with so much heat, that he not only preferred our worship -to theirs, but condemned all their rites as profane, and cried out -against all that adhered to them as impious and sacrilegious persons, -that were to be damned to everlasting burnings. Upon his having -frequently preached in this manner he was seized, and after trial he was -condemned to banishment, not for having disparaged their religion, but -for his inflaming the people to sedition; for this is one of their most -ancient laws, that no man ought to be punished for his religion. At the -first constitution of their government, Utopus having understood that -before his coming among them the old inhabitants had been engaged in -great quarrels concerning religion, by which they were so divided among -themselves, that he found it an easy thing to conquer them, since, -instead of uniting their forces against him, every different party in -religion fought by themselves. After he had subdued them he made a law -that every man might be of what religion he pleased, and might endeavour -to draw others to it by the force of argument and by amicable and modest -ways, but without bitterness against those of other opinions; but that he -ought to use no other force but that of persuasion, and was neither to -mix with it reproaches nor violence; and such as did otherwise were to be -condemned to banishment or slavery. - -"This law was made by Utopus, not only for preserving the public peace, -which he saw suffered much by daily contentions and irreconcilable heats, -but because he thought the interest of religion itself required it. He -judged it not fit to determine anything rashly; and seemed to doubt -whether those different forms of religion might not all come from God, -who might inspire man in a different manner, and be pleased with this -variety; he therefore thought it indecent and foolish for any man to -threaten and terrify another to make him believe what did not appear to -him to be true. And supposing that only one religion was really true, -and the rest false, he imagined that the native force of truth would at -last break forth and shine bright, if supported only by the strength of -argument, and attended to with a gentle and unprejudiced mind; while, on -the other hand, if such debates were carried on with violence and -tumults, as the most wicked are always the most obstinate, so the best -and most holy religion might be choked with superstition, as corn is with -briars and thorns; he therefore left men wholly to their liberty, that -they might be free to believe as they should see cause; only he made a -solemn and severe law against such as should so far degenerate from the -dignity of human nature, as to think that our souls died with our bodies, -or that the world was governed by chance, without a wise overruling -Providence: for they all formerly believed that there was a state of -rewards and punishments to the good and bad after this life; and they now -look on those that think otherwise as scarce fit to be counted men, since -they degrade so noble a being as the soul, and reckon it no better than a -beast's: thus they are far from looking on such men as fit for human -society, or to be citizens of a well-ordered commonwealth; since a man of -such principles must needs, as oft as he dares do it, despise all their -laws and customs: for there is no doubt to be made, that a man who is -afraid of nothing but the law, and apprehends nothing after death, will -not scruple to break through all the laws of his country, either by fraud -or force, when by this means he may satisfy his appetites. They never -raise any that hold these maxims, either to honours or offices, nor -employ them in any public trust, but despise them, as men of base and -sordid minds. Yet they do not punish them, because they lay this down as -a maxim, that a man cannot make himself believe anything he pleases; nor -do they drive any to dissemble their thoughts by threatenings, so that -men are not tempted to lie or disguise their opinions; which being a sort -of fraud, is abhorred by the Utopians: they take care indeed to prevent -their disputing in defence of these opinions, especially before the -common people: but they suffer, and even encourage them to dispute -concerning them in private with their priest, and other grave men, being -confident that they will be cured of those mad opinions by having reason -laid before them. There are many among them that run far to the other -extreme, though it is neither thought an ill nor unreasonable opinion, -and therefore is not at all discouraged. They think that the souls of -beasts are immortal, though far inferior to the dignity of the human -soul, and not capable of so great a happiness. They are almost all of -them very firmly persuaded that good men will be infinitely happy in -another state: so that though they are compassionate to all that are -sick, yet they lament no man's death, except they see him loath to part -with life; for they look on this as a very ill presage, as if the soul, -conscious to itself of guilt, and quite hopeless, was afraid to leave the -body, from some secret hints of approaching misery. They think that such -a man's appearance before God cannot be acceptable to Him, who being -called on, does not go out cheerfully, but is backward and unwilling, and -is as it were dragged to it. They are struck with horror when they see -any die in this manner, and carry them out in silence and with sorrow, -and praying God that He would be merciful to the errors of the departed -soul, they lay the body in the ground: but when any die cheerfully, and -full of hope, they do not mourn for them, but sing hymns when they carry -out their bodies, and commending their souls very earnestly to God: their -whole behaviour is then rather grave than sad, they burn the body, and -set up a pillar where the pile was made, with an inscription to the -honour of the deceased. When they come from the funeral, they discourse -of his good life, and worthy actions, but speak of nothing oftener and -with more pleasure than of his serenity at the hour of death. They think -such respect paid to the memory of good men is both the greatest -incitement to engage others to follow their example, and the most -acceptable worship that can be offered them; for they believe that though -by the imperfection of human sight they are invisible to us, yet they are -present among us, and hear those discourses that pass concerning -themselves. They believe it inconsistent with the happiness of departed -souls not to be at liberty to be where they will: and do not imagine them -capable of the ingratitude of not desiring to see those friends with whom -they lived on earth in the strictest bonds of love and kindness: besides, -they are persuaded that good men, after death, have these affections; and -all other good dispositions increased rather than diminished, and -therefore conclude that they are still among the living, and observe all -they say or do. From hence they engage in all their affairs with the -greater confidence of success, as trusting to their protection; while -this opinion of the presence of their ancestors is a restraint that -prevents their engaging in ill designs. - -"They despise and laugh at auguries, and the other vain and superstitious -ways of divination, so much observed among other nations; but have great -reverence for such miracles as cannot flow from any of the powers of -nature, and look on them as effects and indications of the presence of -the Supreme Being, of which they say many instances have occurred among -them; and that sometimes their public prayers, which upon great and -dangerous occasions they have solemnly put up to God, with assured -confidence of being heard, have been answered in a miraculous manner. - -"They think the contemplating God in His works, and the adoring Him for -them, is a very acceptable piece of worship to Him. - -"There are many among them that upon a motive of religion neglect -learning, and apply themselves to no sort of study; nor do they allow -themselves any leisure time, but are perpetually employed, believing that -by the good things that a man does he secures to himself that happiness -that comes after death. Some of these visit the sick; others mend -highways, cleanse ditches, repair bridges, or dig turf, gravel, or stone. -Others fell and cleave timber, and bring wood, corn, and other -necessaries, on carts, into their towns; nor do these only serve the -public, but they serve even private men, more than the slaves themselves -do: for if there is anywhere a rough, hard, and sordid piece of work to -be done, from which many are frightened by the labour and loathsomeness -of it, if not the despair of accomplishing it, they cheerfully, and of -their own accord, take that to their share; and by that means, as they -ease others very much, so they afflict themselves, and spend their whole -life in hard labour: and yet they do not value themselves upon this, nor -lessen other people's credit to raise their own; but by their stooping to -such servile employments they are so far from being despised, that they -are so much the more esteemed by the whole nation. - -"Of these there are two sorts: some live unmarried and chaste, and -abstain from eating any sort of flesh; and thus weaning themselves from -all the pleasures of the present life, which they account hurtful, they -pursue, even by the hardest and painfullest methods possible, that -blessedness which they hope for hereafter; and the nearer they approach -to it, they are the more cheerful and earnest in their endeavours after -it. Another sort of them is less willing to put themselves to much toil, -and therefore prefer a married state to a single one; and as they do not -deny themselves the pleasure of it, so they think the begetting of -children is a debt which they owe to human nature, and to their country; -nor do they avoid any pleasure that does not hinder labour; and therefore -eat flesh so much the more willingly, as they find that by this means -they are the more able to work: the Utopians look upon these as the wiser -sect, but they esteem the others as the most holy. They would indeed -laugh at any man who, from the principles of reason, would prefer an -unmarried state to a married, or a life of labour to an easy life: but -they reverence and admire such as do it from the motives of religion. -There is nothing in which they are more cautious than in giving their -opinion positively concerning any sort of religion. The men that lead -those severe lives are called in the language of their country -Brutheskas, which answers to those we call Religious Orders. - -"Their priests are men of eminent piety, and therefore they are but few, -for there are only thirteen in every town, one for every temple; but when -they go to war, seven of these go out with their forces, and seven others -are chosen to supply their room in their absence; but these enter again -upon their employments when they return; and those who served in their -absence, attend upon the high priest, till vacancies fall by death; for -there is one set over the rest. They are chosen by the people as the -other magistrates are, by suffrages given in secret, for preventing of -factions: and when they are chosen, they are consecrated by the college -of priests. The care of all sacred things, the worship of God, and an -inspection into the manners of the people, are committed to them. It is -a reproach to a man to be sent for by any of them, or for them to speak -to him in secret, for that always gives some suspicion: all that is -incumbent on them is only to exhort and admonish the people; for the -power of correcting and punishing ill men belongs wholly to the Prince, -and to the other magistrates: the severest thing that the priest does is -the excluding those that are desperately wicked from joining in their -worship: there is not any sort of punishment more dreaded by them than -this, for as it loads them with infamy, so it fills them with secret -horrors, such is their reverence to their religion; nor will their bodies -be long exempted from their share of trouble; for if they do not very -quickly satisfy the priests of the truth of their repentance, they are -seized on by the Senate, and punished for their impiety. The education -of youth belongs to the priests, yet they do not take so much care of -instructing them in letters, as in forming their minds and manners -aright; they use all possible methods to infuse, very early, into the -tender and flexible minds of children, such opinions as are both good in -themselves and will be useful to their country, for when deep impressions -of these things are made at that age, they follow men through the whole -course of their lives, and conduce much to preserve the peace of the -government, which suffers by nothing more than by vices that rise out of -ill opinions. The wives of their priests are the most extraordinary -women of the whole country; sometimes the women themselves are made -priests, though that falls out but seldom, nor are any but ancient widows -chosen into that order. - -"None of the magistrates have greater honour paid them than is paid the -priests; and if they should happen to commit any crime, they would not be -questioned for it; their punishment is left to God, and to their own -consciences; for they do not think it lawful to lay hands on any man, how -wicked soever he is, that has been in a peculiar manner dedicated to God; -nor do they find any great inconvenience in this, both because they have -so few priests, and because these are chosen with much caution, so that -it must be a very unusual thing to find one who, merely out of regard to -his virtue, and for his being esteemed a singularly good man, was raised -up to so great a dignity, degenerate into corruption and vice; and if -such a thing should fall out, for man is a changeable creature, yet, -there being few priests, and these having no authority but what rises out -of the respect that is paid them, nothing of great consequence to the -public can proceed from the indemnity that the priests enjoy. - -"They have, indeed, very few of them, lest greater numbers sharing in the -same honour might make the dignity of that order, which they esteem so -highly, to sink in its reputation; they also think it difficult to find -out many of such an exalted pitch of goodness as to be equal to that -dignity, which demands the exercise of more than ordinary virtues. Nor -are the priests in greater veneration among them than they are among -their neighbouring nations, as you may imagine by that which I think -gives occasion for it. - -"When the Utopians engage in battle, the priests who accompany them to -the war, apparelled in their sacred vestments, kneel down during the -action (in a place not far from the field), and, lifting up their hands -to heaven, pray, first for peace, and then for victory to their own side, -and particularly that it may be gained without the effusion of much blood -on either side; and when the victory turns to their side, they run in -among their own men to restrain their fury; and if any of their enemies -see them or call to them, they are preserved by that means; and such as -can come so near them as to touch their garments have not only their -lives, but their fortunes secured to them; it is upon this account that -all the nations round about consider them so much, and treat them with -such reverence, that they have been often no less able to preserve their -own people from the fury of their enemies than to save their enemies from -their rage; for it has sometimes fallen out, that when their armies have -been in disorder and forced to fly, so that their enemies were running -upon the slaughter and spoil, the priests by interposing have separated -them from one another, and stopped the effusion of more blood; so that, -by their mediation, a peace has been concluded on very reasonable terms; -nor is there any nation about them so fierce, cruel, or barbarous, as not -to look upon their persons as sacred and inviolable. - -"The first and the last day of the month, and of the year, is a festival; -they measure their months by the course of the moon, and their years by -the course of the sun: the first days are called in their language the -Cynemernes, and the last the Trapemernes, which answers in our language, -to the festival that begins or ends the season. - -"They have magnificent temples, that are not only nobly built, but -extremely spacious, which is the more necessary as they have so few of -them; they are a little dark within, which proceeds not from any error in -the architecture, but is done with design; for their priests think that -too much light dissipates the thoughts, and that a more moderate degree -of it both recollects the mind and raises devotion. Though there are -many different forms of religion among them, yet all these, how various -soever, agree in the main point, which is the worshipping the Divine -Essence; and, therefore, there is nothing to be seen or heard in their -temples in which the several persuasions among them may not agree; for -every sect performs those rites that are peculiar to it in their private -houses, nor is there anything in the public worship that contradicts the -particular ways of those different sects. There are no images for God in -their temples, so that every one may represent Him to his thoughts -according to the way of his religion; nor do they call this one God by -any other name but that of Mithras, which is the common name by which -they all express the Divine Essence, whatsoever otherwise they think it -to be; nor are there any prayers among them but such as every one of them -may use without prejudice to his own opinion. - -"They meet in their temples on the evening of the festival that concludes -a season, and not having yet broke their fast, they thank God for their -good success during that year or month which is then at an end; and the -next day, being that which begins the new season, they meet early in -their temples, to pray for the happy progress of all their affairs during -that period upon which they then enter. In the festival which concludes -the period, before they go to the temple, both wives and children fall on -their knees before their husbands or parents and confess everything in -which they have either erred or failed in their duty, and beg pardon for -it. Thus all little discontents in families are removed, that they may -offer up their devotions with a pure and serene mind; for they hold it a -great impiety to enter upon them with disturbed thoughts, or with a -consciousness of their bearing hatred or anger in their hearts to any -person whatsoever; and think that they should become liable to severe -punishments if they presumed to offer sacrifices without cleansing their -hearts, and reconciling all their differences. In the temples the two -sexes are separated, the men go to the right hand, and the women to the -left; and the males and females all place themselves before the head and -master or mistress of the family to which they belong, so that those who -have the government of them at home may see their deportment in public. -And they intermingle them so, that the younger and the older may be set -by one another; for if the younger sort were all set together, they -would, perhaps, trifle away that time too much in which they ought to -beget in themselves that religious dread of the Supreme Being which is -the greatest and almost the only incitement to virtue. - -"They offer up no living creature in sacrifice, nor do they think it -suitable to the Divine Being, from whose bounty it is that these -creatures have derived their lives, to take pleasure in their deaths, or -the offering up their blood. They burn incense and other sweet odours, -and have a great number of wax lights during their worship, not out of -any imagination that such oblations can add anything to the divine nature -(which even prayers cannot do), but as it is a harmless and pure way of -worshipping God; so they think those sweet savours and lights, together -with some other ceremonies, by a secret and unaccountable virtue, elevate -men's souls, and inflame them with greater energy and cheerfulness during -the divine worship. - -"All the people appear in the temples in white garments; but the priest's -vestments are parti-coloured, and both the work and colours are -wonderful. They are made of no rich materials, for they are neither -embroidered nor set with precious stones; but are composed of the plumes -of several birds, laid together with so much art, and so neatly, that the -true value of them is far beyond the costliest materials. They say, that -in the ordering and placing those plumes some dark mysteries are -represented, which pass down among their priests in a secret tradition -concerning them; and that they are as hieroglyphics, putting them in mind -of the blessing that they have received from God, and of their duties, -both to Him and to their neighbours. As soon as the priest appears in -those ornaments, they all fall prostrate on the ground, with so much -reverence and so deep a silence, that such as look on cannot but be -struck with it, as if it were the effect of the appearance of a deity. -After they have been for some time in this posture, they all stand up, -upon a sign given by the priest, and sing hymns to the honour of God, -some musical instruments playing all the while. These are quite of -another form than those used among us; but, as many of them are much -sweeter than ours, so others are made use of by us. Yet in one thing -they very much exceed us: all their music, both vocal and instrumental, -is adapted to imitate and express the passions, and is so happily suited -to every occasion, that, whether the subject of the hymn be cheerful, or -formed to soothe or trouble the mind, or to express grief or remorse, the -music takes the impression of whatever is represented, affects and -kindles the passions, and works the sentiments deep into the hearts of -the hearers. When this is done, both priests and people offer up very -solemn prayers to God in a set form of words; and these are so composed, -that whatsoever is pronounced by the whole assembly may be likewise -applied by every man in particular to his own condition. In these they -acknowledge God to be the author and governor of the world, and the -fountain of all the good they receive, and therefore offer up to him -their thanksgiving; and, in particular, bless him for His goodness in -ordering it so, that they are born under the happiest government in the -world, and are of a religion which they hope is the truest of all others; -but, if they are mistaken, and if there is either a better government, or -a religion more acceptable to God, they implore His goodness to let them -know it, vowing that they resolve to follow him whithersoever he leads -them; but if their government is the best, and their religion the truest, -then they pray that He may fortify them in it, and bring all the world -both to the same rules of life, and to the same opinions concerning -Himself, unless, according to the unsearchableness of His mind, He is -pleased with a variety of religions. Then they pray that God may give -them an easy passage at last to Himself, not presuming to set limits to -Him, how early or late it should be; but, if it may be wished for without -derogating from His supreme authority, they desire to be quickly -delivered, and to be taken to Himself, though by the most terrible kind -of death, rather than to be detained long from seeing Him by the most -prosperous course of life. When this prayer is ended, they all fall down -again upon the ground; and, after a little while, they rise up, go home -to dinner, and spend the rest of the day in diversion or military -exercises. - -"Thus have I described to you, as particularly as I could, the -Constitution of that commonwealth, which I do not only think the best in -the world, but indeed the only commonwealth that truly deserves that -name. In all other places it is visible that, while people talk of a -commonwealth, every man only seeks his own wealth; but there, where no -man has any property, all men zealously pursue the good of the public, -and, indeed, it is no wonder to see men act so differently, for in other -commonwealths every man knows that, unless he provides for himself, how -flourishing soever the commonwealth may be, he must die of hunger, so -that he sees the necessity of preferring his own concerns to the public; -but in Utopia, where every man has a right to everything, they all know -that if care is taken to keep the public stores full no private man can -want anything; for among them there is no unequal distribution, so that -no man is poor, none in necessity, and though no man has anything, yet -they are all rich; for what can make a man so rich as to lead a serene -and cheerful life, free from anxieties; neither apprehending want -himself, nor vexed with the endless complaints of his wife? He is not -afraid of the misery of his children, nor is he contriving how to raise a -portion for his daughters; but is secure in this, that both he and his -wife, his children and grand-children, to as many generations as he can -fancy, will all live both plentifully and happily; since, among them, -there is no less care taken of those who were once engaged in labour, but -grow afterwards unable to follow it, than there is, elsewhere, of these -that continue still employed. I would gladly hear any man compare the -justice that is among them with that of all other nations; among whom, -may I perish, if I see anything that looks either like justice or equity; -for what justice is there in this: that a nobleman, a goldsmith, a -banker, or any other man, that either does nothing at all, or, at best, -is employed in things that are of no use to the public, should live in -great luxury and splendour upon what is so ill acquired, and a mean man, -a carter, a smith, or a ploughman, that works harder even than the beasts -themselves, and is employed in labours so necessary, that no commonwealth -could hold out a year without them, can only earn so poor a livelihood -and must lead so miserable a life, that the condition of the beasts is -much better than theirs? For as the beasts do not work so constantly, so -they feed almost as well, and with more pleasure, and have no anxiety -about what is to come, whilst these men are depressed by a barren and -fruitless employment, and tormented with the apprehensions of want in -their old age; since that which they get by their daily labour does but -maintain them at present, and is consumed as fast as it comes in, there -is no overplus left to lay up for old age. - -"Is not that government both unjust and ungrateful, that is so prodigal -of its favours to those that are called gentlemen, or goldsmiths, or such -others who are idle, or live either by flattery or by contriving the arts -of vain pleasure, and, on the other hand, takes no care of those of a -meaner sort, such as ploughmen, colliers, and smiths, without whom it -could not subsist? But after the public has reaped all the advantage of -their service, and they come to be oppressed with age, sickness, and -want, all their labours and the good they have done is forgotten, and all -the recompense given them is that they are left to die in great misery. -The richer sort are often endeavouring to bring the hire of labourers -lower, not only by their fraudulent practices, but by the laws which they -procure to be made to that effect, so that though it is a thing most -unjust in itself to give such small rewards to those who deserve so well -of the public, yet they have given those hardships the name and colour of -justice, by procuring laws to be made for regulating them. - -"Therefore I must say that, as I hope for mercy, I can have no other -notion of all the other governments that I see or know, than that they -are a conspiracy of the rich, who, on pretence of managing the public, -only pursue their private ends, and devise all the ways and arts they can -find out; first, that they may, without danger, preserve all that they -have so ill-acquired, and then, that they may engage the poor to toil and -labour for them at as low rates as possible, and oppress them as much as -they please; and if they can but prevail to get these contrivances -established by the show of public authority, which is considered as the -representative of the whole people, then they are accounted laws; yet -these wicked men, after they have, by a most insatiable covetousness, -divided that among themselves with which all the rest might have been -well supplied, are far from that happiness that is enjoyed among the -Utopians; for the use as well as the desire of money being extinguished, -much anxiety and great occasions of mischief is cut off with it, and who -does not see that the frauds, thefts, robberies, quarrels, tumults, -contentions, seditions, murders, treacheries, and witchcrafts, which are, -indeed, rather punished than restrained by the seventies of law, would -all fall off, if money were not any more valued by the world? Men's -fears, solicitudes, cares, labours, and watchings would all perish in the -same moment with the value of money; even poverty itself, for the relief -of which money seems most necessary, would fall. But, in order to the -apprehending this aright, take one instance:-- - -"Consider any year, that has been so unfruitful that many thousands have -died of hunger; and yet if, at the end of that year, a survey was made of -the granaries of all the rich men that have hoarded up the corn, it would -be found that there was enough among them to have prevented all that -consumption of men that perished in misery; and that, if it had been -distributed among them, none would have felt the terrible effects of that -scarcity: so easy a thing would it be to supply all the necessities of -life, if that blessed thing called money, which is pretended to be -invented for procuring them was not really the only thing that obstructed -their being procured! - -"I do not doubt but rich men are sensible of this, and that they well -know how much a greater happiness it is to want nothing necessary, than -to abound in many superfluities; and to be rescued out of so much misery, -than to abound with so much wealth: and I cannot think but the sense of -every man's interest, added to the authority of Christ's commands, who, -as He was infinitely wise, knew what was best, and was not less good in -discovering it to us, would have drawn all the world over to the laws of -the Utopians, if pride, that plague of human nature, that source of so -much misery, did not hinder it; for this vice does not measure happiness -so much by its own conveniences, as by the miseries of others; and would -not be satisfied with being thought a goddess, if none were left that -were miserable, over whom she might insult. Pride thinks its own -happiness shines the brighter, by comparing it with the misfortunes of -other persons; that by displaying its own wealth they may feel their -poverty the more sensibly. This is that infernal serpent that creeps -into the breasts of mortals, and possesses them too much to be easily -drawn out; and, therefore, I am glad that the Utopians have fallen upon -this form of government, in which I wish that all the world could be so -wise as to imitate them; for they have, indeed, laid down such a scheme -and foundation of policy, that as men live happily under it, so it is -like to be of great continuance; for they having rooted out of the minds -of their people all the seeds, both of ambition and faction, there is no -danger of any commotions at home; which alone has been the ruin of many -states that seemed otherwise to be well secured; but as long as they live -in peace at home, and are governed by such good laws, the envy of all -their neighbouring princes, who have often, though in vain, attempted -their ruin, will never be able to put their state into any commotion or -disorder." - -When Raphael had thus made an end of speaking, though many things -occurred to me, both concerning the manners and laws of that people, that -seemed very absurd, as well in their way of making war, as in their -notions of religion and divine matters--together with several other -particulars, but chiefly what seemed the foundation of all the rest, -their living in common, without the use of money, by which all nobility, -magnificence, splendour, and majesty, which, according to the common -opinion, are the true ornaments of a nation, would be quite taken -away--yet since I perceived that Raphael was weary, and was not sure -whether he could easily bear contradiction, remembering that he had taken -notice of some, who seemed to think they were bound in honour to support -the credit of their own wisdom, by finding out something to censure in -all other men's inventions, besides their own, I only commended their -Constitution, and the account he had given of it in general; and so, -taking him by the hand, carried him to supper, and told him I would find -out some other time for examining this subject more particularly, and for -discoursing more copiously upon it. And, indeed, I shall be glad to -embrace an opportunity of doing it. In the meanwhile, though it must be -confessed that he is both a very learned man and a person who has -obtained a great knowledge of the world, I cannot perfectly agree to -everything he has related. However, there are many things in the -commonwealth of Utopia that I rather wish, than hope, to see followed in -our governments. - - - -***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK UTOPIA*** - - -******* This file should be named 2130.txt or 2130.zip ******* - - -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: -http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/2/1/3/2130 - - - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions -will be renamed. - -Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no -one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation -(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without -permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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Thus, we do not necessarily -keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition. - -Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility: - - http://www.gutenberg.net - -This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, -including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to -subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. diff --git a/tests/down-fuse.hs b/tests/down-fuse.hs deleted file mode 100644 --- a/tests/down-fuse.hs +++ /dev/null @@ -1,23 +0,0 @@ -import Data.Word -import Data.ByteString -import Data.ByteString.Fusion - --- Bug in the down/down (and all down) fusion rules. - -k :: Int -> Word8 -> (PairS Int (MaybeS Word8)) -k _ w = (0 :*: if w < 50 then NothingS else JustS 50) - --- Unfused -f k = loopWrapper (sequenceLoops (doDownLoop kk (0::Int)) (doDownLoop k (0::Int))) - --- Fused -g k = loopWrapper (doDownLoop (kk `fuseAccAccEFL` k) (0 :*: 0)) - -kk = \_ w -> (0 :*: JustS (w :: Data.Word.Word8)) - -s = Data.ByteString.pack [49,50,51] - -main = do - print "Should be the same:" - print $ f k s - print $ g k s diff --git a/tests/edit.hs b/tests/edit.hs deleted file mode 100644 --- a/tests/edit.hs +++ /dev/null @@ -1,11 +0,0 @@ -import System.Environment -import qualified Data.ByteString.Char8 as B - -main = do - [f] <- getArgs - B.writeFile f . B.unlines . map edit . B.lines =<< B.readFile f - - where - edit :: B.ByteString -> B.ByteString - edit s | (B.pack "Instances") `B.isPrefixOf` s = B.pack "EDIT" - | otherwise = s diff --git a/tests/fuse.hs b/tests/fuse.hs deleted file mode 100644 --- a/tests/fuse.hs +++ /dev/null @@ -1,28 +0,0 @@ --- --- Test array fusion --- - -import Char -import qualified Data.ByteString as B - -main = do ps <- B.getContents - --- print $ B.length . B.map (+1) $ ps - - let f = B.map (*4) . B.map (+2) . B.map (subtract 3) . B.map (+1) . B.map (*7) - print $ B.length (f ps) - - let g = B.filter (/=104) . B.filter (/=102) . B.filter (/=103) . B.filter (/=104) - print $ B.length (g ps) - - let h = B.filter (/=20) . B.map (+2) . B.filter (/=107) . B.map (+8) - print $ B.length (h ps) -- should fuse - - let i = B.map (+2) . B.filter (/=20) . B.map (+8). B.filter (/=107) - print $ B.length (i ps) -- should fuse - - print $ B.length $ (B.filter (/=7) . B.map (+8)) ps -- should fuse - - print $ B.length $ B.map (+7) ps -- shouldn't fuse - - print $ B.foldl (\a _ -> a+1::Int) 0 $ B.map (+7) ps -- should fuse diff --git a/tests/groupby.hs b/tests/groupby.hs deleted file mode 100644 --- a/tests/groupby.hs +++ /dev/null @@ -1,24 +0,0 @@ -import qualified Data.ByteString.Lazy as P -import qualified Data.ByteString as B -import qualified Data.List as L -import Data.Word - -main = do - let s = [65..68] ++ [103,103] - f s - print (length s) - -f s = do - print "Should have the same structure:" - print $ L.groupBy (/=) $ s - - flip mapM_ [1..16] $ - \i -> do putStr ((show i) ++ "\t"); print $ P.groupBy (/=) $ pack i s -{-# NOINLINE f #-} - -chunk :: Int -> [a] -> [[a]] -chunk _ [] = [] -chunk size xs = case L.splitAt size xs of (xs', xs'') -> xs' : chunk size xs'' - -pack :: Int -> [Word8] -> P.ByteString -pack n str = P.LPS $ L.map B.pack (chunk n str) diff --git a/tests/iavor.hs b/tests/iavor.hs deleted file mode 100644 --- a/tests/iavor.hs +++ /dev/null @@ -1,24 +0,0 @@ -import qualified Data.ByteString as B -import Data.ByteString (packCString) -import Foreign.C.String -import Foreign - -main = do x <- newCString "Hello" - s <- packCString x - let h1 = B.head s - print s - poke x (toEnum 97) - print s - let h2 = B.head s - print h1 - print h2 - -{- - -$ runhaskell iavor.hs -"Hello" -"Hello" -72 -72 - --} diff --git a/tests/inline.hs b/tests/inline.hs deleted file mode 100644 --- a/tests/inline.hs +++ /dev/null @@ -1,21 +0,0 @@ -import Data.ByteString (singleton) -import qualified Data.ByteString as B - -main = do -{- - let x = singleton 2 - y = singleton 1 - - print (B.length x) - print (B.length y) - - let (x1,s1,l1) = B.toForeignPtr x - (x2,s2,l2) = B.toForeignPtr y - - print (x1,s1,l1) - print (x2,s2,l2) --} - - - print "Expect: GT" - print (singleton 255 `compare` singleton 127) diff --git a/tests/lazy-hclose.hs b/tests/lazy-hclose.hs deleted file mode 100644 --- a/tests/lazy-hclose.hs +++ /dev/null @@ -1,65 +0,0 @@ -import qualified Data.ByteString as S -import qualified Data.ByteString.Char8 as S8 - -import qualified Data.ByteString.Lazy as L -import qualified Data.ByteString.Lazy.Char8 as L8 - -import Control.Monad -import System.Directory -import System.Mem -import System.IO - -import Data.ByteString.Internal -import Foreign.ForeignPtr - -main = do - writeFile "a" "x" - - ------------------------------------------------------------------------ - -- readFile tests - - print "Testing resource leaks for Strict.readFile" - forM_ [1..n] $ const $ do - r <- S.readFile "a" - S.writeFile "b" (S8.pack "abc") - renameFile "b" "a" - - print "Testing resource leaks for Lazy.readFile" - forM_ [1..n] $ const $ do - r <- L.readFile "a" - L.length r `seq` return () -- force the input, and done with 'r' now. - L.writeFile "b" (L8.pack "abc") -- but we still need the finalizers to run - renameFile "b" "a" - - -- manage the resources explicitly. - print "Testing resource leaks when converting lazy to strict" - forM_ [1..n] $ const $ do - let release c = finalizeForeignPtr fp where (fp,_,_) = toForeignPtr c - r <- L.readFile "a" - mapM_ release (L.toChunks r) -- should close it. - L.writeFile "b" (L8.pack "abc") - renameFile "b" "a" - - ------------------------------------------------------------------------ - -- hGetContents tests - - -- works now - print "Testing strict hGetContents" - forM_ [1..n] $ const $ do - h <- openFile "a" ReadMode - r <- S.hGetContents h -- should be strict, and hClosed. - S.last r `seq` return () - S.writeFile "b" (S8.pack "abc") - renameFile "b" "a" - - -- works now - print "Testing lazy hGetContents" - forM_ [1..n] $ const $ do - h <- openFile "a" ReadMode - r <- L.hGetContents h -- should be strict, and hClosed. - L.last r `seq` return () - L.writeFile "b" (L8.pack "abc") - renameFile "b" "a" - - -n = 1000 diff --git a/tests/lazybuild.hs b/tests/lazybuild.hs deleted file mode 100644 --- a/tests/lazybuild.hs +++ /dev/null @@ -1,24 +0,0 @@ - --- This encapsulates the pattern of programs that gradually (and lazily) --- build a bytestring. If append is too strict in its second argument then --- we get a stack overflow for large n. - -module Main (main) where - -import qualified Data.ByteString.Lazy.Char8 as LC -import System.Environment - -main :: IO () -main = do xs <- getArgs - case xs of - [x] -> - case reads x of - [(n, "")] -> - LC.putStr $ foo n - _ -> error "Bad argument" - _ -> error "Need exactly 1 argument (number of times to loop)" - -foo :: Int -> LC.ByteString -foo 0 = LC.empty -foo (n+1) = LC.pack "foo\n" `LC.append` foo n - diff --git a/tests/lazybuildcons.hs b/tests/lazybuildcons.hs deleted file mode 100644 --- a/tests/lazybuildcons.hs +++ /dev/null @@ -1,24 +0,0 @@ - --- This encapsulates the pattern of programs that gradually (and lazily) --- build a bytestring with cons. If cons is too strict in its second --- argument then we get a stack overflow for large n. - -module Main (main) where - -import qualified Data.ByteString.Lazy.Char8 as LC -import System.Environment - -main :: IO () -main = do xs <- getArgs - case xs of - [x] -> - case reads x of - [(n, "")] -> - LC.putStr $ foo n - _ -> error "Bad argument" - _ -> error "Need exactly 1 argument (number of times to loop)" - -foo :: Int -> LC.ByteString -foo 0 = LC.empty -foo (n+1) = 'c' `LC.cons` foo n - diff --git a/tests/lazyio.hs b/tests/lazyio.hs deleted file mode 100644 --- a/tests/lazyio.hs +++ /dev/null @@ -1,9 +0,0 @@ -import qualified Data.ByteString.Lazy as L -import System.IO -import System.Environment - -main = do - n <- getArgs >>= readIO . head - L.hGetContentsN n stdin >>= L.hPut stdout . L.filterNotByte 101 - --- main = L.hGet stdin 10000000000 >>= print . L.length diff --git a/tests/lazylines.hs b/tests/lazylines.hs deleted file mode 100644 --- a/tests/lazylines.hs +++ /dev/null @@ -1,9 +0,0 @@ -import qualified Data.ByteString as B -import qualified Data.ByteString.Char8 as C -import System.IO -import Maybe - -main = print . length . mapMaybe (sel . C.words) =<< B.hGetLines stdin - where - sel [] = Nothing - sel (x:xs) = if x == (C.pack "The") then Just xs else Nothing diff --git a/tests/letter_frequency.hs b/tests/letter_frequency.hs deleted file mode 100644 --- a/tests/letter_frequency.hs +++ /dev/null @@ -1,20 +0,0 @@ -{- -Counts the number of times each alphabetic character occurs in a dictionary. - -Useful for benchmarking filter, map, sort and group. --} -import Data.Char (isAlpha, toLower) -import Data.List (sortBy) -import qualified Data.ByteString.Char8 as P -import qualified Data.ByteString.Unsafe as P -import qualified Data.ByteString.Internal as P - -main = - mapM (\(a, b) -> putStrLn ([a] ++ ": " ++ show b)) - . sortBy (\a b -> snd b `compare` snd a) - . map (\x -> (P.w2c . P.unsafeHead $ x, P.length x)) - . P.group - . P.sort - . P.map toLower - . P.filter isAlpha - =<< P.getContents diff --git a/tests/linesort.hs b/tests/linesort.hs deleted file mode 100644 --- a/tests/linesort.hs +++ /dev/null @@ -1,16 +0,0 @@ -{- -Silly program to benchmark sort on smaller strings. Splits the input -into lines, then sorts the lines. Try this program on lines of varying -lengths. - -Useful for benchmarking sort and lines. --} - -import qualified Data.ByteString.Char8 as P - -main = - print - . sum - . map (P.length . P.sort) - . P.lines - =<< P.getContents diff --git a/tests/macros.m4 b/tests/macros.m4 deleted file mode 100644 --- a/tests/macros.m4 +++ /dev/null @@ -1,15 +0,0 @@ -define(SRC_LOC_, (`__orig_file__', `__line__')) -define(debug, (debug_ `SRC_LOC_'))dnl -define(info, (info_ `SRC_LOC_'))dnl -define(warn, (warn_ `SRC_LOC_'))dnl -define(fatal, (fatal_ `SRC_LOC_'))dnl -define(niceError, (niceError_ `SRC_LOC_'))dnl -define(dtrace, (dtrace_ `SRC_LOC_'))dnl -define(assert, (assert_ `SRC_LOC_'))dnl -define(assertEqual, (assertEqual_ `SRC_LOC_'))dnl -define(assertEqual2, (assertEqual2_ `SRC_LOC_'))dnl -define(assertSeqEqual, (assertSeqEqual_ `SRC_LOC_'))dnl -define(assertNull, (assertNull_ `SRC_LOC_'))dnl -define(assertNotNull, (assertNotNull_ `SRC_LOC_'))dnl -changequote(,)dnl -changecom(",")dnl diff --git a/tests/pack.hs b/tests/pack.hs deleted file mode 100644 --- a/tests/pack.hs +++ /dev/null @@ -1,3 +0,0 @@ -import Data.ByteString.Char8 - -main = print ("abcdef" :: ByteString) diff --git a/tests/revcomp.hs b/tests/revcomp.hs deleted file mode 100644 --- a/tests/revcomp.hs +++ /dev/null @@ -1,33 +0,0 @@ -{-# OPTIONS -cpp -fglasgow-exts -O2 -optc-O3 -funbox-strict-fields #-} --- --- Reverse complement benchmark --- --- Written by Don Stewart --- -import GHC.Base -import Data.Char -import qualified Data.ByteString.Char8 as B -import qualified Data.ByteString.Unsafe as B -import qualified Data.ByteString.Internal as B - -main = B.getContents >>= process B.empty [] - -process h b ps - | h `seq` b `seq` ps `seq` False = undefined - | B.null ps = write h b - | x == '>' = write h b >> process h' [] ps' - | x == '\n' = process h b xs - | otherwise = process h ((complement . toUpper $ x) : b) xs - where (x,xs) = (B.w2c (B.unsafeHead ps), B.unsafeTail ps) - (h',ps') = B.break (=='\n') ps - -write h s - | B.null h = return () - | otherwise = B.putStrLn h >> write_ (B.pack s) - where - write_ t - | B.null t = return () - | otherwise = let (a,b) = B.splitAt 60 t in B.putStrLn a >> write_ b - -complement (C# i) = C# (indexCharOffAddr# arr (ord# i -# 65#)) - where arr = "TVGH CD M KN YSAABW R"# diff --git a/tests/spellcheck-input.txt b/tests/spellcheck-input.txt deleted file mode 100644 --- a/tests/spellcheck-input.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,38618 +0,0 @@ -aback -abaft -abandon -abandoned -abandoning -abandonment -abandons -abase -abased -abasement -abasements -abases -abash -abashed -abashes -abashing -abasing -abate -abated -abatement -abatements -abater -abates -abating -abbe -abbey -abbeys -abbot -abbots -abbreviate -abbreviated -abbreviates -abbreviating -abbreviation -abbreviations -abdomen -abdomens -abdominal -abduct -abducted -abduction -abductions -abductor -abductors -abducts -abed -aberrant -aberration -aberrations -abet -abets -abetted -abetter -abetting -abeyance -abhor -abhorred -abhorrent -abhorrer -abhorring -abhors -abide -abided -abides -abiding -abilities -ability -abject -abjection -abjections -abjectly -abjectness -abjure -abjured -abjures 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-yielding -yields -yoke -yokes -yon -yonder -you -young -younger -youngest -youngly -youngster -youngsters -your -yours -yourself -yourselves -youth -youthes -youthful -youthfully -youthfulness -zeal -zealous -zealously -zealousness -zebra -zebras -zenith -zero -zeroed -zeroes -zeroing -zeros -zeroth -zest -zigzag -zillions -zinc -zodiac -zonal -zonally -zone -zoned -zones -zoning -zoo -zoological -zoologically -zoom -zooms -zoos -zuul diff --git a/tests/spellcheck.hs b/tests/spellcheck.hs deleted file mode 100644 --- a/tests/spellcheck.hs +++ /dev/null @@ -1,69 +0,0 @@ -{-# OPTIONS_GHC -cpp #-} -import qualified Data.Set as Set -import qualified Data.ByteString.Char8 as P -import qualified Data.ByteString.Internal as P -import qualified Data.ByteString.Unsafe as P -import System.IO -import Control.Monad -import Data.HashTable as Hash -import Data.Maybe -import Data.Int (Int32) -import Data.Char (ord) - -#define STRING_SETS 0 -#define PACKEDSTRING_SETS 0 -#define BYTESTRING_HASHTABLES 1 - --- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- --- Sets - -#if STRING_SETS -main = do - ps <- readFile "Usr.Dict.Words" - loop (Set.fromList (lines ps)) `catch` \_ -> return () - -loop set = do - ps <- hGetLine stdin - when (not (ps `Set.member` set)) $ hPutStrLn stdout ps - loop set -#endif - --- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- --- PackedString with Sets - -#if PACKEDSTRING_SETS -main = do - ps <- P.readFile "Usr.Dict.Words" - loop (Set.fromList (P.lines ps)) `catch` \_ -> return () - -loop set = do - ps <- P.getLine - when (not (ps `Set.member` set)) $ P.putStrLn ps - loop set -#endif - -#if BYTESTRING_HASHTABLES -main = do - ps <- P.readFile "Usr.Dict.Words" - ht <- Hash.new (==) hash - zipWithM (Hash.insert ht) (P.lines ps) (repeat True) - loop ht `catch` \_ -> return () - -loop ht = do - ps <- P.getLine - b <- Hash.lookup ht ps - when (isNothing b) $ P.putStrLn ps - loop ht - -hash :: P.ByteString -> Int32 -hash ps = go 0 0 - where - len = P.length ps - - go :: Int -> Int -> Int32 - go n acc | acc `seq` False = undefined - | n == len = fromIntegral acc - | otherwise = go (n+1) - ((fromIntegral)(ps `P.unsafeIndex` n) + - (acc * 128 `rem` fromIntegral prime)) -#endif diff --git a/tests/sum.hs b/tests/sum.hs deleted file mode 100644 --- a/tests/sum.hs +++ /dev/null @@ -1,30 +0,0 @@ -{-# OPTIONS -cpp #-} - -import qualified Data.ByteString as B -import Data.ByteString.Base (ByteString,unsafeTail,unsafeIndex) -import Data.Char -- seems to help! - -#define STRICT2(f) f a b | a `seq` b `seq` False = undefined - -main = print . go 0 =<< B.getContents - -STRICT2(go) -go i ps - | B.null ps = i - | x == 45 = neg 0 xs - | otherwise = pos (parse x) xs - where - (x, xs) = (ps `unsafeIndex` 0, unsafeTail ps) - - STRICT2(neg) - neg n qs | x == 10 = go (i-n) xs - | otherwise = neg (parse x + (10 * n)) xs - where (x, xs) = (qs `unsafeIndex` 0, unsafeTail qs) - - STRICT2(pos) - pos n qs | x == 10 = go (i+n) xs - | otherwise = pos (parse x + (10 * n)) xs - where (x, xs) = (qs `unsafeIndex` 0, unsafeTail qs) - -parse w = fromIntegral (w - 48) :: Int -{-# INLINE parse #-} diff --git a/tests/test-compare.hs b/tests/test-compare.hs deleted file mode 100644 --- a/tests/test-compare.hs +++ /dev/null @@ -1,72 +0,0 @@ -{-# LANGUAGE BangPatterns #-} - -import qualified Data.ByteString.Char8 as S -import Data.ByteString.Internal -import Data.ByteString.Unsafe -import Foreign -import Control.Monad -import System.Environment -import System.CPUTime -import Text.Printf -import Foreign.ForeignPtr - -time :: Show t => IO t -> IO t -time a = do - start <- getCPUTime - v <- a - v `seq` return () - end <- getCPUTime - print v - let diff = (fromIntegral (end - start)) / (10^12) - printf "Computation time: %0.3f sec\n" (diff :: Double) - return v - -main = do - [f,g,n,m] <- getArgs - x <- S.readFile f - y <- S.readFile g - forM_ [read n .. read m] $ \i -> do - print i - time (-- replicateM_ 100000000 $ - return $ S.take i x `compareBytes` S.take i y - ) - time (-- replicateM_ 100000000 $ - return $ S.take i x `compareBytesC` S.take i y - ) - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -compareBytes :: ByteString -> ByteString -> Ordering -compareBytes (PS fp1 off1 len1) (PS fp2 off2 len2) --- | len1 == 0 && len2 == 0 = EQ -- short cut for empty strings --- | fp1 == fp2 && off1 == off2 && len1 == len2 = EQ -- short cut for the same string - | otherwise = inlinePerformIO $ - withForeignPtr fp1 $ \p1 -> - withForeignPtr fp2 $ \p2 -> - cmp (p1 `plusPtr` off1) - (p2 `plusPtr` off2) 0 len1 len2 - -cmp :: Ptr Word8 -> Ptr Word8 -> Int -> Int -> Int-> IO Ordering -cmp p1 p2 n len1 len2 - | n == len1 = if n == len2 then return EQ else return LT - | n == len2 = return GT - | otherwise = do - a <- peekByteOff p1 n :: IO Word8 - b <- peekByteOff p2 n - case a `compare` b of - EQ -> cmp p1 p2 (n+1) len1 len2 - LT -> return LT - GT -> return GT - -compareBytesC (PS x1 s1 l1) (PS x2 s2 l2) - | l1 == 0 && l2 == 0 = EQ -- short cut for empty strings - | x1 == x2 && s1 == s2 && l1 == l2 = EQ -- short cut for the same string - | otherwise = inlinePerformIO $ - withForeignPtr x1 $ \p1 -> - withForeignPtr x2 $ \p2 -> do - i <- memcmp (p1 `plusPtr` s1) (p2 `plusPtr` s2) (fromIntegral $ min l1 l2) - return $! case i `compare` 0 of - EQ -> l1 `compare` l2 - x -> x -{-# INLINE compareBytes #-} - diff --git a/tests/unpack.hs b/tests/unpack.hs deleted file mode 100644 --- a/tests/unpack.hs +++ /dev/null @@ -1,36 +0,0 @@ -{-# OPTIONS -O #-} - -import qualified Data.ByteString as P -import Data.ByteString.Base -import System.IO.Unsafe -import Data.Word -import Foreign -import GHC.Base (build) - --- --- head (my_unpack ..) should fail in 6.5 due to some rules issue, I think --- -main = do - print x - print $ (my_unpack x) - print $ last (my_unpack x) - print $ head (my_unpack x) -- should be '1', but bug causes an exception - where - x = P.pack [1..10] - --- --- a list-fuseable unpack --- - -my_unpack ps = build (unpackFoldr ps) -{-# INLINE my_unpack #-} - -unpackFoldr :: ByteString -> (Word8 -> a -> a) -> a -> a -unpackFoldr (PS fp off len) f ch = - unsafePerformIO $ withForeignPtr fp $ \p -> do - let loop a b c | a `seq` b `seq` False = undefined -- needs the strictness - loop _ (-1) acc = return acc - loop q n acc = do - a <- peekByteOff q n - loop q (n-1) (a `f` acc) - loop (p `plusPtr` off) (len-1) ch diff --git a/tests/wc.hs b/tests/wc.hs deleted file mode 100644 --- a/tests/wc.hs +++ /dev/null @@ -1,14 +0,0 @@ -import System.Environment -import qualified Data.ByteString.Char8 as B -main = do - n <- head `fmap` getArgs - f <- B.readFile n - print . B.count '\n' $ f - --- import qualified Data.ByteString.Lazy as L --- main = print . L.count 10 =<< L.getContents - --- --- rule should rewrite this to: --- main = print . length . B.lines =<< B.readFile "bigdata" -- B.getContents --- diff --git a/tests/zipwith.hs b/tests/zipwith.hs deleted file mode 100644 --- a/tests/zipwith.hs +++ /dev/null @@ -1,7 +0,0 @@ -import qualified Data.ByteString as P -import qualified Data.ByteString.Char8 as C - -main = do - a <- P.readFile "bigdata" - b <- P.readFile "bigdata" - print . P.length $ (P.pack (P.zipWith (const) a b)) -- should specialise